缺陷LB膜诱导草酸钙晶体环图形形成

利用存在缺陷的LB膜来模拟受损伤的肾上皮细胞膜, 研究了膜缺陷的微结构及其影响一水草酸钙(COM)晶体成核、生长、沉积图形和黏附的分子机制. 二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)LB膜经草酸钾处理后可形成圆形缺陷, 并诱导COM微晶排列成环状图形, 相比之下, 没有经草酸钾处理的LB膜只诱导零散的六边形COM晶体生成. 随着生长时间增加, 环内单个COM晶体的尺寸明显增加, 空心的环状晶体图形倾向于转变为实心的圆形图形, 且小尺寸(5~20 mm)的圆形晶体图案数量增加. 本结果有助于在分子和超分子的水平上进一步了解肾上皮细胞膜损伤后诱导肾结石形成的分子机制.     

草酸钾诱导的LB膜缺陷及对草酸钙堆积图形的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了经不同浓度草酸钾(K2C2O4)处理后二棕榈酰磷酯酰胆碱(DPPC)的缺陷LB膜及其对一水草酸钙(COM)成核和生长的影响. K2C2O4的处理可进一步破坏LB膜中圆形畴区内的分子列阵, 尤其是使处在液态扩张相(LE)/液态凝集相(LC)边界的分子列阵无序程度增加, 从而促进了COM晶体在此处的成核和生长, 最终诱导圆形堆积的COM晶体图形出现. 随着损伤LB膜的K2C2O4浓度c(K2C2O4)从0.3 mmol/L增加到5.0 mmol/L, 其对LB膜畴区有序结构的破坏作用逐渐增强, 圈状堆积的晶体图形数量增多. 当c(K2C2O4)为0.3 mmol/L时, 主要诱导实心的圆形堆积的COM晶体图形, 而当c(K2C2O4)增加至5.0 mmol/L时, 生成圈状COM晶体图形, 且图形的半径减小. 这一研究结果将有助于从分子和超分子水平上了解肾小管上皮细胞膜损伤后的微结构变化及其与肾结石形成的关系.     

LB膜中的缺陷畴区及其诱导形成环形草酸钙图形

利用存在缺陷的LB膜来模拟受损伤的肾上皮细胞膜诱导肾结石矿物草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体生长. 经2.5 mmol·L-1的草酸钾溶液对二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)的LB膜进行处理后, 可强化LB膜中液态扩张相(LE)和液态凝聚相(LC)之间的结构差异, 原子力显微镜(AFM)证实了圈状缺陷的存在. 以LB膜的圈状缺陷为模板, 诱导了一水草酸钙(COM)晶体环状图案. 相比之下, 未经草酸钾处理的LB膜只诱导生成零散的六边形COM晶体.     

影响Langmuir-Blodgett膜中缺陷畴区的因素

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和荧光显微镜研究了基片种类、温度、制膜参数(如Langmuir-Blodgett膜沉积压、压膜速度、提膜速度等)和LB膜层数对LB膜中缺陷畴区的影响及其对尿石矿物——水草酸钙(COM)晶体生长的指导作用. LB膜中的缺陷畴区可以诱导圆形COM沉积图形形成, 但在石英基片上的图形数量只有云母基片上的5%左右. 制膜温度由25 ℃降低至18 ℃时, 出现非圆形COM沉积图形, 尺寸亦有增大的趋势. 随着沉积压从2 mN/m增大到10 mN/m, 云母基片上圆形COM晶体沉积图形数量减少, 沉积图形尺寸趋于均一, 非圆形图形数量增加. 随着压膜速度增加, 膜中缺陷增加. 当LB膜的层数由1层增加到2, 3, 5层后, 其诱导的COM图形数量逐渐减少, 尺寸也相应减小, 即单层LB膜的缺陷比多层膜的多, 且更容易受到基片的影响.     

HKC细胞损伤前后对草酸钙晶体吞噬能力的差异

采用人类肾脏近端小管上皮细胞系(HKC)建立氧化性损伤模型,研究损伤前后HKC调控草酸钙(CaOxa)结晶的差异。采用CCK-8法检测HKC的细胞活性;利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察HKC损伤后表达的晶体粘附分子骨桥蛋白(OPN);采用倒置显微镜观察HKC的形态变化;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察HKC微结构及其诱导的晶体;采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)表征晶体的组分。在CaOxa过饱和溶液中,正常HKC主要诱导形成二水草酸钙(COD)晶体,而损伤HKC则同时诱导了COD和一水草酸钙(COM)晶体。正常HKC对COD晶体有较强的吞噬能力,而损伤HKC的这种能力较弱;HKC损伤后表达OPN,促进CaOxa晶体的成核和聚集,从而增加了肾结石形成的危险性。     

牛血清白蛋白LB膜诱导方解石的生长

采用模拟生物矿化的方法,研究了牛血清白蛋白(BSA) LB膜对碳酸钙晶体成核和生长的诱导控制作用。XRD、SEM结果表明：在BSA单层LB膜诱导下,形成形状规则、边缘清晰的多层盘状方解石晶体,且沿(104)晶面取向生长。说明牛血清白蛋白(BSA) LB膜对碳酸钙的形貌、生长取向性有很好的调控作用。     

HKC细胞损伤对草酸钙晶体成核和聚集的促进作用

采用H2O2对人肾小管上皮细胞(HKC)进行损伤. HKC损伤后,其活力降低,并表达骨桥蛋白(OPN). 损伤细胞促进草酸钙晶体的成核、聚集,并促进一水草酸钙(COM)晶体的形成,但对晶体生长的促进作用不明显. 本文结果提示,HKC细胞损伤后增加了肾结石形成的危险性.     

用原子力显微镜研究磷脂酸Langmuir-Blodgett双层膜中超分子结构

用原子力显微镜研究了二棕榈酰磷脂酸(DPPA)双层LB膜的分子排列结构,发现DPPA双层膜的分子排列具有长程的位置和取向有序,为有序六方结构;同时,在DPPA双层膜的极性区磷酸基团间存在局域超分子结构.     

DOPC/DPPC单层膜中分子间的相互作用及形态特征

利用Langmuir-Blodgett(LB)技术制备了不同表面压力下的1,2-二油酸-甘油-3-磷脂酰胆碱(DOPC)/1,2-二棕榈酸甘油-3-磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)(摩尔比为1:1)和DOPC/DPPC/Chol(摩尔比为2:2:1)单层膜, 对单层膜内分子间的相互作用进行了热力学分析, 并用荧光显微镜和原子力显微镜对其形态进行了观测.热力学分析表明, DOPC与DPPC分子在单层膜结构中相互作用为排斥力, 诱导单层膜出现相变; DOPC, DPPC与胆固醇(Chol)间的相互作用均为吸引力, 当表面压力(π)大于18 mN/m时, DPPC与胆固醇的作用力大于DOPC.荧光显微镜观测表明, DOPC/DPPC单层膜出现明显相分离现象, 富含DPPC微区成“花形”结构, 且随着表面压力的升高微区逐渐增大, “花瓣”增多; 当胆固醇加入到DOPC/DPPC体系时, 单层膜相态由液相与凝胶相共存转变为液态无序相与液态有序相共存结构, 富含DPPC的微区形状从“花形”转变成“圆形”.原子力显微镜对单层膜的表征验证了荧光显微镜的观测结果, 表明胆固醇加入到DOPC/DPPC体系中对单层膜排列具有明显的影响, 压力和溶液状态等是影响脂膜结构的重要因素.     

肾上皮细胞损伤使草酸钙晶体黏附增强的分子机制

研究了非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero)在损伤前后与一水合草酸钙(COM)和二水合草酸钙(COD)晶体的黏附作用及其引起的细胞反应,探讨了肾结石形成机理.COM和COD晶体与损伤细胞的黏附加重了细胞的过氧化损伤程度,导致损伤细胞的活力进一步降低,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量和活性氧(ROS)进一步增加,坏死细胞数量进一步增多,细胞体积缩小,并出现凋亡小体.COM晶体对细胞的损伤能力显著大于COD晶体.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测结果表明,损伤组Vero与COM微晶的黏附作用显著强于对照组,且能促进COM微晶的聚集.共聚焦显微镜观测结果表明,Vero损伤后,其表面表达的晶体黏附分子透明质酸(HA)显著增加,HA分子是促进微晶黏附的重要原因.细胞表面草酸钙的黏附量和晶体聚集程度与细胞的损伤程度成正相关.本文结果从分子和细胞水平上提示,细胞损伤是导致草酸钙肾结石形成的重要因素.     

Circular patterns of calcium oxalate crystals induced by defective Langmuir-Blodgett film

The injury of the renal epithelial cell membrane can promote the nucleation of nascent crystals, as well as adhesion of crystals on it. It thus accelerates the formation of renal calculi. In this paper, the defective Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were used as a model system to simulate the injured renal epithelial cell membrane. The microcosmic structure of the defective LB film and the molecular mechanism of the effect of this film on nucleation, growth, deposited patterns and adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) were investigated. The circular defective domains were formed in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) LB film after the film was treated by potassium oxalate. These domains could induce ring-shaped patterns of COM crystals. In comparison, the LB film without pretreatment by potassium oxalate only induced random growth of hexagonal COM crystals. As the crystallization time increased, the size of COM crystals in the patterns increased, the crystal patterns changed from empty circles to solid circles, and the number of the circular patterns with small size (5-20 μm) increased. The results would shed light on the molecular mechanism of urolithiasis induced by injury of the renal epithelial membrane at the molecular and supramolecular level.     

Induction of Ring‐Shaped Calcium Oxalate Patterns by Boundaries between Liquid Expanded Phase and Liquid Condensed Phase in Langmuir‐Blodgett Film

The formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones was related to injuries of renal epithelial membranes. The liquid condensed (LC) domains in Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) film of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were used as a model system to induce crystal growth of urinary mineral calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM). The circular defective boundaries between the LC and liquid expanded (LE) phases of the DPPC monolayer could provide much more nucleating sites for crystallization of COM crystals. It induced ring‐shaped or solid circular patterns of COM crystals on hydrophobic quartz substrates depending on the crystallization time.     

Formation of ring calcium oxalate patterns induced by domains in DPPC Langmuir-Blodgett films

The ring patterns of calcium oxalate crystals were induced by domains in Langmuir-Blodgett （LB） films of dipalmitoylpho- sphatidylcboline （DPPC）. The result was explained by the defects at the ring boundaries of liquid condensed （LC） and liquid expanded （LE） phases of LB film. These boundaries could provide less free energy and much more nucleating sites for COM crystals.     

Brewster angle microscopy of calcium oxalate monohydrate precipitation at phospholipid monolayer phase boundaries

The precipitation of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) at phospholipid monolayers confined to the air/water interface is observed in situ with the aid of Brewster angle microscopy. COM crystals appear as bright objects that are easily identified and quantified to assess the effects of different conditions on crystallization. Crystal precipitation was monitored at monolayers of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) in liquid condensed (LC) and liquid expanded (LE) phases. Within the LC phase, higher pressures reduce the incidence of crystallization at the interface, implying that within this phase precipitation is enhanced by higher compressibility or fluidity of the monolayer. Precipitation at biphasic LC/LE and LE/gas (G) monolayers was also studied. COM appears preferentially at phase boundaries of the DPPC LC/LE and LE/G monolayers. However, when an LC/LE phase boundary is created by two different phospholipids that are phase segregated, such as DPPC and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, crystal formation occurs away from the interface within the DPPC LC phase. It is suggested that COM growth at phase boundaries is preferred only when there is molecular exchange between the phases.     

LB膜诱导下草酸钙晶体的生物矿化研究

草酸钙（CaC２O４）结石是生物体内异常矿化形成的产物，是泌尿系结石的主要组成部分犤１犦。它形成于泌尿系统中尿路表皮细胞上犤２犦。磷脂的Langmuir－Blodgett（LB）膜是生物细胞膜的简化模拟体系犤３犦。用磷脂LB膜作为模板来研究CaC２O４晶体的形成过程，比在水溶液中更能接近CaC２O４结石在生物体内细胞膜表面形成的真实情况，将有助于对尿路结石的形成及防治的研究犤４犦。尿大分子硫酸软骨素A（C４S）存在于尿液中，但不存在于CaC２O４结石中。在结石病人尿液中C４S的含量明显低于正常人尿液中的含量，因此推测其在体内…     

修复前后Vero细胞调控草酸钙晶体生长的差异

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和流式细胞仪等多种方法研究了降解大豆多糖(SPS)对损伤的非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero)的修复作用;研究了修复前后Vero调控草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体形成的差异。经H2O2氧化损伤的Vero在被SPS修复后,其细胞活力、细胞外SOD活性及细胞内线粒体膜电位均增加,细胞形态逐渐恢复到接近正常细胞。在诱导草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体生长过程中,修复细胞可以减少棱角尖锐的一水草酸钙(COM)晶体生成,诱导更多的二水草酸钙(COD)晶体。三种状态Vero诱导的晶体尺寸从小到大顺序为:正常细胞<修复细胞<损伤细胞。本文结果表明,降解大豆多糖可以修复受损伤的Vero细胞,降低肾结石形成的危险性,提示SPS有可能是一种潜在的绿色防石药物。