Magnesium hydride-promoted dearomatisation of pyridine

Reaction of pyridine with well defined magnesium hydride species results in heterocycle dearomatisation by a hydride transfer which occurs with the formation of magnesium compounds containing 1,2- and 1,4-dihydropyridide anions as the respective kinetic and thermodynamic products.     

A convenient large scale synthesis of 2,6-dimethyl-4-(trimethylstannyl)pyridine

Reaction of phosphorus oxychloride with 2,6-dimethylpyridine N-oxide hydrochloride ( 1 ) gave a mixture of 2-(chloromethyl)-6-methylpyridine ( 2 ) and 4-chloro-2,6-dimethylpyridine ( 3 ). Treatment of this mixture with triethylamine converted 2 to the quaternary salt 4 which was separated by water extraction leaving 3 which was subsequently reacted with trimethylstannyl sodium to yield 2,6-dimethyl-4-(trimethylstannyl)pyridine ( 6 ).     

Studies on organophosphorus compounds—V: Pyridines from secondary car☐amides and HMPA

A new pyridine synthesis has been found by refluxing certain simple secondary car☐amides in HMPA. Thus 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyridine, 2,3,6-trimethylpyridine, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyridine, 2-benzyl-6-methyl-3-phenylpyridine, 2-ethyl-3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline and 2-t-butyl-6-methylpyridine were prepared in 15–40% yield.     

Hydride transfer from 1,4-dihydropyridines to pyridinium salts: Assessment of structural and energetic factors with hantzsch ester derived compounds

Hydride exchange occurs between 3,5 - di(alkoxycarbonyl) - 1,4 - dihydropyridines and their corresponding pyridinium salts. For the case of 1,2,6 - trimethyl - 3,5 - di(ethoxycarbonyl) - 1,4 - dihydropyridine in the presence of the structurally corresponding pyridinium perchlorate, hydride is transferred to the 4-position of the pyridinium salt in a reversible “blind” reaction as revealed by deuterium labeling experiments and to the 2,6-positions irreversibly to afford 1,2,6 - trimethyl - 3,5 - di(ethoxycarbonyl) - 1,2 - dihydropyridine as final product. Removal of the methyl groups at the 2,6-positions, i.e. 1 - methyl - 3,5 - di(methoxycarbonyl) - 1,4 -dihydropyridine and its structurally corresponding pyridium perchlorate, causes hydride transfer to become completely reversible. Substitution of the 4-position with Me, i.e. 1,2,4,6 - tetramethyl - 3,5 - di(methoxycarbonyl) -1,4- dihydropyridine and its corresponding pyridinium perchlorate leads to cessation of hydride transfer: the same is true for the analogous 4-phenyl (and substituted phenyl) compounds. However, these 1,4-dihydropyridines are capable of transferring hydride at reasonable temperatures to less highly substituted pyridinium salts. Activation parameters for some of these hydride transfers have been determined, mechanistic conclusions are presented, and the consequences of these observations for experiments with “model” NADH compounds are discussed.     

Ligand-controlled regioselectivity in the hydrothiolation of alkynes by rhodium N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts

Rh-N-heterocyclic carbene compounds [Rh(μ-Cl)(IPr)(η(2)-olefin)](2) and RhCl(IPr)(py)(η(2)-olefin) (IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-carbene, py = pyridine, olefin = cyclooctene or ethylene) are highly active catalysts for alkyne hydrothiolation under mild conditions. A regioselectivity switch from linear to 1-substituted vinyl sulfides was observed when mononuclear RhCl(IPr)(py)(η(2)-olefin) catalysts were used instead of dinuclear precursors. A complex interplay between electronic and steric effects exerted by IPr, pyridine, and hydride ligands accounts for the observed regioselectivity. Both IPr and pyridine ligands stabilize formation of square-pyramidal thiolate-hydride active species in which the encumbered and powerful electron-donor IPr ligand directs coordination of pyridine trans to it, consequently blocking access of the incoming alkyne in this position. Simultaneously, the higher trans director hydride ligand paves the way to a cis thiolate-alkyne disposition, favoring formation of 2,2-disubstituted metal-alkenyl species and subsequently the Markovnikov vinyl sulfides via alkenyl-hydride reductive elimination. DFT calculations support a plausible reaction pathway where migratory insertion of the alkyne into the rhodium-thiolate bond is the rate-determining step.     

新型吡啶衍生物的合成

以2-甲基吡啶为原料,经氧化、硝化、还原反应合成了重要中间体4-氨基-2-甲基吡啶(3); 3分别经1,4-加成反应、Heck反应及取代反应合成了11个吡啶类化合物(4~14),其中5, 6和8~14为新化合物,其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS和HR-MS进行表征。     

Pulse radiolysis of pyridine and methylpyridines in aqueous solutions

The radicals formed from pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine by attack of H, e^-_aq, OH and O^•- in acqueous solutions were investigated by pulse radiolysisin the pH-range 1–13.8. The UV-vis. absorption spectra as well as the formation and decay kinetics for the protonated and unprotonated forms of the methylpyridine radicals studied are presented. The pK_a-values for the OH-adducts were determined.     

A proton magnetic resonance study of complexes of pyridine, 2-methylpyridine 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine,and 2,6-dimethylpyridine with borane and boron trifluoride

A variable temperature, proton magnetic resonance study has been made of complexes of pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, and 2,6-dimethylpyridine with borane and boron trifluoride. By lowering the temperature and slowing ligand exchange, separate resonance signals can be observed for bulk and complexed molecules of the base. A direct comparison of the complexing abilities of these ligands was made by studying them in pairs with borane or boron trifluoride. The complexing abilities, as estimated from the NMR data, decreased in the order: 4-MePy > 3-MePy > Py > 2-MePy > 2,6-MePy. This trend was interpreted in terms of steric effects and the basic strengths of these molecules towards boron trifluoride.     

One-step synthesis of triethynylvinylmethanes and tetraethynylmethanes by GaCl(3)-promoted diethynylation of 1,4-enynes and 1,4-diynes

The treatment of 1,4-enynes with chlorotriethylsilylacetylene at 130 degrees C in the presence of GaCl3 gave triethynylvinylmethanes by the diethynylation at the allylic methylene moiety. The addition of 2,6-di(tert-butyl)-4-methylpyridine and tert-butyldiphenylsilanol considerably improved the yields of the products by reducing the decompositions of the substrates and products. The reaction should involve the initial formation of allylgallium from the enynes and GaCl3, where GaCl3 activated hydrocarbon C-H to generate a nucleophilic organogallium intermediate. Carbometalation with chloroacetylene followed by beta-elimination then led to the ethynylated product. Triethynylvinylmethanes were obtained by the repeated regioselective ethynylation at the 3-position of the enynes. The reaction of allylsilanes with the chloroacetylene also gave diethynylvinylmethanes, in which 1,4-enynes were formed in situ by the addition-elimination of allylgallium formed from allylsilane and GaCl3. Tetraethynylmethanes were obtained by reacting 1,4-diynes with the chloroacetylene at 150 degrees C. The structure and amount of silanol can be used to control the reactivity of GaCl3.     

Calorimetric investigations of hydrogen bonding in binary mixtures containing pyridine and its methyl-substituted derivatives. I. The dilute solutions of water

Enthalpies of solution of water in pyridine and its methyl derivatives were investigated at T=298.15 K with a titration calorimeter. The effects of solution are exothermic and increase in the following order: pyridine <3-methylpyridine <4-methylpyridine <2-methylpyridine <2,6-dimethylpyridine <2,4,6-trimethylpyridine. As expected, the negative enthalpies of solution are fairly large, especially those for pyridine derivatives with a methyl group in the ortho position, due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between water and amine. Thus, the energy of the N⋯H–O bond, strengthened by the ortho methyl group, overcomes the hindering effect of that group. The experimental results were correlated with the association energies of the 1:1 (water+amine) complexes and with the net charges on the nitrogen atom reported in the literature. Although semi-quantitative agreement between the correlated quantities is fairly good, a simple model based on the hydrogen bond interactions was found to be too simple to account for the measured heat effects.     

Cocondensation reactions of heterocyclic aromatic compounds with lithium, calcium and magnesium atoms at 77 K

Calcium and magnesium atoms were cocondensed with aromatic heterocycles containing five- and six-membered rings in the presence of THF at 77 K. In the case of calcium the cocondensation with five-membered heterocyclic compounds resulted in C-H bond activations and led to the corresponding aryl calcium compounds, while magnesium did not show comparable reactions. When six-membered heterocyclic compounds, e.g., pyridine and 4-methylpyridine (4-picoline) were cocondensed with calcium, magnesium and lithium atoms, all reactions led to the formation of non-metallated aromatic products and the formation of metal hydride. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory were carried out in order to interpret the pathways of the cocondensation reactions using calcium atoms and identify the possible intermediates involved. In all reactions π- and σ-complexes between calcium atoms and the heterocyclic aromatic reactant were found as stable intermediates on the energy hypersurface.     

Regioselective photocycloaddition of pyridine derivatives to electron-rich alkenes

Irradiation of a benzene solution of 3-cyano-2,6-dimethoxypyridine in the presence of ethyl vinyl ether (EVE) gave 1:1 photoadducts, 3-cyano-5-ethoxy-2,8-dimethoxy-4,5-dihydroazocine, in good yields, whose structure was established by X-ray single-crystal analysis. The photoadduct was produced via cycloaddition between the C3-C4 position of the pyridine derivatives and an alkene chromophore. On the other hand, 3-cyano-2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylpyridine cycloadds to EVE at the C2-C3 position of the pyridine ring upon irradiation. The difference is explained on the basis of the steric effect.     

Sequence of replacement of hydrogen in 2,6-dimethylpyridine by lithium or halogen

It is shown that, according to the results of chromatographic mass spectrometry, the reaction of 2,6-dimethylpyridine with phenyllithium leads only to the monolithium derivative. The chlorination and bromination of 2,6-dimethylpyridine with various reagents were studied systematically. A method for the conversion of 2,6-bis(chloromethyl)pyridine to 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine is given.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 105–110, January, 1980.     

Dielectric spectroscopy on aqueous solutions of pyridine and its derivatives

The complex (dielectric) permittivity has been measured as a function of frequency between 1 MHz and 40 GHz for aqueous solutions of pyridine, 2- and 3-methylpyridine, as well as 2,4- and 2,6-dimethylpyridine at various temperatures and solute concentrations. Different relaxation spectral functions are used to analytically represent the data, in particular the Cole-Cole function. The solute contribution to the extrapolated static permittivity has been calculated to show that, in correspondence with other aqueous solutions of organic molecules and ions, the permittivity of the solvent seems to be enhanced with respect to the pure water value. Also in accordance with other aqueous systems it is found that the principal dielectric relaxation time for equimolar solutions of stereo isomers at the same temperature may significantly differ from one another. A further result is the finding of an unusually strong temperature dependence in the relaxation time of the 1 molar solution of 2,6-dimethylpyridine.     

NAD/NADH models with axial/central chiralities: superiority of the quinoline ring system

Precursors of NAD model compounds 1c and 3a,b were successfully resolved into their atropisomers with respect to carbamoyl rotation. Atropisomers of quinoline derivatives are much more stable than pyridine derivatives as determined by cyclic voltammetry and X-ray crystallography. The 1,4-reduction of NAD model compound 4 was successfully achieved, affording novel NADH model compound 5. The rotational properties of the side chain of 5 were investigated by means of dynamic NMR. The rotational rate and syn/anti ratio, which indicate the orientation between carbonyl oxygen and hydrogen at the 4-position, are significantly affected by addition of magnesium ion. In the rotational transition state, the double-bond character of the C(carbonyl)-N(amide) bond is disrupted judging from the activation parameters. The oxidation of chiral 5 with p-benzoquinone in the presence of magnesium ion catalyst gave predominantly one enantiomer of 4. On the other hand, oxidation of 5 with p-chloranil (tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone) in the absence of magnesium ions affords the opposite enantiomer of 4 as the major product. The product enantiomer ratio is parallel to the syn/anti ratio in the starting material, indicating the importance of ground state conformation to stereochemistry of the reaction.     

Effect of acyl chain length and branching on the enantioselectivity of Candida rugosa lipase in the kinetic resolution of 4-(2-difluoromethoxyphenyl)-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridine 3,5-diesters.

Since 2,6-dimethyl-4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine 3,5-diesters themselves are not hydrolyzed by commercially available hydrolases, derivatives with spacers containing a hydrolyzable group were prepared. Seven acyloxymethyl esters of 5-methyl- and 5-(2-propoxyethyl) 4-[2-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate were synthesized and subjected to Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) catalyzed hydrolysis in wet diisopropyl ether. A methyl ester at the 5-position and a long or branched acyl chain at C3 gave the highest enantiomeric ratio (E values). The most stereoselective reaction (E = 21) was obtained with 3-[(isobutyryloxy)methyl] 5-methyl 4-(2-difluoromethoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and this compound was used to prepare both enantiomers of 3-methyl 5-(2-propoxyethyl) 4-[2-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate. The absolute configuration of the enzymatically produced carboxylic acid was established to be 4R by X-ray crystallographic analysis of its 1-(R)-phenylethyl amide.     

4-N,N-二甲胺基吡啶促进乙酸钴—溴苄催化甲苯氧化

以乙酸钴和溴苄为催化剂,考察了三乙胺、2,6-二甲基吡啶、吡啶、4-羧基吡啶和4-N,N-二甲氨基吡啶等不同含氮有机化合物对甲苯氧化反应的影响.结果发现4-N,N-二甲氨基吡啶表现出促进效应,并探讨了其促进机制.     

Kinetics and mechanisms of the electron transfer reactions of oxo-centred carboxylate bridged complexes, [Fe3(mu3-O)(O2CR)6L3]ClO4, with verdazyl radicals in acetonitrile solution

A range of oxo-centred, carboxylate bridged tri-iron complexes of general formula [Fe3(mu3-O)(O2CR)6L3]ClO4(R=CH2CN, CH2F, CH2Cl, CH2Br, p-NO2C6H4; L=pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine, 3-cyanopyridine and 3-fluoropyridine) have been prepared and characterised. The choice of R and L was dictated by the requirement that the complexes undergo a one-electron reduction when reacted with verdazyl radicals. All except the complexes where L=pyridine and R=CH2CN, CH2Cl and p-NO2C6H4 have not been previously reported. The redox behaviour of these compounds has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile in the absence and in the presence of free L. In general, all complexes exhibited reversible one-electron reductions. Electrochemical behaviour improved in the presence of an excess of L. The kinetics of the electron transfer reaction observed when acetonitrile solutions of the complexes were reacted with a range of verdazyl radicals were monitored using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Under the experimental conditions, the reactions were quite rapid and were monitored under second-order conditions. Marcus linear free energy plots indicated that the outer-sphere electron transfer reactions were non-adiabatic in nature. Nevertheless, application of the self-exchange rate constants of the verdazyl radicals, k11, and the tri-iron complexes, k22, to the Marcus cross-relation resulted in calculated values of the cross-reaction rate constant, k12, that were within a factor of five of the experimentally determined value.     

Crystal Forming Competition Between Some Pyridinium Trifluoroacetic Acetates

It is difficult to separate 4-methylpyridine (4-MP), 3-methylpyridine (3-MP) and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (DMP) which exist concurrently in tar oil distillation, because of their similar boiling points (4-MP, 145℃; 3-MP, 144℃;DMP, 144℃). Efforts have been made to separate 3-MP from the mixture of 4-MP and 3-MP by forming inclusion complex of 3-MP with hexadiyn, and with benzopinacol^[1]. And, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) has been used to separate 4-MP from the mixture of methylpyridines by reactive distillation^[2]. Recently, TFA is used to separate 4-MP from the mixture by preferential co-crystallization. It is reported hereafter the crystal formation competition between some pyridinium trifluoroacetic acetates.     

Benzomorphan related compounds. XIII. Syntheses of 2,6-methanopyrrolo[1,2-d] [1,4]diazocines

Two alternative syntheses of 2,6-methanopyrrolo[1,2-d][1,4]diazocines (I) based in the acidic cyclization of 2-(1-pyrrolylmethyl)tetrahydropyridines are described. In the first synthetic route, lithium aluminum hydride reduction of 2-cyano-1,4-dimethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (IIa) followed by reaction of the resulting primary amine with 2,5-diethoxytetrahydrofuran affords the requisite tetrahydropyridine IVa. An analogous sequence from 2-cyano-4,6-di-methylpyridine (V) leads to the corresponding 2-(1-pyrrolylmethyl)pyridine VII which by quaternization and borohydride reduction yields a mixture of isomeric tetrahydropyridines, precursors of the pyrrolodiazocine systems Ib and Ic. Structural and stereochemical assignment of the synthesized compounds are discussed.