Calcul différentiel et intégral adapté aux substitutions par Volterra

In 1887 Volterra was in search of a general vision for analysis. His most famous work led him to the definition of functionals, or more precisely to develop a differential and integral calculus for “functions that depend on other functions” or “line functions.”However, Volterra's efforts to define a general context for certain analytical problems would also lead him to extend the notions of derivation and integration to substitutions—matrices whose coefficients are functions—which have an important role in the study of differential linear equations.In a memoir entitled Sui fondamenti della teoria delle equazioni differenziali lineari Volterra establishes a differential and integral calculus for substitutions. This work, which allows one to think of linear differential equations through two operations on substitutions—derivation and integration, also makes it possible to analyse the progression strategy implemented by the Italian mathematician in his search for a generalized analysis from the beginning of his career.We are examining the selection and reorganization processes that have enabled Volterra to transpose a well-established theory for ordinary functions to a framework adapted to substitutions. We thus reveal a dynamic of progress towards generality, and explore the elements on which his thoughts are based.Far from being an anecdotal, this text, which does not solve any conjecture, allows us to see a coherence in Volterra's way of progressing, and clarifies his role in the search for an analysis which would gradually become the functional analysis of the 20th century.     

Polynomial growth rates

We consider linear equations v^′=A(t)v with a polynomial asymptotic behavior, that can be stable, unstable and central. We show that this behavior is exhibited by a large class of differential equations, by giving necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of generalized “polynomial” Lyapunov exponents for the existence of polynomial behavior. In particular, any linear equation in block form in a finite-dimensional space, with three blocks having “polynomial” Lyapunov exponents respectively negative, positive, and zero, has a nonuniform version of polynomial trichotomy, which corresponds to the usual notion of trichotomy but now with polynomial growth rates. We also obtain sharp bounds for the constants in the notion of polynomial trichotomy. In addition, we establish the persistence under sufficiently small nonlinear perturbations of the stability of a nonuniform polynomial contraction.     

Simulation of harmonic oscillators on the lattice

This work deals with the simulation of a two-dimensional ideal lattice having simple tetragonal geometry. The harmonic character of the oscillators give rise to a system of second-order linear differential equations, which can be recast into matrix form. The explicit solutions which govern the dynamics of this system can be expressed in terms of matrix trigonometric functions. For the derivation we employ the Lagrangian formalism to determine the correct solutions, which extremize the underlying action of the system. In the numerical evaluation we develop diverse state-of-the-art algorithms which efficiently tackle equations with matrix sine and cosine functions. For this purpose, we introduce two special series related to trigonometric functions. They provide approximate solutions of the system through a suitable combination. For the final computation an algorithm based on Taylor expansion with forward and backward error analysis for computing those series had to be devised. We also implement several MATLAB programs which simulate and visualize the two-dimensional lattice and check its energy conservation.     

On Local Smoothness Classes of Periodic Functions

We obtain a characterization of local Besov spaces of periodic functions in terms of trigonometric polynomial operators. We construct a sequence of operators whose values are (global) trigonometric polynomials, and yet their behavior at different points reflects the behavior of the target function near each of these points. In addition to being localized, our operators preserve trigonometric polynomials of degree commensurate with the degree of polynomials given by the operators. Our constructions are “universal;” i.e., they do not require an a priori knowledge about the smoothness of the target functions. Several numerical examples are discussed, including applications to the problem of direction finding in phased array antennas and finding the location of jump discontinuities of derivatives of different order.     

Applications of fractional complex transform and $\left( \frac{G^{\prime }}{G}\right) $-expansion method for time-fractional differential equations

In this paper, the fractional complex transform and the $\left( \frac{G^{\prime }}{G}\right) $-expansion method are employed to solve the time-fractional modfied Korteweg-de Vries equation (fmKdV),Sharma-Tasso-Olver, Fitzhugh-Nagumo equations, where $G$ satisfies a second order linear ordinary differential equation. Exact solutions are expressed in terms of hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational functions. These solutions may be useful and desirable to explain some nonlinear physical phenomena in genuinely nonlinear fractional calculus.     

Hypercyclic Sequences of Differential and Antidifferential Operators

In this paper, we provide some extensions of earlier results about hypercyclicity of some operators on the Fréchet space of entire functions of several complex variables. Specifically, we generalize in several directions a theorem about hyper- cyclicity of certain infinite order linear differential operators with constant coefficients and study the corresponding property for certain kinds of “antidifferential” operators which are introduced in the paper. In addition, the existence of hypercyclic functions for certain sequences of differential operators with additional properties, for instance, boundedness or with some nonvanishing derivatives, is established.     

Generalized elementary functions

We use the theory of generalized linear differential equations to introduce new definitions of the exponential, hyperbolic and trigonometric functions. We derive some basic properties of these generalized functions, and show that the time scale elementary functions with Lebesgue integrable arguments represent a special case of our definitions.     

Numerical solution of nth‐order integro‐differential equations using trigonometric wavelets

The main aim of this paper is to apply the trigonometric wavelets for the solution of the Fredholm integro‐differential equations of nth‐order. The operational matrices of derivative for trigonometric scaling functions and wavelets are presented and are utilized to reduce the solution of the Fredholm integro‐differential equations to the solution of algebraic equations. Furthermore, we get an estimation of error bound for this method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interlacing of Hurwitz series

In this paper, we introduce the notion of interlacing of Hurwitz series. We begin by reviewing some important properties of the ring of Hurwitz series over a commutative ring A of arbitrary characteristic, and we introduce and investigate properties of the maps exp and log. We show that solutions of linear homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients from the ring A can be described simply as interlacings of solutions of a first order system of differential equations. We give several examples to illustrate this result, and we conclude by defining and investigating properties of trigonometric functions using interlacings of Hurwitz series.     

Natural frequencies of thin rectangular plates using homotopy-perturbation method

The homotopy perturbation method (HPM) was developed to search for asymptotic solutions of nonlinear problems involving parabolic partial differential equations with variable coefficients. This paper illustrates that HPM be easily adapted to solve parabolic partial differential equations with constant coefficients. Natural frequencies of a rectangular plate of uniform thickness, simply-supported on all sides, are obtained with minimum amount of computation. The solution is shown to converge rapidly to a combination of sine and cosine functions. Truncating the series solution by using only the first three terms of the sine and cosine functions as compared to the exact solution results in an absolute error not exceeding 2 × 10⁻⁴ and 9×10⁻⁴ for the trigonometric functions respectively. HPM is then applied to solve the nonlinear problem of a rectangular plate of variable thickness. A direct expression for the eigenvalues (natural frequencies) of the rectangular plate is obtained as compared to determining its eigenvalues by solving the characteristic equation using the conventional method. Comparison of results for the frequency parameter with existing literature show that HPM is highly efficient and accurate. Natural frequencies of a simply-supported guitar soundboard were obtained using an equivalent rectangular plate with the same boundary condition.     

Some functional relations for two point boundary value problems—II. the inhomogeneous case

A set of functional relations analogous to the addition formulas for the trigonometric functions is developed for a class of inhomogeneous linear two point boundary value problems. The relations are implicit ones connecting values of the solutions at three points. For boundary conditions which contain those that appear in scattering and optimal filtering problems, the relations are explicitly solved. The results are expressed in terms of Redheffer's * product, and thus a connection is established with his work on transmission lines and Reid's on the matrix Riccati equation. A numerical algorithm useful for the solution of problems with critical lengths is a principal consequence of these results.     

The mathematical studies of G.W. Leibniz on combinatorics

Leibniz considered the “ars combinatoria” as a science of fundamental significance, much more extensive than the combinatorics of today. His only publications in the field were his youthful Dissertatio de Arte Combinatoria of 1666 and a short article on probability, but he left an extensive (hitherto unpublished and unstudied) Nachlass dealing with five related topics: the basic operations of combinatorics, symmetric functions in connection with theory of equations, partitions (additive theory of numbers), determinants, and theory of probability and related fields. This paper concentrates on the first and third topics as they appear in published sources and the Nachlass. It shows that Leibniz was in possession of many results not published by other mathematicians until many decades later. These include a recursion formula for partitions of n into k parts (first published by Euler in 1751), the Stirling numbers of the second kind (first published in 1730), and several special cases of the general formula for partitions that was published only in 1840 by Stern.     

Passage to the limit in Proposition I, Book I of Newton's Principia

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the way in which Newton uses his polygon model and passes to the limit in Proposition I, Book I of his Principia. It will be evident from his method that the limit of the polygon is indeed the orbital arc of the body and that his approximation of the actual continuous force situation by a series of impulses passes correctly in the limit into the continuous centripetal force situation. The analysis of the polygon model is done in two ways: (1) using the modern concepts of force, linear momentum, linear impulse, and velocity, and (2) using Newton's concepts of motive force and quantity of motion. It should be clearly understood that the term “force” without the adjective “motive,” is used in the modern sense, which is that force is a vector which is the time rate of change of the linear momentum. Newton did not use the word “force” in this modern sense. The symbol F denotes modern force. For Newton “force” was “motive force,” which is measured by the change in the quantity of motion of a body. Newton's “quantity of motion” is proportional to the magnitude of the modern vector momentum. Motive force is a scalar and the symbol F_m is used for motive force.     

各向异性矩形板自由振动的一般解析解法

根据各向异性矩形薄板自由振动横向位移函数的微分方程建立了一般性的解析解．该一般解包括三角函数和双曲线函数组成的解,它能满足4个边为任意边界条件的问题．还有代数多项式和双正弦级数解,它能满足4个角的边界条件问题．因此,这一解析解可用于精确地求解具有任意边界条件的各向异性矩形卞的振动问题．解中的积分常数可由4边和4角的边界条件来确定．由此得出的齐次线性代数方程系数矩阵行列式等于零可以求得各阶固有频率及其振型,以四边平夹的对称角铺设复合材料迭层板为例进行了计算和讨论．     

Anticipative calculus for Lévy processes and stochastic differential equations*

We develop an anticipative calculus for Lévy processes with finite second moment for analysing anticipating stochastic differential equations. The calculus is based on the chaos expansion of square-integrable random variables in terms of iterated integrals with respect to the compensated Poisson random measure. We define a space of smooth and generalized random variables in terms of such chaos expansions, and present anticipative stochastic integration, the Wick product and the so-called 𝒮-transform. These concepts serve as tools for studying general Wick type stochastic differential equations with anticipative initial conditions. We apply the 𝒮-transform to find the unique solutions to a class of linear stochastic differential equations. The solutions can be expressed in terms of the Wick product.     

Shadow block iteration for solving linear systems obtained from wavelet transforms

Matrices resulting from wavelet transforms have a special “shadow” block structure, that is, their small upper left blocks contain their lower frequency information. Numerical solutions of linear systems with such matrices require special care. We propose shadow block iterative methods for solving linear systems of this type. Convergence analysis for these algorithms are presented. We apply the algorithms to three applications: linear systems arising in the classical regularization with a single parameter for the signal de-blurring problem, multilevel regularization with multiple parameters for the same problem and the Galerkin method of solving differential equations. We also demonstrate the efficiency of these algorithms by numerical examples in these applications.     

ON ENERGY CONSERVATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRATORS IN THE LINEAR CASE WITH APPLICATION TO WAVE EQUATIONS

Trigonometric integrators for oscillatory linear Hamiltonian differential equations are considered. Under a condition of Hairer & Lubich on the filter functions in the method, a modified energy is derived that is exactly preserved by trigonometric integrators. This implies and extends a known result on all-time near-conservation of energy. The extension can be applied to linear wave equations.     

Stevinus’ epitaph: Thermodynamics meets number theory

It is convenient to define (x/a) = cose u and (y/b) = sine u, where u denotes the angle. This approach exploits the similarity between elliptic trigonometry and plane trigonometric functions. Next, the applications of elliptic trigonometry to Laplace transformation and elementary calculus are given.     

Une combinatoire sous-jacente au théorème des fonctions implicites

Using his theory of combinatorial species, [3.], 1–82 a combinatorial form of the classical multidimensional implicit function theorem. His theorem asserts the existence and (strong) unicity of species satisgying systems of combinatorial equations of a very general type. We present an explicit construction of these species by using a suitable combinatorial version of the Lie Series in the sense of [1. and 2.]. The approach constitutes a generalization of the method of “éclosions” (bloomings) which was used by the author in (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 39, No. 1 (1985), 52–82), to study multidimensional power series reversion. Remarks concerning the applicability of the method to solve certain combinatorial differential equations are also made at the end of the work.     

Fractional-order Legendre functions for solving fractional-order differential equations

In this article, a general formulation for the fractional-order Legendre functions (FLFs) is constructed to obtain the solution of the fractional-order differential equations. Fractional calculus has been used to model physical and engineering processes that are found to be best described by fractional differential equations. Therefore, an efficient and reliable technique for the solution of them is too important. For the concept of fractional derivative we will adopt Caputo’s definition by using Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator. Our main aim is to generalize the new orthogonal functions based on Legendre polynomials to the fractional calculus. Also a general formulation for FLFs fractional derivatives and product operational matrices is driven. These matrices together with the Tau method are then utilized to reduce the solution of this problem to the solution of a system of algebraic equations. The method is applied to solve linear and nonlinear fractional differential equations. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the presented technique.