荧光法研究空气等离子体膨胀动力学过程

基于等离子体荧光法研究了Nd∶YAG纳秒1 064 nm激光脉冲诱导击穿空气等离子体的膨胀动力学过程,用ICCD相机捕获了不同激光脉冲能量诱导的空气等离子体随时间演化图像,给出激光能量100,150,200,300 mJ时击穿空气产生的空气等离子体波阵面前沿的膨胀距离,推演出空气等离子体的扩展速度。实验结果表明等离子体发光区域主要分布在等离子体膨胀区域,等离子体荧光强度随时间增加变强然后渐渐变弱,膨胀区域逐渐增大,在300 mJ,22 ns膨胀距离最大达到3.76 mm,等离子体扩展速度在膨胀初期达到105 m·s-1量级,在膨胀16 ns内迅速衰减,随后趋于平缓。激光脉冲能量越大,引起空气击穿的时刻靠近高斯激光脉冲上升阶段。     

短脉冲激光诱导薄膜损伤的等离子体爆炸过程分析

短脉冲激光诱导薄膜材料损伤过程的研究通常止于薄膜材料发生喷溅.超热喷溅物质吸收剩余激光脉冲能量将形成剧烈的等离子体爆炸过程.采用两步数值计算方法处理等离子体微滴的爆炸过程,即在每一个数值计算时间步长内,将爆炸过程分为两步,第一步处理微滴的绝热膨胀及裂解过程;第二步处理微滴对激光脉冲能量的吸收过程.有效地将微滴吸收激光能量的物理学过程与爆炸动力学过程耦合到一起.分析了喷溅物质微滴在剩余激光脉冲作用下,其半径、膨胀（加）速度、裂解（加）速度、电子及离子的密度与温度等参量随时间变化的演化情况.结果表明：材料喷溅 关键词： 光学薄膜 激光损伤 等离子体 爆炸     

Phase transition dynamics in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions

We investigate various problems related to the dynamics of a first-order phase transition from quarkgluon plasma to hadronic matter in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. These include nucleation, growth and fusion of hadronic bubbles in either the Bjorken longitudinal hydrodynamic expansion model or the Cooper-Frye-Schönberg spherical hydrodynamic expansion model. With reasonable input parameters the conversion of one phase into the other is relatively close to the idealized adiabatic Maxwell construction, although one can choose parameters such that the conversion is strongly out of equilibrium.     

On the phase diagram of a two-dimensional electron–hole system

The phase diagram for a system of spatially separated electrons and holes in coupled quantum wells or graphene double layers is studied in the framework of a BCS-like mean-field approach and a Landau expansion in terms of the pairing order parameter. We find a second order transition between an electron–hole plasma and a BCS phase, as well as a first-order transition between the BCS phase and a bosonic Mott phase of tightly bound electron–hole pairs without phase coherence. The electron–hole plasma exists at low and at high densities for weak interaction, the BCS phase at moderate density and the Mott phase at high density and strong interaction.     

Phase transitions of a quark-gluon plasma to hadrons

We have studied phase transitions of a quark-gluon plasma to hadrons, which occur by detonation, deflagration, supersonic condensation and evaporation. Consideration is given to the spectra of the yields of various hadrons which are produced in each of these transitions. The process of expansion and overcooling of a quark-gluon plasma is simulated.     

Photons from Quark and Hadron Phases in Au + Au Collisions

Based on a relativistic hydrodynamic model describing the evolution of the chemically equilibrating quark-gluon plasma system with finite baryon density in a 3＋1-dimensional spacetime, we compute photons from the quark phase, hadronic phase and initial non-thermal contributions. It is found that due to the effects of the initial quark chemical potential, chemical equilibration and rapid expansion of the system, the photon yield of the quark-gluon plasma is strongly suppressed, and photons from hadronic matter and initial non-thermal contributions almost reproduce experimental data.     

超高速碰撞喷出物气化与等离子体形成的物理机制

 为了了解超高速碰撞产生等离子体的物理机制,采用理论方法对超高速碰撞LY12铝靶各物理过程的能量分配进行了分析,涉及到熔化相变、气化相变及等离子体形成过程的能量消耗。揭示了碰撞喷出物形成过程中各物理阶段对气化、等离子体形成的影响因素,包括碰撞的附加热机制、材料碰撞后等离子体羽的形成及等离子体羽膨胀的物理机制,并给出了模型描述。     

Spectroscopic estimation of plasma parameters,in the 100–400 ns stage,of a laser-induced plasma in vacuum

This work is focused on the interpretation of the emission spectra in laser-induced plasma observed in the phase at 100–400?ns from after the laser pulse, when the discrete emission lines prevail on the continuum emission, can be important to retrieve the initial stage of expansion. A Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser has been used for the ablation of a lead sample in vacuum. The observed line profiles, corresponding to different species of lead, were analyzed in terms of delay time. Measurements of parameters of the produced plasmas are performed. The results obtained corroborate the importance of considering nonequilibrium effects in the initial stage of plasma expansion. Also, Stark width for two spectral lines of triply ionized lead is given.     

Evolution of particle clouds around ablating pellets inmagnetically confined hot plasmas

Cryogenic hydrogen isotope pellets are being used for introducing fuel particles into the plasma interior in magnetic confinement fusion experiments. The spatial and the time evolution of the initially low-temperature, high-density particle clouds forming around such pellets are considered, with particular attention given to such physical processes as heating of the clouds by the energy fluxes carried by incident plasma particles, gas-dynamic expansion with j× B-produced deceleration in the transverse direction, finite-rate ionization and recombination processes, and magnetic field convection and diffusion. While the dynamic processes associated with the ionization and radial confinement processes are characterized by the relatively short Alfven time scale (μs range), the subsequent phase of axial expansion is associated with a notably larger hydrodynamic time scale defined by the heat input and gas-dynamic expansion rates (ms range). Data stemming from experimental measurements in toroidal confinement machines are compared with results of model calculations. Some similarities with extraterrestrial plasma scenarios, such as the earlier magnetospheric barium release experiments, are discussed     

Images of the phase space diagrams during the unfurling of theelectrons when a plasma expands into a plasma

Using a 1-D1v (one dimension for space, one for velocity) electrostatic particle-in-cell (PIC) code, we simulate the dynamics of the expansion of a plasma into a limited plasma, between two polarized electrodes. We show the phase space diagrams for the two electron families, on which we observe the electron unfurling. The unfurling branches are observed to fold up on the others. The velocity distribution is broadened: the electron population is heated     

Anomalous viscosity of an expanding quark-gluon plasma

We argue that an expanding quark-gluon plasma has an anomalous viscosity, which arises from interactions with dynamically generated color fields. We derive an expression for the anomalous viscosity in the turbulent plasma domain and apply it to the hydrodynamic expansion phase, when the quark-gluon plasma is near equilibrium. The anomalous viscosity dominates over the collisional viscosity for weak coupling and not too late times. This effect may provide an explanation for the apparent "nearly perfect" liquidity of the matter produced in nuclear collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider without the assumption that it is a strongly coupled state.     

THE CHARACTERISTIC DILEPTON MASS DISTRIBUTION FROM HOT QUARK MATTER IN ULTRARELATIVISTIC NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS

The characteristic dilepton mass distributions from the decay of high temperature-density quark-gluon matter in ultrarelativistic nucleusnucleus collisions were calculated via the relativistic hydrodynamics.Both longitudinal expansion accompanying transverse expansion of the matter and the effect of phase transition leading to the re-distribution of the temperature were considered.The characteristic phenomena which have been suggested as a test for the existence of quark-gluon plasma were given and provided as a theoretical basis of experiment.     

Magnetic properties of a nearly classical one-component plasma in three or two dimensions

The magnetic properties of the one-component plasma, in three and two dimensions, are studied in the nearly classical case. Since magnetism is an essentially quantum effect, Planck's constant ? can be used as a small parameter. A generalized Wigner-Kirkwood expansion in powers of ?² is derived. This expansion is used for computing the induced magnetization. The displacement of the liquid-solid phase transition of the model, when a magnetic field is applied, is discussed. The model is applicable to electrons deposited at the surface of liquid helium.     

Quantum potts gauge-matter systems at finite temperature

A systematic large-N expansion for gauge-matter Potts systems at finite temperature is presented. This allows us to explore the interior of the phase diagrams, taking into account all terms in the hamiltonian. Calculations are carried out in 3 + 1 and 2 + 1 dimensions and the expansion parameter is $\text{1/N}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>d</mtext>}}$, where d is the number of space dimensions. For singly charged matter the Higgs-confinement phase is analytically connected to a high-temperature plasma phase. When the matter fields are multiply charged, both Higgs and confinement phases undergo a finite-temperature phase transition. The free charge phase may or may not undergo a phase transition depending on the number of space-time dimensions. Implications for other models, both abelian and non-abelian are discussed. We also comment on applications to quantum spin systems.     

Quark-hadron three-phase mixture of baryonic matter

The phase diagrams of strongly interacting baryonic matter are constructed in a phenomenological model assuming three phases: hadrons, quarkgluon plasma and constituent quarks. Three-phase mixture states are considered in detail and it is shown that these states cover a finite area in the energy density-baryonic density plane. Possible hydrodynamic expansion processes involving the three-phase coexistence region in relativistic heavy-ion collisions are outlined.     

Central region in relativistic heavy ion collisions; results from hydrodynamic calculations and cascade simulation

Results of three dimensional hydrodynamic calculations with boost invariant longitudinal expansion are presented with special emphasis on the transverse momentum spectia of hadrons and production rates of dileptons. The effect and signatures of transverse collective motion are discussed in detail. The hydrodynamic results which are based on the assumption of the existence of a first order phase transition and formation of an equilibrium mixed phase are compared with cascade simulation where the mixed phase is modelled in terms of plasma droplets embedded in a pion gas. The comparison shows a great deal of similarity between the two approaches lending further support for the hydrodynamic approach.     

碳纳米管和天鹅绒阴极强流发射特性的对比研究

采用电泳沉积法、碳纳米管纸和化学气相沉积直接生长法制备了三种碳纳米管阴极. 从强流发射性能、阴极等离子体膨胀、阴极起动、发射均匀性、工作稳定性以及脉冲放气特性等多个方面, 对比研究了碳纳米管阴极和化纤天鹅绒阴极的强流发射特性, 研究表明碳纳米管阵列和碳纳米管纸阴极发射性能明显优于普通化纤天鹅绒, 碳纳米管阴极发射性能与碳纳米管取向无关, 管壁的缺陷发射对无序碳纳米管阴极强流发射具有重要贡献. 碳纳米管阴极的起动场强约为普通化纤天鹅绒的2/3, 电场上升率相同时碳纳米管阴极比化纤天鹅绒阴极起动时间短12–17 ns. 碳纳米管阴极发射均匀性优于化纤天鹅绒, 尤其是碳纳米管阵列, 整个阴极表面等离子体光斑致密且均匀. 在二极管本底气压为6×10^-3 Pa时, 碳纳米管纸阴极对应的二极管峰值气压不到0.3 Pa, 约为普通化纤天鹅绒阴极的1/5, 碳纳米管阵列阴极放气量在三种阴极中最少, 仅为0.042 Pa. 结果表明, 碳纳米管阴极在强流电子束源和相关高功率微波器件领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

Expansion dynamics of the plasma plume created by laser ablation in a background gas

The dynamics of the expansion of the plasma plume induced by laser ablation of a copper target at a fluence of 17 J/cm² was investigated theoretically by means of a Monte Carlo simulation. When the expansion occurs under a relatively high pressure, the ambient gas particles may be involved in the collective motion of the plume. The simulation allows the study of the simultaneous collective motion of different species, such as the laser-ablated and the ambient gas particles. The influence of the background gas nature and pressure on the laser-induced plasma plume expansion behavior was studied. The expansion dynamics were found to be different in the case of the expansion in ambient gases of different molecular weight. The dynamics of the plume expansion under an argon pressure of 200 Pa seem to be strongly related to the equilibration of the pressure gradients in the gas phase, and evidence of the oscillatory behavior of the plume expansion was shown from the evolution over time of the pressure profiles in the plume. This behavior has also been observed in similar conditions for a krypton atmosphere, but for a lower pressure than for argon. The vortical flow formation at the plume periphery, involving both the laser-ablated and the argon particles at moderate pressure, was also predicted from the Monte Carlo simulation.     

Absence of thermophoretic flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions as an indicator for the absence of a mixed phase

If a quark-gluon plasma is formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, there may or may not be a mixed phase of quarks, gluons, and hadronic clusters when the critical temperature is reached in the expansion of the fireball. If there is a temperature gradient in the fireball, the hadronic clusters, embedded in the heat bath of quarks and gluons, would be subjected to a thermophoretic force. It is shown that, even for small temperature gradients and short lifetimes of the mixed phase, thermophoresis would lead to a flow essentially stronger than the observed one. The absence of this strong flow provides support for a rapid or sudden hadronization mechanism without a mixed phase.