具有大负分离比的混合流体局部行进波对流

从流体层底部加热引起的对流运动是研究非平衡对流的时空结构或斑图(Pattern)及非线性动力学特性的典型模型之一.本文通过流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟,探讨了具有强Soret效应的混合流体局部行进波的形成过程,发现当分离比ψ=-0.6时,在局部行进波的存在范围内,向局部行进波过渡的不同过程依赖于相对瑞利数r.进一步,讨论了具有强Soret效应的混合流体局部行进波流速场,温度场, 浓度场的结构和特性,分析了局部行进波的存在区间对分离比ψ的依赖性.发现随着Soret效应的增强或负分离比ψ的绝对值的增加,局部行进波稳定存在的区间Δr也在增加.     

二维矩形腔体中混合流体行进波对流

Rayleigh-Benard模型是研究对流稳定性,时空结构和非线性特性的典型模型之一。本文的兴趣集中在二维矩形腔体中混合流体对流场的结构方面。利用SIMPLE算法数值求解流体力学方程组,模拟了充分发展的二维矩形腔体中混合流体对流。结果说明偏离传导失去稳定的系统经过亚临界分叉产生了振动对流。进一步,我们给出了分叉曲线及其沿分叉曲线的上部分支三个Rayleigh数对应的对流图案的垂直速度场,流线,温度场,浓度场和Shadowgraph强度的等值线图。所有场的结构分析表明浓度场及Shadowgraph强度的等值线图可以很好的特征行进波的运动特性。     

具有间歇性缺陷的混合流体行进波对流斑图

本文通过流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟,探讨了具有中等Soret效应的混合流体行进波斑图的动力学特性.当分离比Ψ=-0.3时,首次发现一种没有源缺陷的左右相对传播的CPW(Counter propagating waves)状态向行进波状态的过渡形式,并且在r=1.50-1.60的范围内,行进波对流斑图中存在着间歇性缺陷结构.这种缺陷出现的周期随瑞利数r增大而增加.在缺陷出现的周期内,对流振幅也以行进波的周期在周期的变化,对流振幅的振动次数或行进波的周围数也随相对瑞利数r增大而增加.当r增加到1.65时,行进波对流斑图中的缺陷结构消失.由于缺陷引起的对流振幅的周期性变化也随之消失,而以行进波的周期在整个时间段上周期的振动.     

具有强SORET效应的混合流体Undulation行进波对流斑图

本文通过流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟,探讨了具有强Soret效应（分离比ψ=-0．6）的混合流体Undulation行进波对流斑图的动力学特性。在相对瑞利数r〈6．436时,首次发现一种没有源缺陷的左右相对传播的CPW（Counter propagating waves）状态向行进波状态的过渡形式。在r=6．436—10.8的范围内,发现了两种不同结构的Undulation行进波对流斑图。当6．436〈r〈10时,出现了腔体内的平均波数在时间上变化且局部波数或当地波数在空间和时间上连续变化的Undulation行进波对流斑图。当r=10—10．8时,出现了腔体内的平均波数在时间上保持为常数而局部波数或当地波数在空间和时间上连续变化的Undulation行进波斑图。在两种状态下,Undulation行进波的摆动周期随瑞利数r增大而减小,它的对流振幅和Nusselt数随瑞利数r增大而增加。在Undulation行进波斑图形成以前,存在以中心为对称的Undulation行进波斑图,它的存活时间依赖于r。当r增加到11．0时,Undulation行进波过渡到定常对流状态。     

Rayleigh-Benard对流中小扰动的发展及对流斑图

通过二维流体力学的扰动方程组的数值模拟,探讨了分离比ψ=-0.2时,长高比Γ=30的矩形腔体中混合流体Rayleigh-Benard对流发生点附近扰动的成长和斑图的形成。结果表明:温度场线性成长阶段扰动的成长率γ_m是相对瑞利数r的函数,成长率γ_m随着相对瑞利数r的变化关系式为γ_m=0.9351r~(5.2039);在对流发生点附近的瞬态斑图取决于相对瑞利数r。给出了不同的相对瑞利数r(r分别为1.5、1.7、1.8)的情况下从小振幅到大振幅稳定状态的过渡过程中的两种不同的对流斑图,并讨论了其动力学特性。研究发现,当r较大时,存在行波与定常波共存的现象。     

双流体Rayleigh—Benard对流中的局部行波

Rayleigh-Benard对流是研究非平衡对流的斑图（Pattem）及非线性动力学特性的典型模型之一。据此，通过流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟，探讨了分离比沙-0．4时双流体局部行波的形成过程；讨论了双流体局部行波流速场、温度场、浓度场、平均浓度流的结构和特性，分析了局部行波被局部化的原因。研究结果表明：局部行波始终在背离端壁方向传播并被限定在此端，它存在于腔体左端还是右端取决于经过过渡后对传波中最终控制腔体的一支行波的传播方向；在局部行波的存在范围内（1．519≤r≤1．604），随相对瑞利数增加，衡量对流振幅的最大垂直流速、特征通过流体层的垂直热流量的努塞尔数、局部行波宽度等都在增加，但反映浓度特性的混合参数减小。     

小长高比腔体内的摆动行波

通过流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟,探讨了具有Soret效应(分离比ψ=?0.47)和小长高比(Γ=8)腔体中混合流体摆动行波对流的动力学特性。研究表明:在相对瑞利数r3.467时系统出现了行波状态;在r=3.647～6.227的范围内,发现了摆动行波对流;且对流振幅随着时间的变化存在两种不同特性,其摆动周期随瑞利数r增大而减小,对流振幅和努塞尔数随瑞利数r增大而增加;当r增大到r=6.228时,摆动行波过渡到定常对流状态。因此,在行波对流向定常对流过渡的过程中存在摆动行波对流.     

方腔内自然对流与混合对流的有限差分格子Boltzmann研究

基于有限差分法,建立了贴体坐标系下求解流体流动和传热的双分布格子Boltzmann模型.在密度分布函数和温度分布函数对应的离散速度方程中,时间项采用四阶Runge-Kutta法离散,空间离散采用二阶迎风和二阶中心差分的混合形式.采用此模型分别对瑞利数为10~3、10~4、10~5、10~6的方腔自然对流以及理查森数为0.1、1、10的方腔混合对流进行了数值模拟,获得了流体速度与温度分布的典型特征,得到的努塞尔数也与基准解高度吻合.计算结果表明了本文采用的数值方法和计算程序的有效性.     

缺陷源摆动的对传波

基于流体力学方程组，对长高比 腔体内混合流体对流中缺陷源摆动的对传波的特性进行了数值模拟．结果发现，当分离比 时，缺陷源摆动的对传波的缺陷源由两个对流圈同时被拉长同时被分裂后形成．对传波的存在区间为 ，对传波的摆动周期较小并且基本都稳定在 ．对传波的摆动幅度较小并且几乎不随着相对瑞利数 变化．当 时，对传波的缺陷源下方対流圈轴线与缺陷源移动方向保持一致，没有对传波分支产生．对传波的缺陷源上方存在多个与缺陷源移动方向几乎垂直的対流圈的轴线，存在对传波分支，在对传波分支上出现间歇性的缺陷．从而形成具有单侧缺陷的缺陷源摆动的对传波．对传波的存在区间为 ．对传波的摆动周期为 并且随着相对瑞利数的增加而增加．对传波的摆动幅度较大，并且随着相对瑞利数的增加而减小．     

应用PIV技术测试涡旋波流场

涡旋波流动作为一种特殊的流动现象,可以使流体在相对较宽的槽道中产生较强的波动和对流混合,从而在小Re数条件下起到强化传质的效果。本文利用PIV流场显示技术,对振荡流在非对称槽道中所形成的涡旋波的产生机理和发展规律进行了实验研究和定量分析,测得了涡旋波流场的速度矢量图,阐明了涡旋波流场周期性变化的特点。分析了Re数和St数对涡旋波流动的影响,并得出了旋涡涡心位置以及涡心处涡量的动态变化规律。     

Microconvection in a Binary System

On the basis of an essentially subsonic-flow approximation, the effect of small density variations of the medium on the development of natural convection in a slightly nonisothermal binary mixture at very small Rayleigh numbers and a constant mean thermodynamic pressure (microconvection) is studied analytically and numerically. Microconvective flows are characterized by a nonsolenoidal velocity field. As compared with microconvection in pure fluid, the presence of an admixture and the thermodiffusion effect result in a number of new interesting opportunities. Attention is mainly focused on essentially unsteady processes (transition processes after two different media are brought into contact and convection in rapidly varying temperature fields), in which the medium volume expansion is very significant. The conditions of onset of monotonic modes of the Rayleigh-Bénard and Bénard-Marangoni long-wave instabilities are also considered.     

Linear and nonlinear stability analysis of binary Maxwell fluid convection in a porous medium

The stability analysis of the quiescent state in a Maxwell fluid-saturated densely packed porous medium subject to vertical concentration and temperature gradients is presented. A single phase model with local thermal equilibrium between the porous matrix and the Maxwell fluid is assumed. The critical Darcy–Rayleigh numbers and the corresponding wave numbers for the onset of stationary and oscillatory convection are determined. A Lorenz like system is obtained for weakly nonlinear stability analysis.     

Effect of Thermal Modulation on the Onset of Convection in a Porous Medium Layer Saturated by a Nanofluid

The effect of time-periodic temperature modulation at the onset of convection in a Boussinesq porous medium saturated by a nanofluid is studied analytically. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion. Three types of boundary temperature modulations are considered namely, symmetric, asymmetric, and only the lower wall temperature is modulated while the upper wall is held at constant temperature. The perturbation method is applied for computing the critical Rayleigh and wave numbers for small amplitude temperature modulation. The shift in the critical Rayleigh number is calculated as a function of frequency of modulation, concentration Rayleigh number, porosity, Lewis number, and thermal capacity ratio. It has been shown that it is possible to advance or delay the onset of convection by time-periodic modulation of the wall temperature. The nanofluid is found to have more stabilizing effect when compared to regular fluid. Low frequency is destabilizing, while high frequency is always stabilizing for symmetric modulation. Asymmetric modulation and only lower wall temperature modulation is stabilizing for all frequencies when concentration Rayleigh number is greater than one.     

Experiments on double-diffusion in a composite system comprised of a packed layer of spheres and an underlying fluid layer

In this paper an experimental study is reported on the problem of double-diffusion in a composite system comprised of a liquid-saturated packed layer of spheres and an underlying clear (of solid matrix) fluid layer. The liquid is a mixture of water and ammonium chloride. The initial species concentration of the porous layer is linear and stable and of the clear liquid layer uniform. The system is initially isothermal and it is suddenly cooled from above. The study investigates the evolving temperature and flow fields in the system by utilizing direct temperature measurements as well as holographic interferometry visualization of the density field. The effect of the thermal Rayleigh number, the species Rayleigh number, the thermal conductivity of the beads constituting the porous matrix, and the height of the porous matrix on the evolving temperature and flow fields are determined. Comparisons of the experimental results to the predictions of an existing theoretical model define the limitations of this model and the time domain in which the model performs acceptably well. The findings of this study are relevant to double-diffusion phenomena occuring in the mixed phase and liquid regions of solidifying binary mixtures.     

Entropy generation in non-Newtonian fluids due to heat and mass transfer in the entrance region of ducts

A new solution for the Graetz problem (hydrodynamically developed forced convection in isothermal ducts) extended to power-law fluids and mass transfer with phase change at the walls is presented. The temperature and concentration spatial distributions in the corresponding entrance regions are obtained for two geometries (parallel-plates duct and circular pipe) in terms of appropriate dimensionless parameters. They are used to illustrate the effects of the fluid nature on the velocity, temperature and concentration distributions, on the axial evolution of the sensible and latent Nusselt numbers as well as on the local entropy generation rate due to velocity, temperature and concentration gradients.     

Convection mixte en fluide binaire avec effet Soret : étude analytique de la transition vers les rouleaux transversaux 2D

This Note deals with mixed convection in binary fluid with Soret effect in a rectangular duct heated from below. In particular, we study the transition towards transverse 2D rolls appearing at low Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. The linear stability analysis of Poiseuille flow, with linearly stratified temperature and concentration fields, shows the influence of the separation ratio on the critical Rayleigh number at the transition towards the transversal 2D convective patterns. It highlights the presence, at low Reynolds numbers, of propagating transverse rolls in the downwards as well as in the upwards direction. Finally, we point out that, under these conditions, the propagating frequency of the rolls is the sum of two well defined frequencies: the first related to the Reynolds, the second to the separation ratio. To cite this article: E. Piquer et al., C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Growth of Nonlinear Patterns in Binary-Fluid Convection,Analysis of Models

A recently proposed minimal model of the convection of binary mixtures in a Rayleigh–Bénard cell of aspect ratio 2 with realistic boundary conditions is invoked to study the transient dynamics from the entirely diffusive ground state to the convection state. The model was designed to reproduce the subcritical Hopf bifurcation found for negative Soret coupling in finite-difference simulations and experiments, but also performs well for the growth transients, including the competition between two counter-propagating waves. We prepared an initial state with only one wave, thus avoiding complicated wave competition. This allows us to elucidate the interaction of the concentration field with the pure-fluid fields, i.e., temperature and velocity, by means of modulus and phase equations. We explain the linear and nonlinear transient dynamics responsible for the strong decrease in frequency and concentration, and the feed-back loop responsible for propagation.     

Effects of a.c. Electric Field and Rotation on Bénard–Marangoni Convection

The coupled buoyancy and thermocapillary instability, the Bénard–Marangoniproblem, in an electrically conducting fluid layer whose upper surface is deformed and subject to a temperature gradient is studied. Both influences of an a.c. electric field and rotation are investigated. Special attention is directed at the occurrence of convection both in the form of stationary motion and oscillatory convection. The linear stability problem is solved for different values of the relevant dimensionless numbers, namely the a.c. electric Rayleigh number, the Taylor, Rayleigh, Biot, Crispation and Prandtl numbers. For steady convection, it is found that by increasing the angular velocity, one reinforces the stability of the fluid layer whatever the values of the surface deformation and the applied a.c. electric field. We have also determined the regions of oscillatory instability and discussed the competition between both stationary and oscillatory convections. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Free-convection Flow of a Binary Mixture in a Thin Porous Ring

The problem of natural convection of a binary mixture in a thin porous ring is considered. In the simplified formulation steady-state solutions of the problem are obtained. The stability of these solutions is investigated and a stability map is plotted in the plane of the Rayleigh numbers calculated from the temperature and concentration. It is shown that an auto-oscillation convection regime is established in the ring under certain conditions. It is also found that there is a region of variation of the seepage and diffusion-seepage Rayleigh numbers in which three steady-state solutions are stable.