氮苄叉基苯胺分子的平面扭曲驱动力的DFT研究

为了探索DFT方法中氮苄叉基苯胺分子的扭曲驱动力, 通过把非平面氮苄叉基苯胺(NBA)分子的DFT能量分成π和σ的方法, 分析了垂直离域能ΔE^V(θ)及σ-π轨道作用能ΔE^σπ(θ)的失稳定性, 并讨论了在扭曲过程中它们所起的作用. 在B3LYP/6-31G*, 6-311G*, 6-31G(2d), 6-311G(2d)水平下的计算结果显示: 与经典观点不同, π电子的离域是失稳定的, 且平面时失稳定性最强, 是分子扭曲的动力; 但σ-π轨道作用也是失稳定的, 随着扭角的增大其失稳定性增强, 是分子扭曲的阻力. NBA分子的大扭角构象, 是包含π-π, σ-π轨道作用在内的各种电子相互作用共同作用的结果.     

环戊二烯分子内π电子的离域是失稳定的——分子内π和σ轨 …

为环戊二烯分子中非平面片断的片断轨道的建立提供了一个新的方法和计算程序。分子内的Ｍｏｒｏｋｕｍａ作用能的计算表明,“π电子的离域是失稳定的”与“离域的π体系是失稳定的”是两个完全不同的概念。π电子离域的结构效应完全取决于σ体系对离域的作用。     

N-苄叉基-1-氨基-萘及其类似物的构象与分子扭曲的共轭 驱动力

确定了N-[(4-二甲基氨基)-苄叉基]-2-氨基苯并咪唑(1)，N-[(4-二甲基氨基)-苄叉基]-2-氨基苯并噻唑(2)和N-苄叉基-1-氨基-萘(3)的晶体结构。利用AM1，RHF，DFT方法和STO-3G,4-31G,6-311G及6-311G基组，优化每个分子的23个扭曲构象(θ=0°～-89°)。尽管不同方法得到的最优构象的扭角不同，分子扭曲的驱动力总是起因于电子作用，在任一分子、任何电子态中，离域的π体系总是失稳定的，全平面构象不是π体系最稳定的构象。π电子的离域是分子扭曲的驱动力之一，与经典观点相反，非键原子间的核排斥作用是分子扭曲的阻力，而不是动力。     

DFT能量分解和氮苄叉基苯胺分子π电子离域能的研究

为了探索密度泛函理论(DFT)方法中氮苄叉基苯胺分子π电子离域的本质, 介绍了将非平面分子氮苄叉基苯胺分子的DFT能量分成π和σ的方法, 并将π和σ电子能量分成单电子能部分: 动能ΔEπK(θ), ΔEσK(θ)和位能ΔEπP(θ), ΔEσP(θ); 双电子相互作用部分: 库仑作用ΔEππJ(θ), ΔEσσJ(θ), ΔEπσJ(θ)和交换相关作用ΔEππXC(θ), ΔEσσXC(Δ)以及ΔEπσXC(θ), 分析了垂直离域能ΔEV的稳定性及π电子离域对π和σ体系的影响. 在B3LYP/6-31G*, 6-311G*, 6-31G(2d), 6-311G(2d)水平下的计算结果表明, 与经典观点不同, π电子的离域是失稳定的, 且平面时失稳定性最强; 分析各个能量分量表明, 在π电子的离域过程中, π和σ体系均对基组较敏感, π体系本身单电子能的影响大于σ体系, π电子离域对双电子部分作用的影响主要体现在π-σ的耦合作用上.     

环戊二烯分子内π电子的离域是失稳定的--分子内π和σ轨道分离法

为环戊二烯分子中非平面片断的片断轨道的建立提供了一个新的方法和计算程序 .分子内的Morokuma作用能的计算表明 ,“π电子的离域是失稳定的”与“离域的π体系是失稳定的”是两个完全不同的概念 .π电子离域的结构效应完全取决于 σ体系对离域的作用 .在环戊二烯分子中 ,π电子的离域和离域的π体系均是失稳定的 .在苯分子中 ,π电子的离域是失稳定的 ,它的离域π体系也是失稳定的 .但在 D6 h中 ,离域 π体系是“较小失稳定”的 .应该强调 π与 σ电子间空间作用对分子性能的重大影响 ,以改变经典有机结构理论重 π轻 σ电子效应的研究模式     

用量子化学从头计算研究苯的芳香性(英文)

用 LEMAO-3G 基组计算苯分子,优选轨道指数调节因子时,考虑到π键和σ键的差异而将ζ_(C2π)和ζ_(C2π)分开优选,得到苯的最佳调节因子组为:ζ(H1S)=1.26,ζ_(C1S)=1.0039,ζ_(C2π)=1.00761,ζ_(C2σ)=1.1043。据此算得苯分子的总能量为-229.167274a.u.,维里系数为1.00000。所得各价轨道的能量和 ESCA 数据基本相符,并与 Fischer-Hjalmars 等很接近于 Hartree-Fock 极限的计算值颇一致,而所用基组则和他们不同.分析上述结果可知:苯的芳香稳定性的原因,不仅在于其环形共轭体系中的离域作用,与之相对立而又相联系的诸轨道“收缩”或“定域”效应也起重大作用.而且σ轨道的离域与定域在其中起着比π轨道更大的作用.当σ-轨道因“动能压力”减小而显著收缩时,π电子轨道仅发生微小的收缩而呈较σ电子更弥散的状态.这一方面使π电子有较大的总能量,因而能很好地传递电子效应;另一方面使σ电子总能量降低更多,从而使苯分子总体有较大稳定性.     

给、吸电子基团对吡嗪衍生物电子结构影响的DFT研究

采用B3LYP方法在6—31G^#基组水平上优化了对位取代吡嗪衍生物的几何构型，利用TD—DFT方法计算了它们的前线分子轨道能级和电子光谱．结果表明，带有给、吸电子基团对吡嗪衍生物与苯、吡啶相比，也具有很好的共轭性；随着分子共轭链的增长，分子的偶极矩增大，前线分子轨道能级差减小，最大吸收波长发生红移．对于具有相同共轭链的同分异构体，推电子基团与具有给电子性质的共轭链相连，则分子的电荷转移明显，导致偶极矩增大，前线分子轨道能级间的电子跃迁更容易；吸电子基团与具有给电子性质的共轭链相连，情况正好相反，这些结果对分子设计有重要意义。     

π-σ轨道作用能分解法和限制π轨道作用的几何优化*

简要地介绍能量分解法的发展历史,强调能量分解的特点是给量子化学的计算提供明确的化学意义,介绍本实验室建立的能量分解法和限制轨道作用的几何优化法。 在这两个方法的基础上,论证了π-电子离域是失稳定的;颠倒了经典有机结构理论中基本的因果关系——共轭效应和构象之间的因果关系;为芳香能的计算提供了一个新的模型和新的方法,表明芳香能的计算不再需要参考分子;定量地区别静电作用和电子离域在化学键形成中的作用;定量地讨论取代基效应和张力芳环的扭曲驱动力。     

微扰分子轨道法在有机化学中的应用

经Dewar, Hoffmann, Epiotis, Houk, Wolfe和Kost等理论化学家的努力,PMO理论已经成为研究影响分子构型、构象和(立体专一性和区域专一性)反应产物的结构因素的一个有效的手段。Epiotis的非键轨道作用理论已经使有机化学家认识到, 一个拥挤的构象或过渡态不一定是一个能量上不利的状态。π轨道作用的分析表明, 共轭基团间的作用在本质上是相斥的, 全平面构象不是共轭效应最大的构象。WSW-like法不仅为定量PMO法提供了一组完整的、具有正确集据数的轨道基组, 而且它还成功地将轨道作用能转化为原子作用能。     

用分子片轨道逐步剔除法研究电子离域

估计分子中不同类型的电子离域作用（如p-π → d-π和p-π → σ~*）的相 对强弱对理解分子中化学键的本质有关键的作用。剔除某一分子片轨道（d-π或σ ~*）后分子体系能量的改变可用来计算电子离域到该轨道的离域能。由于轨道之间 的相互作用,使离域能的计算与轨道剔除的次序有关。为克服这种不确定性,可以 逐步轮流增加某一对特定轨道（d-π和σ~*）的库仑积分,以使这对轨道在分子波 函数中的比重逐步减少,即将这对轨道轮流逐步剔除。这样可将轨道间的相互影响 减小以至消除,从而得到各轨道的精确的离域能。以H_3PO中P-O键为例说明了轨道 逐步剔除方法的应用。     

The electronic structure of borabenzene: Combination of an aromatic π-sextet and a reactive σ-framework

The electronic structure of borabenzene (C₅H₅B, known also as borinane, borinine, borine) is studied using modern valence bond theory in its spin-coupled (SC) form. Three different types of SC wave functions—with six active π orbitals and with four and eight active σ orbitals—are used to describe the π system of the molecule and the σ-bond framework around the boron atom. It is demonstrated that the SC picture of the π space in borabenzene is very similar to that in benzene: The spins of six distorted nonorthogonal 2p_π orbitals are combined in a spin-coupling pattern involving two dominating Kekulétype and three less important Dewar-type Rumer spin functions. This indicates that it is appropriate to consider the π-electron sextet in borabenzene as aromatic and that the reason for the reactivity of this molecule should lie with its σ framework. The two SC models of the σ bonding around B show that the boron-carbon σ bonds in borabenzene involve orbitals are “bent” to the outer side of the six-membered ring. This creates an orbital “hole” at the boron, which should represent the preferred attachment site for Lewis acids. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Study on some metal–metal quadruple bonds

In the present paper, the role of (n ? 1)? orbitals in metal–metal quadruple bonds was studied. It was shown by the calculations that the probabilities for finding the σ-, π-, and δ-electrons between two metal atoms, under the influence of the ? orbitals on the metal–metal quadruple bonds, increased while their mean kinetic energy components along the metal bond axis decreased. In addition, the effects of the ? orbitals upon the σ, π, and δ metal–metal bonds were different. In general, σ < π < δ.     

Understanding the Fundamental Role of π/π, σ/σ, and σ/π Dispersion Interactions in Shaping Carbon‐Based Materials

Noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings, such as π‐stacking and CH/π interactions, are central to many areas of modern chemistry. However, recent studies proved that aromaticity is not required for stacking interactions, since similar interaction energies were computed for several aromatic and aliphatic dimers. Herein, the nature and origin of π/π, σ/σ, and σ/π dispersion interactions has been investigated by using dispersion‐corrected density functional theory, energy decomposition analysis, and the recently developed noncovalent interaction (NCI) method. Our analysis shows that π/π and σ/σ stacking interactions are equally important for the benzene and cyclohexane dimers, explaining why both compounds have similar boiling points. Also, similar dispersion forces are found in the benzene???methane and cyclohexane???methane complexes. However, for systems larger than naphthalene, there are enhanced stacking interactions in the aromatic dimers adopting a parallel‐displaced configuration compared to the analogous saturated systems. Although dispersion plays a decisive role in stabilizing all the complexes, the origin of the π/π, σ/σ, and σ/π interactions is different. The NCI method reveals that the dispersion interactions between the hydrogen atoms are responsible for the surprisingly strong aliphatic interactions. Moreover, whereas σ/σ and σ/π interactions are local, the π/π stacking are inherently delocalized, which give rise to a non‐additive effect. These new types of dispersion interactions between saturated groups can be exploited in the rational design of novel carbon materials.     

Porphyrin/Quinoidal-Bithiophene-Based Macrocycles and Their Dications: Template-Free Synthesis and Global Aromaticity

We report the template-free synthesis and characterization of a new type of porphyrin/quinoidal-bithiophene-based conjugated macrocycle. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the dimer ( 2MC ) revealed a cyclophane-like geometry with large dihedral angles between the porphyrin and the neighboring thiophene rings, and NMR measurements and theoretical calculations confirmed a localized aromatic character of the porphyrin/thiophene rings and quinoidal character of the bithiophene linkers. Restricted rotation of the thiophene rings linked to the porphyrin unit was observed by variable-temperature NMR measurements. The dication ( 2MC²⁺ ) adopts a chair-shaped conformation to facilitate π-electron delocalization around the whole macrocycle. As a result, the molecule is globally aromatic, with a dominant 54 π conjugation pathway. The trimer ( 3MC ) also shows localized aromatic character of porphyrin rings and conformational flexibility, but its dication ( 3MC²⁺ ) is rigid and globally aromatic with a dominant 82 π conjugation pathway.     

Embedding a Planar Hypercoordinate Carbon Atom into a [4n+2] π-System

Through delicate tuning of the electronic structure, we report herein a rational design of seventeen new putative global minimum energy structures containing a planar tetra- or pentacoordinate carbon atom embedded in an aromatic hydrocarbon. These structures are the result of replacing three consecutive hydrogen atoms of an aromatic hydrocarbon by less electronegative groups, forming a multicenter σ-bond with the planar hypercoordinate carbon atom and participating in the π-electron delocalization. This strategy that maximizes both mechanical and electronic effects through aromatic architectures can be extended to several molecular combinations to achieve new and diverse compounds containing planar hypercoordinate carbon centers.     

A study of the electronic spectrum of halogen derivatives of ethylene

The spectra of tetrachloroethylene, monofluoroethylene, gem-, cis- and trans-difluoroethylene and trifluoroethylene were studied in the region 150–250 nm in the gas, solid and Kr matrix. The valence character of the π å π^* transition in the various compounds was verified and the Rydberg transitions were identified. The lowest energy band in the fluoroethylene was found to be a Rydberg transition. The vibronic structure of the π å π^* transition in tetrachloroethylene indicates that the excited state geometry is planar. The existence of a π å σ^* transition at lower energy than the π å π^* transition was verified for cis-difluoroethylene and trifluoroethylene.     

Perfectly planar concentric π-aromatic B18H3-, B18H4, B18H5+, and B18H6(2+) with [10]annulene character

Based upon extensive density functional theory and wave function theory investigations, we predict the existence of the perfectly planar concentric π-aromatic D(3h) B(18)H(3)(-)(6), D(2h) B(18)H(4)(8), C(2v) B(18)H(5)(+)(10), and D(6h) B(18)H(6)(2+)(12) which are the smallest boron hydride clusters composed of a hybrid of the triangular and hexagonal motifs with a hexagonal hole at the center. These partially hydrogenated B(18) clusters, tentatively referred to as borannulenes in this work, prove to possess [10]annulene character with 10 delocalized π-electrons. Detailed adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) analyses unravel the bonding patterns of the π plus σ doubly aromatic D(3h) B(18)H(3)(-)(6) and C(2v) B(18)H(5)(+)(10) and the π aromatic and σ antiaromatic D(2h) B(18)H(4)(8) and D(6h) B(18)H(6)(2+)(12). Borannulenes prove to possess negative nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS(zz)) comparable with that of [10]annulene and huge negative anisotropies of the magnetic susceptibility (AMS) much bigger than the latter. The slightly non-planar C(s) B(18)H(3)(-)(15) (which is essentially the same as D(3h) B(18)H(3)(-)) with a high first vertical detachment energy of 3.71 eV and the perfectly planar D(2h) B(18)H(4) neutral with a huge first excitation energy of 1.89 eV are predicted to be the most possible borannulenes to be targeted in future experiments.