Mg-Al类水滑石负载金催化醇选择氧化中Mg/Al比例的影响

为研究Mg/Al比例对Mg-Al类水滑石(LDH)负载Au催化醇选择氧化的影响,采用共沉淀—水热晶化法合成了不同Mg/Al比的y Mg-Al LDH,采用液相还原法负载纳米Au颗粒.对样品进行XRD、N_2物理吸附、ICP-AES、AAS、TEM、CO_2-TPD、CO_2-In-situ DRIFTS和XPS等表征.在无附加碱条件下,Au/yMg-Al LDH催化剂催化1-苯乙醇选择氧化的催化活性随Mg/Al比增大呈现递增趋势,Au/4Mg-Al LDH活性最佳.载体表面弱碱性强度随Mg/Al比增大变化不大,弱碱位略有增多,对醇羟基脱氢有促进作用.载体层板Mg_3OH基团随Mg/Al比增大而增多有利于Au在层板边缘沉积,二者可形成有效协同,促进醇氧化过程进行.     

Ca-Al催化剂上甘油与碳酸二甲酯酯交换合成碳酸甘油酯（英文）

生物柴油是一种环保、可再生、使用安全、可替代石化柴油的新型液体燃料,其产量和使用范围正逐年扩大.然而生物柴油生产过程中的主要副产物甘油严重过剩,因此甘油资源化转化和利用已经成为近年研究热点.甘油可以作为一种平台化合物实现向多种高附加值化学品的转化,例如通过催化氢解合成1,2-丙二醇,通过发酵和催化氧化制备二羟基丙酮,通过脱水制备丙烯醛和羟基丙酮,通过酯交换反应生成甘油酯等.其中,以甘油为原料合成的碳酸甘油酯(GC)具有很好的工业应用前景.以碳酸二甲酯(DMC)为原料与甘油进行酯交换合成GC是近年内比较有工业发展潜力的合成路线.前期研究发现,固体碱对该反应具有很好的催化活性,而且随着催化剂碱性增强,甘油转化率明显增加,然而当催化剂(如NaO H,KOH和K2CO3等)碱性过强时,产物选择性明显降低.水滑石类化合物是一种常见的碱性温和的固体催化剂,而且其碱性与结构可以调节,因此我们选择了一种常见水滑石——水铝钙石作为本研究的重点.本文通过共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Ca/Al比(1–6)的Ca-Al水滑石,并以此作为前驱体制备了新型的固体碱催化剂.XRD结果表明,当Ca/Al比为1–6时,所有样品都出现了明显的水滑石特征衍射峰,但当铝含量过高时会出现氢氧化铝杂相.SEM结果发现,当Ca/Al=2–4时,样品中水滑石的结晶度高,有较完整的水滑石晶片,Ca/Al=6的样品中水滑石晶片较小,Ca/Al=1的样品中有明显的无定形氧化铝杂相.TG-DSC结果表明,Ca/Al=2的样品除了几个与水滑石相关的特征失重峰以外,在786 oC还检测到明显的热吸收峰,说明此时钙铝石已经发生分解,生成了单独的Ca12Al14O33晶相和氧化钙,这与SEM结果一致.这些水滑石经焙烧后用于温和条件下催化甘油与DMC酯交换生成GC的反应,发现上述催化剂对该反应具有很高的催化活性和目的产物选择性.当DMC与甘油的摩尔比为3时,70 oC反应3 h后,甘油转化率达到93%,GC选择性高于97%.表征结果显示,甘油转化率主要取决于焙烧后Ca-Al催化剂中强碱性中心数量.其中经800 oC焙烧后Ca/Al=2的样品中强碱性中心数量最多,因而表现出最高的催化活性.焙烧后催化剂中形成的Ca12Al14O33晶相在多次重复使用后仍可以稳定存在,但是表面Ca O易流失,可能会降低催化剂的重复使用活性.     

焙烧的水滑石上醇类选择性乙氧基化合成三乙二醇单乙醚 Selective Ethoxylation of Alcohols to Triethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether over Calcined Hydrotalcite Catalyst

 以焙烧的水滑石(Mg/Al摩尔比为3)为催化剂,通过二乙二醇单乙醚和环氧乙烷(二者摩尔比为5)的乙氧基化反应合成了三乙二醇单乙醚. 在500 ℃焙烧2 h的水滑石上三乙二醇单乙醚的选择性可达94.6%. 焙烧后的水滑石碱性增强,比表面积增大,并含有大量的微孔,对串联式乙氧基化反应具有选择性催化作用. 催化剂经回收处理后可重复使用6次以上.     

Ca-Al催化剂上甘油与碳酸二甲酯酯交换合成碳酸甘油酯

生物柴油是一种环保、可再生、使用安全、可替代石化柴油的新型液体燃料,其产量和使用范围正逐年扩大。然而生物柴油生产过程中的主要副产物甘油严重过剩,因此甘油资源化转化和利用已经成为近年研究热点。甘油可以作为一种平台化合物实现向多种高附加值化学品的转化,例如通过催化氢解合成1,2-丙二醇,通过发酵和催化氧化制备二羟基丙酮,通过脱水制备丙烯醛和羟基丙酮,通过酯交换反应生成甘油酯等。其中,以甘油为原料合成的碳酸甘油酯(GC)具有很好的工业应用前景。以碳酸二甲酯(DMC)为原料与甘油进行酯交换合成GC是近年内比较有工业发展潜力的合成路线。前期研究发现,固体碱对该反应具有很好的催化活性,而且随着催化剂碱性增强,甘油转化率明显增加,然而当催化剂(如NaOH, KOH和K2CO3等)碱性过强时,产物选择性明显降低。水滑石类化合物是一种常见的碱性温和的固体催化剂,而且其碱性与结构可以调节,因此我们选择了一种常见水滑石——水铝钙石作为本研究的重点。 本文通过共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Ca/Al比(1–6)的Ca-Al水滑石,并以此作为前驱体制备了新型的固体碱催化剂。 XRD结果表明,当Ca/Al比为1–6时,所有样品都出现了明显的水滑石特征衍射峰,但当铝含量过高时会出现氢氧化铝杂相。 SEM结果发现,当Ca/Al =2–4时,样品中水滑石的结晶度高,有较完整的水滑石晶片, Ca/Al =6的样品中水滑石晶片较小, Ca/Al =1的样品中有明显的无定形氧化铝杂相。 TG-DSC结果表明, Ca/Al =2的样品除了几个与水滑石相关的特征失重峰以外,在786oC还检测到明显的热吸收峰,说明此时钙铝石已经发生分解,生成了单独的Ca12Al14O33晶相和氧化钙,这与SEM结果一致。这些水滑石经焙烧后用于温和条件下催化甘油与DMC酯交换生成GC的反应,发现上述催化剂对该反应具有很高的催化活性和目的产物选择性。当DMC与甘油的摩尔比为3时,70oC反应3 h后,甘油转化率达到93%, GC选择性高于97%。表征结果显示,甘油转化率主要取决于焙烧后Ca-Al催化剂中强碱性中心数量。其中经800oC焙烧后Ca/Al =2的样品中强碱性中心数量最多,因而表现出最高的催化活性。焙烧后催化剂中形成的Ca12Al14O33晶相在多次重复使用后仍可以稳定存在,但是表面CaO易流失,可能会降低催化剂的重复使用活性。     

Mg-Al类水滑石层板结构中Al/Mg比与稳定性的关系

通过改变Mg和Al的数量构建不同Al/Mg比的类水滑石层板模型, 采用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT), 优化并计算各种Al/Mg比的水滑石结构, 通过对键长、电荷、能量等分析, 得出Al/Mg比对水滑石稳定性的影响规律. 在实际的水滑石层板结构中, 当Al/Mg比为1:2和1:3时, 最适宜形成稳定水滑石相, 且1:3比1:2更具优势.     

氟插层水滑石催化烯烃环氧化反应

制备了一系列不同Mg/Al比氟插层的水滑石(LDH-F),并用X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜和BET比表面积检测法对催化剂进行了表征,考察了不同Mg/Al比的LDH-F在苯乙烯环氧化反应中的催化活性.结果表明,Mg/Al=5的LDH-F具有最佳催化活性.通过以乙腈和苯甲腈分别作为反应用腈的对比实验发现,苯甲腈的效果优于乙腈.以Mg/Al=5的LDH-F为催化剂,H2O2和苯甲腈为氧化剂对不同官能团化烯烃进行环氧化反应,结果表明,此催化体系具有良好的催化性能,在苯乙烯、茚、丙烯醇和烯丙基氯环氧化反应中转化率和选择性均在95%以上。     

Zn-Al水滑石催化碳酸二甲酯与苯酚酯交换反应的研究

用共沉淀法制备了Zn-Al水滑石,并用于多相催化酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的反应.研究了不同n(Zn)/n(Al)比的水滑石及其焙烧产物等对酯交换反应的催化活性.结果表明,Zn-Al水滑石催化剂对该反应的催化活性和选择性很高,当n(Zn)/n(Al)=3时,在150～180℃,n(PhOH)/n(DMC)=2,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1.5%,在反应时间为12h的条件下,DMC的转化率达到55.9%,DPC和MPC的收率分别为25.3%和27.0%,酯交换产物的选择性达到93.6%.利用XRD,TG-DTA和TEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征.     

CuZnAl类水滑石衍生复合氧化物催化环己醇脱氢反应的研究

采用共沉淀法合成了不同CuZnAl配比的类水滑石,通过不同温度焙烧制备其衍生复合氧化物.采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、差热热重(TG-DTA)、N2吸附-脱附和CO2程序升温脱附法(CO2-TPD)对类水滑石和衍生复合氧化物进行了表征.将所得复合氧化物用于环己醇脱氢制备环己酮的反应中考察其催化活性.实验结果表明:CuZnAl类水滑石衍生复合氧化物对该反应具有很高的催化活性,在反应温度220℃时以CuZnAl[n(Cu)/n(Zn)/n(Al)=1.34/0.66/1.0]类水滑石为前躯体,400℃焙烧所得的衍生复合氧化物表现出最佳的催化活性,环己醇转化率高达94.9%,环己酮的选择性近100%.     

镁铝水滑石负载MnO-4催化氧化乙苯合成苯乙酮

采用焙烧还原法制备了镁铝水滑石负载MnO4-催化剂,并将其应用于催化氧气氧化乙苯合成苯乙酮的反应中。考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、MnO4-负载量和镁铝比等因素对催化氧化反应的影响及催化剂的重复使用性能。在优化条件下:催化剂用量3 g,乙苯用量45 mL,反应温度120℃,水滑石结构中n(Mg)/n(Al)=5,氧气流量100 mL/min,苯乙酮产率可达57.0%,苯乙酮选择性可达96.3%,催化剂重复使用3次催化活性降低较小。     

磺化Salen金属配合物插层水滑石选择性催化氧化甘油制备二羟基丙酮的研究

制备了一系列含不同金属离子的磺化Salen金属配合物插层水滑石催化剂用于甘油催化氧化制备二羟基丙酮(DHA)。利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)及电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP)分析手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,磺化Salen配体插入镁铝水滑石(LDH)层板间,金属离子与磺化Salen配体配合,制备出磺化Salen金属配合物插层的水滑石非均相催化剂。反应结果表明,含Cr³⁺及含Cu²⁺催化剂有利于H₂O₂活化,催化活性较高,含Cu²⁺催化剂利于甘油脱氢,DHA选择性较高。含Cu²⁺催化剂用于甘油催化氧化反应时,在pH值为7、60 ℃条件下反应4 h,甘油转化率为40.3%,DHA选择性达到52.9%。     

碱性离子液体催化甘油合成1,2-甘油碳酸酯(英)

以离子液体为催化剂,在无溶剂体系中,考察了生物质平台化合物甘油转化1,2-甘油碳酸酯的反应.与酸性离子液体和常用无机碱性催化剂相比,碱性离子液体咪唑基1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([Bmim]Im)、氢氧化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([Bmim]OH)、咪唑基1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑([Amim]Im)、氢氧化1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑([Amim]OH)在甘油与碳酸二甲酯的酯交换反应中表现出优异的活性.其中,以[Bmim]Im离子液体为催化剂时甘油转化率为98.4%和甘油碳酸酯选择性接近100%.另外,该离子液体可以回收重复利用3次后甘油转化率仍可达92%,甘油碳酸酯选择性可近100%.此碱性离子液体催化方法具有反应结果较好、产物分离简单、条件温和以及环境友好等特点.     

Role of preparation parameters of Cu–Zn mixed oxide catalyst in solvent free glycerol carbonylation with urea

Solvent-free carbonylation of glycerol with urea to glycerol carbonate (GC) was achieved over heterogeneous Cu–Zn mixed oxide catalyst. Cu–Zn catalysts with different ratios of Cu:Zn were prepared using co-precipitation (CP) and oxalate gel (OG) methods. As compared to CuO–ZnO(2:1) catalyst prepared by oxalate gel (OG) method, much higher conversion of glycerol and highest selectivity towards glycerol carbonate (GC) was achieved with CuO–ZnO_CP(2:1) catalyst. Physicochemical properties of prepared catalysts were investigated by using XRD, FT-IR, BET, TPD of CO₂ and NH₃ and TEM techniques. The effect of stoichiometric ratio of Cu/Zn, calcination temperature of CuO–ZnO catalysts and effect of reaction parameters such as molar ratio of substrates, time and temperature on glycerol conversion to GC were critically studied. Cu/Zn of 2:1 ratio, glycerol–urea 1:1 molar ratio, 145 ​°C reaction temperatures were found to be optimized reaction conditions to achieve highest glycerol conversion of 86% and complete selectivity towards GC. The continuous expel of NH₃ from reaction the mixture avoided formation of ammonia complex with CuO–ZnO catalyst. As a result of this, CuO–ZnO catalyst could be recycled up to three times without losing its initial activity.     

Selective Methylation of Phenol,Aniline and Catechol with Dimethyl Carbonate Over Calcined Mg-Al Hydrotalcites

Calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcites (Mg/Al=3) can be used as an efficient catalyst in the selective O-methylation of phenol and catechol and N-monomethylation of aniline employing dimethylcarbonate (DMC) as a methylating agent in vapor phase at 275°C.     

Structure and base properties of calcined hydrotalcites

Five hydrotalcites with Mg/Al molar ratio range of 3-15 were prepared. The structure and basicity of Mg-Al mixed oxides (Mg(Al)O) transformed from hydrotalcites were investigated by TPD, XPS, XRD, FT-IR and NMR techniques. The results of elemental analysis and XPS indicate that Al is enriched in the surface regions of Mg(Al)0, and its amount increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio and the calcination temperature. 27Al-MAS-NMR results show that Al exists in two chemical environments: tetrahedral aluminium (Al(t)) and octahedral aluminium (Al(o)) in Mg(Al)O. The amount of Al(t) increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio and the calcination temperature. It is assumed that Al(t) may be mainly from the surface Al. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of CO2 shows that the number of basic sites of Mg(Al)O samples increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio, and the maximum number of basic sites is obtained for hydrotalcite calcined at 773 K. Infrared spectra of adsorbed CO2 and B(OCH3)3 reveal that there are two kinds of     

Preparation, Characterization of Hydrotalcites and the Catalytic Properties in Synthesis of o-Phenylphenol over Pt／CHT

Mg/Al mixed oxides with molar ratios of 2-6 of Mg to Al used as supports for platinum catalysts were obtained by the thermal decomposition method. The effect of the composition of the mixed oxides on the physicochemical properties was studied by TPD, nitrogen sorption, XRD and TG-DTA characterization methods. The synthesis of o-phenylphenol (OPP) from a dimer (obtained from cyclohexanone condensation) was investigated over Pt/CHT catalysts and compared with those over Pt/MgO and Pt/Al2O3 catalysts. These catalysts show a high activity and selectivity for OPP, with a conversion reaching 93.8% and a selectivity reaching 87.9% in some experiments. For Pt/CHTx catalysts, the calcined hydrotalcites exhibited strong base sites, which were necessary to catalyze the synthesis of OPP.     

Aqueous-phase catalytic hydrogenation of furfural to cyclopentanol over Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived catalysts: Model reaction for upgrading of bio-oil

A series of Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived oxides with a (Cu+Mg)/Al mole ratio of 3 and varied Cu/Mg mole ratio (from 0.07 to 0.30) were prepared by co-precipitation and calcination methods, then they were introduced to the hydrogenation of furfural in aqueous-phase. Effects of Cu/Mg mole ratio, reaction temperature, initial hydrogen pressure, reaction time and catalyst amount on the conversion rate of furfural as well as the selectivity toward desired product cyclopentanol were systematically investigated. The conversion of furfural over calcined hydrotalcite catalyst with a Cu/Mg mole ratio of 0.2 was up to 98.5% when the reaction was carried out under 140 °C and the initial hydrogen pressure of 4 MPa for 10 h, while the selectivity toward cyclopentanol was up to 94.8%. The catalysts were characterized by XRD and SEM. XRD diffraction of all the samples showed characteristic pattern of hydrotalcite with varied peak intensity as a result of different Cu content. The catalytic activity was improved gradually with the increase of Cu component in the hydrotalcite.     

Converting wastes into added value products: from glycerol to glycerol carbonate, glycidol and epichlorohydrin using environmentally friendly synthetic routes

Glycerol carbonate, synthesised via a non-phosgene route using glycerol and CO₂ or urea in presence of a heterogeneous catalyst, was efficiently converted into a series of derivatives through the functionalization of the -OH moiety, using high yield, high selectivity synthetic routes not affecting the carbonate functionality. So, for example, glycerol carbonate was converted into epichlorohydrin, a product that has a large industrial application, under very mild conditions, using a two-step reaction with a 98% yield and 100% selectivity. The high yield and mild reaction conditions (very often close to the ambient conditions) make the environmentally friendly synthetic approach described in this work of potential applicative interest. All compounds prepared were fully characterized.     

几种杂多阴离子柱撑水滑石的合成与吸附行为

柱撑水滑石类层柱状阴离子粘土是一类新型层柱材料，由于其二维孔道结构的可调变性及潜在的择形催化性能，已引起人们的重视[1-3]．迄今，人们已合成了包括无机和有机阴离子，同多和杂多阴离子（Polyoxometalates，简称POMs）以及配合物阴离子在内的多种柱撑水滑石，其中同多和