The effect of stationary phase on lipophilicity determination of beta-blockers using reverse-phase chromatographic systems

Evaluation of lipophilicity parameters for basic compounds using different chromatographic stationary phases is presented. An HPLC method for determination of lipophilic molecule-stationary phase interactions was based on gradient analysis. Differences in correlation between the lipophilicity of compounds and experimental chromatographic results obtained in pseudo-membrane systems showed a strong influence of stationary phase structure and physico-chemical properties. beta-Blocker drugs with varying lipophilicity and bio-activity were chosen as test compounds. The stationary phases used for the study were monolithic rod-structure C18 and silica gel octadecyl phase SG-C18 as reference material. The second group was silica gel-based polar-embedded alkylamide and cholesterolic phases. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile or methanol with ammonium acetate, and a linear gradient of methanol and acetonitrile in mobile phase was performed. A linear correlation of plots of log k(g) = f(log P) was observed, especially for polar-embedded phases, and this allowed log P(HPLC) to be calculated. The behavior of stationary phases in methanol and acetonitrile buffer showed differences between obtained log P(HPLC) values.     

Evaluation of the lipophilicity of bile acids and their derivatives by thin-layer chromatography and principal component analysis

The lipophilic character of bile acids and their glyco- and tauro-conjugates was studied. The classical R(Mo) values were measured by means of reversed thin-layer chromatography using a mixture of methanol-water as the solvent system and compared with the factors scores obtained by principal component analysis based also onto the TLC-retention data. The reliability of the factor scores values as lipophilic indices are shown by their high correlation with the classical R(Mo) values. In addition, a better correlation was observed between scores corresponding to the first principal components and the partition coefficients (log P) of bile acids. Finally, the "lipophilicity chart" described by the first two components has the effect of separating compounds from each other most effectively from the congeneric aspect point of view.     

Correlation between retention and 1-octanol-water partition coefficients of some estrane derivatives in reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography

The retention constants (RM) of a series of estrane and secoestrane derivatives are experimentally determined on C18-modified silica gel layers with methanol-water mobile phases of various concentrations. The slopes (m) and intercepts (RMW) of the linear relationships between RM and the volume fraction of methanol are calculated. Both constants increase when the retention of compounds increases, and there is a linear dependence between them indicating their additivity; they represent the sums of particular retention contributions of skeleton and substituents. The contributions, particularly the retention fragmental constants, are calculated by combining the linear relationships RM/log P, RM/m, and RMW/log P. The log P values of the compounds and skeleton were calculated using Rekker's fragmental constants.     

Evaluation of a reversed-phase column (supelcosil LC-ABZ) under isocratic and gradient elution conditions for estimating octanol-water partition coefficients

The solvation parameter model is used to identify suitable chromatographic models for estimating the octanol-water partition coefficient for neutral compounds of varied structure by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The stationary phase Supelcosil LC-ABZ with methanol-water mobile phases affords a series of suitable correlation models for estimating the octanol-water partition coefficient (log KOW) under isocratic and gradient elution conditions. Isocratic separations with mobile phase compositions containing from about 25 to 40% (v/v) methanol provide the most accurate results for log KOW values in the range -0.1 to 4.0. Gradient separations programmed from 5 to 100% (v/v) methanol are suitable for faster separations of compounds with large log KOW values. The standard error in the estimate for the regression models of the predicted log KOW values against literature values are 0.135 log units for the 30% (v/v) methanol-water isocratic system and 0.263 log units for the methanol-water gradient system. Isocratic retention factors predicted from two gradient separations with gradient times of 15 and 45 min afford a poorer fit for the correlation models between log KOW and the estimated retention factors than that of either the above isocratic and gradient models. Plots of the retention factor (log k) as a function of mobile phase composition are generally non-linear. Values of log kw obtained by non-linear extrapolation to a volume fraction of 0% (v/v) methanol do not afford a useful model for estimating log KOW.     

Novel RPLC stationary phases for lipophilicity measurement: solvatochromic analysis of retention mechanisms for neutral and basic compounds

An RPLC was developed to rapidly determine lipophilicity of neutral and basic compounds using three base deactivated RPLC stationary phases particularly designed for the analysis of basic compounds, namely, Supelcosil ABZ(+)Plus, Discovery RP Amide C16, and Zorbax Extend C18. The work consisted of three sets of experiments. In the first log kw values of neutral compounds were extrapolated using hydroorganic mobile phases at different compositions. Good correlation between log kw and log Poct indicated that the method was appropriate for these supports, without adding a silanol masking agent. In the second set of experiments, isocratic log k values of neutral and basic compounds were measured with three different mobile phases. The best estimation of lipophilicity was obtained for neutral and basic compounds when the secondary interactions were strongly reduced (i. e., when basic compounds were under their neutral form). In the third set of experiments, isocratic retention factors of basic compounds (in their neutral form) were measured with a high-pH mobile phase, on a chemically stable support (Zorbax Extend C18). Under these chromatographic conditions, correlation between the isocratic retention factors and log Poct (log D10.5) for basic compounds was similar to that for neutral compounds.     

Do Liposome‐binding Constants of Porphyrins Correlate with Their Measured and Predicted Partitioning Between Octanol and Water?¶

We tested correlations between lipophilicity parameters and the partitioning of sensitizers into membranes. For this purpose we investigated 17 porphyrins and two chlorins having various chemical structures. Some of these compounds possess an amphiphilic structure (including hematoporphyrin, deuteroporphyrin, mesoporphyrin, chlorin e6 and more). The others are very symmetrical sensitizers [meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin, tetra-benzoporphyrin, coproporphyrin I dihydrochloride (CP), meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCP) and meso-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin]. Our investigation also included two series of hematoporphyrins and protoporphyrins with varying lengths of alkylcarboxylate side groups. The partitioning of these compounds between the bulk aqueous phase and liposomes was studied by fluorescence methods, and a liposome-binding constant, Kb, was obtained. It was found that CP and TCP do not incorporate into the lipid phase at pH 7.3. An n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) and a distribution coefficient (log D) were predicted with a modeling software. The values of log D were also obtained experimentally. We found that for the studied molecules, the predicted log D correlated well with the measured values. The values of log D as well as log P, in turn, did not correlate nicely, for the whole group of studied compounds, with the binding constants to liposomes. However, in the case of porphyrins that share a similar structure, the Kb showed good linear correlation with both log P and log D. For the series of hematoporphyrins and protoporphyrins with different lengths of alkylcarboxyl groups, it was shown that prolongation of this group caused an increase in the lipophilicity and the liposome-binding constant. This effect is more pronounced for the proto- than for the hematoporphyrin series. The results highlight the possible use, as well as limitations, of lipophilicity parameters for the prediction of membrane binding.     

Comparison of Octadecyl-Bonded Alumina and Other Stationary Phases for Lipophilicity Estimation by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A recently developed octadecyl-bonded alumina stationary phase (ODA) was evaluated for determining the lipophilicities of organic compounds by high performance liquid chromatography. Using a column packed with this material and mobile phases consisting of methanol and aqueous buffers, the correlation between the octanol-water partition coefficients (log P's) of compounds of various chemical classes and the logarithms of their chromatographic capacity factors (log k's) was found to be superior to that obtained using columns packed with octadecylsilica, poly butadiene-coated alumina or octadecyl-derivanzed polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer. In contrast to results obtained with other columns, phenols and other hydrogen-bonding compounds did not need to be treated as a separate data set on the ODA column to obtain good correlations between log k's and log P's. The resistance of ODA to degradation by alkaline solvents allowed the use of a basic mobile phase (pH > 10) for suppressing ionization and determining the lipophilicities of organic bases which could not be evaluated within the stable pH range of ODS (pH 2–8). The log P's of five basic pharmaceutical compounds determined in this manner were found to be significantly higher than previously reported values. Evidence is presented which indicates that the previously reported log P values of these compounds are inaccurate, due to improper correction for ionization.     

Evaluation of a Simple HPLC Correlation Method for the Estimation of the Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients of Organic Compounds

Abstract

A simple reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method is evaluated for the estimation of octanol-water partition coefficients (log P) of organic compounds by correlation with their chromatographic capacity factors (k′). Using an unmodified commercial octadecylsilane column and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and an aqueous buffer, a linear relationship is established between the literature log P values of 68 compounds and the logarithms of their k′ values. For the determination of the partition coefficients of unknowns, one of two sets of standards is used to calibrate the system, the choice being dependent on the hydrogen-bonding character of the compounds being evaluated. The overall method is shown to be rapid and widely adaptable and to give log P data which are comparable to results obtained by classical or other correlation methods.     

Lipophilicity characterization by reversed-phase liquid chromatography of some furan derivatives

Lipophilicity is one of the properties which influences the partition of a substance in biological media. The present study reports on the chromatographic behaviour of a newly synthesised series of furan derivatives by RP-HPLC and RP-TLC, with methanol-water and acetonitrile-water as mobile phases, in order to establish if the linear relationships between the retention parameters (log k, R(M)) and the concentration of organic modifier in the mobile phase, phi, allows the extrapolation procedure. Good correlations between the retention parameters were obtained by RP-HPLC and RP-TLC, and the concentration of organic modifier (methanol, acetonitrile) in the mobile phase was established for the studied furan derivatives. However, for the discussed compounds, acetonitrile has a lower sensitivity to changes in the structures. A good correspondence was obtained between the extrapolated parameters for the methanol-water mobile phase when using RP-HPLC and RP-TLC. However, stronger interactions occur in RP-TLC between the compounds and the residual silanol groups than in RP-HPLC.     

Retention characteristics of an immobilized artificial membrane column in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Retention for a varied group of compounds on an immobilized artificial membrane column (IAM PC DD2) with a methanol-water mobile phase is shown to fit a second-order model for the retention factor (log k) as a function of the volume fraction of organic solvent. The numerical value of the intercept obtained by linear extrapolation to zero organic solvent (log k(w)) is shown to depend on the range of mobile phase composition used for the extrapolation. Each series of intercepts so obtained represents a different hypothetical distribution system as identified by the system constants of the solvation parameter model. Although a linear model is a poor fit for isocratic retention data, the linear solvent strength gradient model provides a reasonable estimate of isocratic retention factor values that are (slightly) larger than experimental values, but provide the same chemical information for the system. These preliminary results suggest that gradient elution may prove to be a rapid and useful method for creating system maps for column characterization and method development. In this work a system map is provided for methanol-water compositions from 0 to 60% (v/v) methanol and additional system constants for acetonitrile-water compositions containing 20 and 30% (v/v) acetonitrile. It is shown that the main factors contributing to retention on the IAM PC DD2 column are favorable cavity formation and dispersion interactions, electron lone pair interactions and the hydrogen-bond basicity of the sorbent. The latter feature more than any other distinguishes the IAM column from conventional chemically bonded phases. Interactions of a dipole-type (weakly) and inability to compete with the mobile phase as a hydrogen-bond acid reduce retention. A comparison of system constant ratios is used to demonstrate that the retention properties of the IAM column are not easily duplicated by conventional chemically bonded phases. The retention characteristics of the IAM column, however, are strongly correlated with the retention properties of pseudostationary phases used for micellar electrokinetic chromatography, which provide a suitable alternative to IAM columns for physical property estimations. By the same comparative method it is shown that retention on the IAM column possesses some similarity to biomembrane absorption processes, allowing suitable correlation models to be developed for the estimation of certain biopartitioning properties.     

ADME evaluation in drug discovery. 2. Prediction of partition coefficient by atom-additive approach based on atom-weighted solvent accessible surface areas

A novel method for the calculations of 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) of organic molecules has been presented here. The method, SLOGP v1.0, estimates the log P values by summing the contribution of atom-weighted solvent accessible surface areas (SASA) and correction factors. Altogether 100 atom/group types were used to classify atoms with different chemical environments, and two correlation factors were used to consider the intermolecular hydrophobic interactions and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Coefficient values for 100 atom/group and two correction factors have been derived from a training set of 1850 compounds. The parametrization procedure for different kinds of atoms was performed as follows: first, the atoms in a molecule were defined to different atom/group types based on SMARTS language, and the correction factors were determined by substructure searching; then, SASA for each atom/group type was calculated and added; finally, multivariate linear regression analysis was applied to optimize the hydrophobic parameters for different atom/group types and correction factors in order to reproduce the experimental log P. The correlation based on the training set gives a model with the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.988, the standard deviation (SD) of 0.368 log units, and the absolute unsigned mean error of 0.261. Comparison of various procedures of log P calculations for the external test set of 138 organic compounds demonstrates that our method bears very good accuracy and is comparable or even better than the fragment-based approaches. Moreover, the atom-additive approach based on SASA was compared with the simple atom-additive approach based on the number of atoms. The calculated results show that the atom-additive approach based on SASA gives better predictions than the simple atom-additive one. Due to the connection between the molecular conformation and the molecular surface areas, the atom-additive model based on SASA may be a more universal model for log P estimation especially for large molecules.     

Determination of lipophilicity for antitumor acridinone derivatives supported by gradient high-performance liquid chromatography method

The lipophilicity values of selected acridinone (imidazoacridinone and triazoloacridinone) derivatives were measured by gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a C18 stationary phase with a water/acetonitrile mixture as a mobile phase. The retention times obtained served as input data and appropriate log k_w values (i.e., the retention factor log k_w extrapolated to 0% organic modifier) as an alternative to log P were calculated using the DryLab program. The relationships between the lipophilicity (log k_w) and the chemical structure of the studied compounds, as well as correlation between experimentally determined lipophilicities (log k_w) and log P data calculated using some commonly available software, are discussed.     

QSRR Study on the Relationship between the Chromatographic Capacity Factor and Lipophilicity and Structure Parameters of Halogenated Thiophenols

The capacity factors (k') of fourteen types of halogenated thiophenols in different phases of methanol-water eluent were determined by reversed phased high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and the relationships between the logarithm of capacity factor lgK' and methanol ratio ψ were analyzed. A fair linear relationship is found between lgK' and ψ, and the correlation coefficients R2 of the constructed linear equations are all greater than 0.990. Relationship between the chromatographic data lgKw' when extrapolated to pure water and n-octanol/water partition coefficient lgKow obtained by the group contribution method has shown a good linear correlation with R2 = 0.956. The structure parameters of fourteen halogenated thiophenols were calculated by using DFT, and the correlation equation of lgKw' and structure parameters was obtained by using SPSS, lgKw' = -0.409 + 0.039α and R2 = 0.981, meaning that lgKw' is mainly determined by the polarizability α.     

微乳液相色谱测定药物的油-水分配系数的新方法研究

建立快速微乳液相色谱法(MELC)测定药物的油-水分配系数(log P)的方法. 选择5种模拟生物膜的微乳流动相体系, 以7个标准药物的log P对保留因子(log k)的回归线性方程, 计算被测药物的log P值. 并以药物文献的log P值对实验测得log k值的线性相关系数为参数, 对微乳体系的表面活性剂和油相的种类进行考察, 得到测定非同类的中性、碱性药物的油-水分配系数最佳流动相体系为6.0% Brij35-6.6%正丁醇-0.8%正辛醇-86.6%磷酸缓冲液(0.05 mol• L－1, pH 7.0), 其测得值与文献的实验值平均相差0.3个对数单位. 结果显示该方法可靠、高效、重现性好, 可用于药物的油-水分配系数log P的测定.     

Effect of ionization and the nature of the mobile phase in quantitative structure-retention relationship studies

The octanol-water distribution constant, commonly called partition coefficient, Po/w, is a parameter often retained as a measure of the hydrophobicity of a molecule. log Po/w, for a given molecule, can be conveniently evaluated constructing correlation lines between standard retention factor logarithms (log k) in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and standard log Po/w values. Many compounds of pharmaceutical interest can be quite hydrophobic and have, simultaneously, basic nitrogen atoms or acidic sulfur containing groups in their structure. This renders them ionizable. The hydrophobicity of the molecular drug form (Po/w value) is completely different from its ionic form (log Po/w(+ or -) value). The actual hydrophobicity of such ionizable molecule depends on the pH. It can be represented by an apparent Papp value that takes into account the amount of compound in its molecular and ionic state combining the Po/w and Po/w(+ or -) values. In this work, log k in RPLC for ionizable as well as non-ionizable pharmaceutical compounds with different therapeutic properties (10 beta-blockers, seven tricyclic antidepressants (TA), eight steroids and 12 sulfonamides) were correlated with log Po/w. Similar correlations were done between log k and the corrected log Papp values at pH 3. Aqueous-organic mobile phases containing acetonitrile (conventional RPLC) and micellar-organic mobile phases (micellar liquid chromatography, MLC), prepared with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate and the organic solvents acetonitrile, propanol or pentanol, were also used to elute the compounds. All mobile phases were buffered at pH 3. Using conventional retention RPLC data, the correlation of log k with log Po/w, was satisfactory for steroids because they cannot ionize. For ionizable beta-blockers and TAs, the use of log Papp values improved the quality of the correlations, but yielded similar results for sulfonamides. In MLC, since an electrostatic interaction is added to hydrophobic forces, poorer correlations were obtained in all cases. The retention data obtained in RPLC also seems to correlate better with the biological activity of the drugs.