Muon Spectra at Different Altitudes Derived from Bose-Type Model

The spectra of cosmic pions and kaons produced at the top of the atmosphere have been derived from the primary cosmic ray spectrum of GRIGOROV et al. by using the Bose-type model. With the help of pion and kaon atmospheric diffusion equations the muon spectra at different atmospheric depths viz., 690, 535 and 1033 g cm^?2 have been estimated. The results are in accord with the magnetic spectrograph data of KOCHARIAN et al. and ALLKOFER et al.     

Neutron-Proton Ratio at Different Atmospheric Depths and Sea Level Neutron Spectrum Derived from the Primary Nucleon Spectrum

The differential neutron spectrum at sea level has been calculated using the conventional phenomenological model after ASHTON. The energy dependence of nucleon-air nucleus inelastic interaction cross section is assumed in these calculations. The derived sea level neutron spectrum from the satellite measured primary nucleon spectrum of GRIGOROV et al. fits well the experimental neutron spectrum of ASHTON and COATS. The neutron-proton ratios calculated for different atmospheric depths is in accord with the measured data (AGUIRRE).     

Sea Level Muon Spectrum Derived from the All Particle Primary Spectrum of GRIGOROV et al.

The all particle primary spectrum of GRIGOROV et al. surveyed by HILLAS has been fitted by a power law fit of the form I_{all particle}(>E) = 1.3 E^?1.65 (cm² s sr)^?1 where E is the energy in GeV/nucleus. Using our recently determined conversion factor for protonnuclei flux ratio of equal energies the primary proton spectrum has been calculated and the result agrees with the Goddard Space Flight Centre primary proton spectrum data satisfactorily. The primary nucleon spectrum has also been calculated and follows the form N_nucleons(E) dE = 2.664 E^?2.75 dE (cm² s sr GeV/nucleon)^?1. Using this primary nucleon spectrum as the source of hadrons and accelerator data for various inclusive reactions viz. used for the estimation of hadronic energy moments in the frame work of FEYNMAN- Scaling, the differential meson spectra have been estimated. The meson atmospheric diffusion equation after Bugaev et al. has been considered for the derivation of sea level muon spectrum. The magnetic spectrograph data of Allkofer et al., Ayre et al., Green et al., and MUTRON group are in accord with the calculated muon spectrum.     

Derivation of Absolute Depth-Intensity Spectrum under Standard Rock from the Recently Estimated Primary Cosmic Ray Spectrum

Using the recently derived primary cosmic ray nucleon spectrum from JACEE and GSFC balloon flight data and Fermilab results for pp → π^± + X anything inclusive reaction data in the light of Feynman scaling the depth-intensity spectrum under standard rock has been estimated. A precisely constructed range-energy relation has been applied in this analysis. The derived spectrum when corrected for range fluctuation agrees approximately with the experimental data under standard rocks measured by MIYAZAKI , BARTON , CASTAGNOLI et al., MEYER et al., BERGAMASCO et al., SHELDON et al. and BASCHIERA et al.     

Sea Level Muon Spectrum Derived from Bugaev Model

The pion and kaon spectra in the atmosphere are derived from primary nucleon spectrum determined by GRIGOROV et al.; they satisfy the relations N(E_π) dE_π = 0.187 EdE_π and N(E_k) dE_k = 0.017 E dE_k, respectively. By using the pion-kaon atmospheric diffusion equation the sea level muon spectrum is calculated and the result compared with the magnetic spectrograph data of ALLKOFER et al. and AYRE et al.     

Altitude variation of cosmic ray nucleons derived from feynman scaling hypothesis

The differential proton spectra at different atmospheric depths and the differential neutron spectrum at sea level have been calculated using the scaling hypothesis of Feynman for hadronic inclusive reaction at high energies. In evaluating such values we used the primary nucleon spectrum of Grigorov et al. It is found that the derived spectra fit well the experimental data given by different authors. The estimated neutron-proton flux ratio against atmospheric depths is in accord with the measured data surveyed by Aguirre.The authors express their sincere thanks to Dr. A. Liland for sending his works.     

The Quantum Formulation of Black Hole Area Spectrum and Entropy Spectrum

In this paper, the area spectrum of this static BTZ black hole in different cases (rotating, non-rotating, and extreme) is investigated. The final results show that the spectral formulation is 2πnℏ when this black hole is non-rotating. For the black hole in other two different cases, its spectrum is angular momentum-dependent. Unexpectedly, their area spectra are both equally spaced. What is more, the entropy spectrum is also calculated via the method put forward by Chen et al. However, it is demonstrated that the well known area-entropy law is greatly changed. Above all, the entropy spectrum of this non-rotating BTZ black hole is also equally spaced.     

Cosmic prompt-muon spectrum at super high energies estimated from the JACEE primary spectrum using recent charmed-particle production cross-sections

Summary The prompt-muon flux generated directly from the decay of short-lived particles like D-mesons and Λ_c-hyperons produced during primary cosmic proton-air collisions has been estimated. The inclusive production cross-sections of charmed particles based on the recombination of quark parton model developed by Bugaevet al. and the primary-nucleon spectrum based on the latest JACEE balloon flight data have been used in this investigation. The derived direct muon spectrum has been compared with the earlier results of Elbertet al., Inazawaet al. Bugaevet al. and Allkofer and Bhattacharyya.     

Cosmic Antiproton Spectrum at the Top of the Atmosphere Derived from the New Scaling Model

The new scaling variable model explains the scaling behavior of p + p → p + X inclusive reactions at ISR energies. The cosmic antiproton spectrum has been derived from this model using the primary proton spectrum of RYAN et al. The derived antiproton-proton flux ratio lies within the upper limit value of BOGOMOLOV et al. and CHEN. The estimated antiproton spectrum follows the relation where the antiproton energy E_p is expressed in GeV and the intensity in units (cm² sec sr GeV)^?1.     

Power Spectrum in Krein Space Quantization

The power spectrum of scalar field and space-time metric perturbations produced in the process of inflation of universe, have been presented in this paper by an alternative approach to field quantization namely, Krein space quantization (Gazeau et al. in Class. Quantum Gravity 17:1415, 2000; Takook in Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 11:509, 2002; Rouhani and Takook in ). Auxiliary negative norm states, the modes of which do not interact with the physical world, have been utilized in this method. Presence of negative norm states play the role of an automatic renormalization device for the theory.     

尖-板电晕放电光谱分析

电晕放电是高电压设备中的一种典型的具有危害性的物理过程。对其物理机制进行分析,以及对其进行早期检测以便预防其发展,有助于提高电力绝缘系统的使用寿命和安全可靠程度。本文建立了一套高灵敏度的光谱分析系统,对空气中几种不同放电条件下的电晕放电进行了光谱分析。结果表明,电晕放电光谱由连续谱、谱带和谱线三部分组成。此外,光谱在红外区、可见光区和紫外区的辐射具有不同的特征,辐射强度随具体放电条件的变化规律也各不相同。与文献中的结果进行比较,发现各种条件下的电晕放电的可见光区辐射强度一般都比较弱,而紫外区与红外区辐射的强弱则与具体的放电条件有关。     

Derivation of vertical muon spectra at superhigh energies from our predicted primary cosmic-ray spectrum using machine interaction parameters and Feynman scaling hypothesis

Summary The vertical differential and integral, muon spectra at super-high energies,viz. up to 10 TeV have been estimated from our predicted primary spectrum of the formN(E)dE=2.4E ^−2.7dE (cm²s sr GeV)⁻¹. The accelerator data of Johnsonet al., Elbertet al. have been used for the evaluation of fractional hadronic energy moments. By using the conventional Feynman scaling hypothesis and the meson atmospheric diffusion equation after Bugaevet al., the differential and integral muon spectra have been estimated and the results are well in accord with the experimental data of Bakeret al., Allkoferet al., Ayreet al., Aminevaet al., Menon and Ramana Murthy, and Sheldonet al. in the spectral range (0.1÷10) TeV.     

The Infrared Spectrum of Crystalline Methyl Formate

Abstract

The vibrational spectra of methyl formate have been recorded and analyzed by many workers^1. As a result, the vibrational assignment and molecular conformation is well known. None of these workers have reported the infrared spectra of crystalline methyl formate, however, and only one group¹ has reported the Raman spectrum of the crystalline compound. In addition, there appears to be no report in the literature concerning the crystal structure of methyl formate by diffraction or other methods. This is perhaps not surprising in view of the compounds low melting point (?99°C). Since methyl formate is the first and simplest member of the ester class, it seemed desirable to have some data on the infrared spectra of the crystal even though the detailed analysis of such data, in the absence of a reported cyrstal structure, is difficult and uncertain. Nevertheless, it is often possible to draw some conclusions concerning the nature of the crystalline material, particularly if an oriented sample can be obtained so tha polarized radiation can be used.     

Sea level muon spectra at large zenith angles derived from the latest JACEE primary nucleon spectrum

Summary Sea level muon energy spectra at large zenith angles have been derived from the latest JACEE primary spectrum using the Fermilab Single-Arm Spectrometer data on charged-meson production. The role of increasing total cross-section on the final result for the energy spectra has been investigated here with special emphasis. The inclusion of the rising total cross-section at cosmic range of energies, it is seen, has come into much use in explaining the observed data at very high energies. The autors of this paper have agreed not to receive the proofs for correction.     

高速时空分辨光谱仪的构建及其在水中纳秒脉冲火花放电光谱诊断中的应用

近年来对水中高压脉冲放电等离子体特性的诊断研究越来越受到重视。测量单个放电脉冲放电等离子体的时间-空间分辨发射光谱,有助于研究水中脉冲放电等离子体的时空演化动力学特性和规律。在本研究中将四分幅超高速相机和单色仪结合,构建了一种跟踪单个放电脉冲的高速时空分辨光谱仪,开发了相应的光谱分析软件。用波长632.8 nm的He-Ne激光器,在1 200 g·mm-1刻线光栅条件下对光谱仪的性能进行了测试。结果表明：对应He-Ne氦氖激光632.8 nm谱线的像素分辨率为0.013 nm。在曝光时间20 ns时,单色仪狭缝宽度0.2 mm时632.8 nm谱线的仪器展宽为(0.150±0.009)nm,仪器展宽随着狭缝宽度的增加呈现增大趋势。曝光时间的变化不会引起仪器展宽的变化,能够确保在调节相机曝光时间的过程中不影响光谱仪性能。利用该高速分辨光谱仪对水中纳秒火花放电发射光谱进行了测量,单次曝光获得了单一脉冲放电等离子体时空演化光谱。今后进一步完善实验室的电路条件消除放电干扰,可以对单个放电脉冲进行更细致的测量,为研究单个放电脉冲等离子体参数的时空演化特性提供良好的技术手段。     

一种重复观测低信噪比光谱的处理方法

目前我国LAMOST光谱巡天已发布超过760万条的天体光谱,对其中大量的低信噪比光谱的处理一直是业内公认的难题。针对天体光谱中重复观测的光谱,提出了一种新的处理方法。该方法的主要内容为：对每一组重复观测光谱,选择其红移值的差距在一定范围内的组别,然后使用一种基于信噪比加权的最优叠加方法来提高光谱的信噪比。通过对LAMOST DR4中所有重复观测光谱进行处理,证明该方法对于提高低信噪比重复观测光谱的信噪比十分有效。使7 571组恒星光谱的信噪比达到参数测量的标准,3 357组类星体和星系光谱的信噪比得到提高,平均提高率为56.38%;并且获得了43 021个双星候选体。     

光谱数据库软件系统

介绍了红外光谱及核磁共振波谱信息库系统的设计方案和技术关键.系统数据库包含纯化合物红外光谱约9万多张,高聚物红外光谱1.2万张,药品红外光谱1千张,以及核磁共振氢谱6万多张,碳谱4万多张.可以按光谱编号、化学名、商品名、原子数、分子式进行查询,还能根据未知物光谱图的谱峰形状进行检索.结果得到未知化合物的相关信息及其标准谱图.     

Kaon-pion ratio derived from dynamical model and the spectral shape of the muon spectrum

The kaon-pion ratio, estimated from the theoretical model based on the structural aspects of hadrons, has been applied to the diffusion model ofBull et al. The derived spectral shape of the sea level muon spectrum is in accord with the magnetic spectrograph data of Kiel and Durham Groups.     

马氏距离度量LAMOST早型星光谱的分类研究

随着天文大数据不断积累,我国大天区多目标光纤光谱望远镜LAMOST已完成6年的大规模巡天观测,获得DR5数据集已达到900多万条光谱,其中含有观测比例较低的早型恒星光谱,具备重要的研究价值。利用准确的恒星分类模板库可提升恒星的分类精度与可靠性,由于LAMOST第一年的巡天光谱中并没有完整覆盖B型恒星包含的所有子类型,造成后续观测数据分类的子类型范围受限。依据LAMOST已发布DR5数据中B型恒星光谱为研究对象,选取ELODIE发布的B型恒星实测光谱模板库来检测LAMOST在用的分类光谱。首先完成ELODIE发布37条B型光谱模板的相关性分析,去掉相关性弱的三条光谱后,筛选出ELODIE 34条B型恒星实测模板作为中心,通过计算LAMOST DR5发布的绝大多数被标记为B6型（7 662条）和B9型（3 969条）实测光谱的马氏距离,经有监督聚类LAMOST早型恒星光谱数据,标记13个子类型在涵盖B2-B9子类的34条ELODIE光谱模板中的分布。经线性分析判别每条谱线子类型的类内距离,确保波长覆盖范围和分辨率与LAMOST数据完全一致,去掉距离数值偏差较大的数据,计算相应子类的平均谱线,得到LAMOST源于DR5观测数据早型B型恒星的13条子类型光谱分类模板,为后期完善模板提供较好的参考性。     

Diffuse Reflectance Spectrum of Cupric Oxide

The diffuse reflectance spectrum of cupric oxide (GuO) powder in the region 300–1000 mμ. has already been studied^1,2. In the present communication, the diffuse reflectance spectra of both pure and diluted cupric oxide powder samples have been reported. In the present work, the region of investigation has also been extended down to 200 mμ.