基于改进的自适应迭代重加权惩罚最小二乘的空间外差拉曼光谱基线校正方法

空间外差拉曼光谱技术因其非接触、无损、快速、高稳定性和高光谱分辨率等特点,已经广泛应用于各个物质探测领域。由于复原光谱中存在荧光背景干扰,对样品进行定性和定量分析时需要对光谱进行基线校正。为了解决由拉曼峰引起的拟合基线抬升的问题,提出了一种改进的自适应迭代重加权惩罚最小二乘（airPLS）的基线拟合方法,即基于拉曼峰截断的airPLS基线拟合方法。该方法能够自动识别拉曼峰,并在对光谱进行拉曼峰截断后进行airPLS迭代拟合,以获得更准确的基线。使用仿真光谱和实测光谱进行验证,并与常见的基线拟合方法进行对比,结果显示,改进的airPLS基线拟合准确度显著提升,仿真光谱的基线拟合均方根误差优于0.0052。实测拉曼光谱的校正谱特征峰清晰可见,荧光基线趋势被有效去除,满足拉曼光谱数据处理的需求。     

基于基线漂移模型的气体光谱自动基线校正

傅里叶红外光谱是监测污染源废气排放的一种重要手段。发展针对气体光谱的自动基线校正方法对于污染气体快速检测及长时间在线监测具有重要意义。目前自动基线校正中的一个难点是如何准确校正存在宽峰的光谱：宽峰在频域中具有一定低频成分,基于频域滤波提取光谱中低频基线信息的方法因难以选择合适的分离条件容易产生基线扭曲。采取自动识别基线点,基于预先设定的基线模型拟合光谱基线的方法可以规避频域方法中分离条件选取的环节,但其校正效果对所采用的基线模型非常敏感。当基线模型中的自由度过小时,拟合基线无法准确逼近光谱基线漂移,基线校正的误差较大;而当基线模型中的自由度过大时,尤其是含有实际基线漂移中不存在的虚假自由度时,容易产生基线扭曲。目前常用的基线模型有线性、多项式、样条插值、指数模型等,在基线模型的选择上缺乏较为统一的标准。本研究着眼于避免基线模型缺乏必要自由度或含有虚假自由度,提出基于实际基线漂移的自由度建立基线模型。研究发现,气体光谱中主要的基线漂移在光谱中可被近似表示为波数的特定阶次(0次、1次、2次和4次项)的形式。以此作为基线模型提出了一种自动基线校正新方法。新方法以传统迭代多项式拟合自动基线校正方法作为基础,将其中仅设定多项式最高阶次的基线模型改进为上述由具有物理意义支撑的特定阶次构成的基线模型;此外,增加了对吸收峰尾部的判定,用于避免在采用阈值分辨吸收峰与基线时,吸收峰尾部因吸光度较低被误识别为基线的问题。以实测获得的含有水汽宽峰的空气光谱作为样本,对所提方法的基线校正效果进行了验证,并与迭代多项式拟合方法中两种较有代表性的Lieber和Mahadeven-Jansen(LMJ)方法以及Liu和Koenig(LK)方法的基线校正效果进行了对比。实验结果表明,所提方法与采用不同最高多项式阶次的LMJ及LK方法相比,可更好的避免基线扭曲,同时其校正后的光谱基线与吸光度0线间具有最低的方差平均值。研究表明,采用实际基线漂移的自由度建立光谱基线模型可获得良好的基线校正效果。     

改进的紫外拉曼光谱分段线性拟合基线校正方法

紫外拉曼光谱具有拉曼散射强度高、易于荧光光谱分离、受环境干扰影响小以及人眼安全性高等特性,所用的紫外拉曼光谱仪采用波长266 nm激光器,拉曼和荧光光谱会有部分重叠,增加了准确获取拉曼光谱特征信息的难度,进一步影响样品的辨识。因此,需要在分析拉曼光谱之前进行基线校正来消除荧光干扰。根据紫外拉曼+荧光混合光谱中,荧光光谱具有逐渐增加且接近分段线性递增的特点,利用分段线性函数拟合荧光光谱基线是一种较简捷的方法,于是针对传统分段线性拟合基线校正方法基线点定义过度依赖操作人员、自动化水平较低等问题,研究了一种改进的紫外拉曼光谱分段线性拟合基线校正方法:(1)首先求原始信号经不同次平滑迭代后的光谱数据。由于波峰相对于基线是高频信号,在多次平滑过程中,波峰附近的光谱强度逐渐下降且变化较大,基线部分逐渐上升且相对变化很小,经不同次迭代平滑的光谱波峰和基线点处的光谱强度标准差SD差异较大。(2)然后通过对光谱强度偏差的比较确定准有效基线点位置。通过适当设定的阈值SD_0提取出准有效基线点位置;(3)再利用线性迭代拟合法提取并修正过校正基线点。准有效基线点将整个拉曼光谱分割成N个特征峰区间,分别连接特征峰区间两端点得到一条直线,若特征峰全部在直线以上表明不存在过校正,否则区间端点向其峰方向移动并再次直线连接,重复以上过程,直到特征峰全部在直线以上,得到有效基线点;(4)最后逐段直线连接所有相邻有效基线点得到整个光谱的基线。原始光谱减去基线就是基线校正后的拉曼光谱。通过对模拟和实际测量的紫外混合光谱的基线校正处理实验表明:该方法能自动确定基线点位置,且较传统方法能获得更好的基线校正效果,为下一步的光谱分析提供更准确的光谱信息。     

基于块稀疏学习的光谱基线校正方法

光谱数据在采集过程中易发生基线偏移现象,导致后续的鉴别和分析结果偏离真实值。因此,在光谱数据分析前,需利用基线校正技术获取更为准确的光谱数据。基于稀疏贝叶斯学习（SBL）的基线校正方法无需人工选择参数,基线校正结果在贝叶斯框架下具有最优性。然而,现有的稀疏贝叶斯建模较为简单,无法适用于复杂的稀疏结构。在实际应用中,当纯谱的某些谱峰较宽时,对应的稀疏向量将具有一定的块稀疏特性。利用额外的块稀疏结构,有助于进一步提升SBL方法的性能。为了建模稀疏向量的块稀疏结构特性,在原有的贝叶斯模型框架中引入模式耦合分层模型。得益于稀疏贝叶斯框架固有的学习能力,引入的模式耦合分层模型可自适应地学习稀疏向量的块稀疏结构,从而大幅提升了基于SBL的基线校正方法的性能。为验证本文方法的基线校正性能,首先利用模拟数据集进行仿真实验,并将该方法与SSFBCSP方法和SBL-BC方法在不同噪声方差条件下进行对比。仿真实验结果表明,该方法恢复谱峰较宽纯谱的效果提升明显,特别是当噪声方差较大时,其他方法的性能均有不同程度的下降,但该方法依然具有较好的稳定性。蒙特卡罗仿真实验结果也显示该方法纯谱拟合的标准化均方根误差明显优于其他对比方法。最后,利用色谱数据集与三种矿物的拉曼光谱数据集进行实测数据的基线校正性能验证,结果表明该方法能产生比其他方法更为平滑的纯谱拟合结果,且去噪效果更优。     

基于自适应加窗spline曲线拟合的拉曼光谱去基线方法

拉曼光谱是一种无损快速检测技术,可以提供材料的定性和定量信息,因而在医药、化工等诸多领域得到了广泛的应用。但是,由于样品荧光背景噪声的影响,造成拉曼光谱信号出现基线漂移现象,这给拉曼光谱的特征峰识别和拉曼成像带来十分严重的影响。目前,改进实验方法和数值处理是解决该问题的两种重要手段。改进实验方法上,有偏振调制法和高频调制法等,但存在实验设备复杂,检测技术难度大等缺点;数值处理上,有多项式拟合和小波变换等,但容易出现欠拟合和过拟合等现象。本文在不改换高精密设备的前提下,针对传统基线校正的方法进行了改进,提出一种基于自适应加窗spline曲线拟合的拉曼光谱去基线方法。首先,基于谱峰识别算法和初始搜索步长求得谷值的最优搜索间距,并利用谱谷识别算法完成谷值曲线的拟合;其次,利用最优搜索间距和谱峰识别算法,求得谷值曲线峰值位置,并在该位置处对称添加自适应矩形窗函数去除峰值,重新划分整个区间,拟合谷值曲线;再次,逐点比较拟合曲线与原拉曼光谱信号,取较小值,拟合曲线;最后,重复加窗去除峰值操作,直至自适应窗函数宽度低于阈值,完成拉曼光谱信号的基线拟合。在实验中,选用乙酸丁酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA)作为实验样品,利用该方法对其拉曼光谱信号进行了基线校正,观察并比较该方法和传统方法的校正结果。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地消除拉曼光谱信号的基线漂移,较好的保留一些较弱的拉曼特征峰,且不易出现欠拟合和过拟合的现象,获得了良好的基线校正效果,为进一步分析光谱数据和实现拉曼成像提供准确可靠的信息。     

基于凸优化的激光诱导击穿光谱基线校正方法

在激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析中,基线是LIBS光谱信号的重要组成部分,由于受到实验参数设置及实验环境变化等影响,导致等离子体的发射谱线呈现不同程度的基线漂移现象,因此基线校正是光谱分析的重要环节。现有算法如多项式拟合通常需要设定关键参数,不具备自适应性。由于激光诱导产生的等离子体光谱信号的特征峰具有明显的独立性和稀疏性,以及基线具有低通特性,因此在凸优化约束框架下,提出了非参数化基线校正模型。同时,利用高效率的迭代算法来保证结果的收敛性。首先对23个高合金钢样本的光谱信号进行基线校正,然后以合金钢样本中的铬(Cr)元素为分析对象,并选取11条分析线进行定量分析。分别采用PLS和SVM定量模型进行训练和预测,并且与传统方法相比较,证明了所提出方法可以提高定量分析精度。     

养殖水体中孔雀石绿的SERS光谱识别

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)是一种重要的高灵敏度分析技术。 基于SERS的技术特点,建立了真实体系下孔雀石绿定性检测方法。 提出了一种光谱自动识别算法,有机整合了稳健的傅里叶变换基线校正,基于主成分分析的特征提取与人工神经网络分类器。 该方法结合基线的低频特征,通过迭代傅里叶变换实现基线校正;通过样本空间中类间与类内的欧氏距离判别自动获取拉曼光谱信号主成分的最优组合,实现光谱数据的降维与特征提取;最后构建三层反向传播神经网络分类器进行样本分类。 实验结果表明,基线去除可排除基线变化对检测结果的影响;光谱主成分的优化组合可减小基线校正残余及复杂体系中被测物以外的物质拉曼峰对检测结果的干扰,同时实现了分类器最小化。 该方法用于养殖用海水中孔雀石绿的现场检测,最低检出浓度0.1 μg·L-1。 该方法具有可拓展性,可以直接应用于其他溶胶/凝胶体系中SERS光谱的定性分析。     

一种针对激光诱导击穿光谱技术的基线校正方法

针对激光诱导击穿光谱(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,LIBS)数据中存在的周期性拱形突起问题,提出了一种改进的基线校正算法。该算法基于惩罚最小二乘方法,通过改变局部惩罚系数,使其在拟合周期性拱形突起的同时降低谱线强度对拟合基线的影响。与其他基线校正方法相比,该算法在拟合仿真基线时的均方根误差更小,并且基于该算法得到光谱数据绘制的定标曲线的相关系数达到了0.997 2。结果表明:该算法相较于现有的去基线方法,在拟合中阶梯光栅光谱仪采集激光诱导击穿光谱的基线时,能更好地保留光谱数据的有效信息。     

基于匹配追踪的拉曼光谱信号重构算法

拉曼光谱技术是一种高灵敏度、无损伤、振动分子光谱技术,在医药、生物、分析化学等诸多领域有着重要的作用。然而,由于拉曼散射强度低,实际测得的拉曼信号容易被噪声所污染。特别是在较短的曝光时间,收集到的拉曼光谱的信噪比很低。因此,提出了一种基于匹配追踪算法的信号重构方法,用于提取低信噪比的拉曼信号。该方法首先通过阈值循环迭代的方法在平均谱上找出特征峰的位置、估计峰的区间。根据峰的位置区间等信息,用高斯密度函数生成字典。在噪声谱上,根据特征峰位置和区间,将其区分为有信号区间和无信号区间,在有信号区间上利用匹配追踪算法重构被噪声所掩盖的拉曼信号。该算法不仅能够很好的逼近掩盖在噪声中的拉曼信号,且在重构信号的过程中也会对基线进行扣除,无须作基线校正处理。在仿真和实验中对该算法与常规算法进行了比较,结果证明,该算法在低信噪比条件下能够较好的恢复拉曼信号。该算法不同于传统光谱去噪算法,能同时对拉曼光谱进行了基线扣除以及噪声的处理,且能取得较为理想的结果,不需要使用不同的算法对基线和噪声分别处理。其次,在算法上我们创造性地将匹配追踪算法用于拉曼光谱信号的稀疏逼近求解。     

一种用于一次谐波背景消除与基线校正的新型方法

针对可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱一次谐波信号中具有背景信号及较大的基线信号,提出一种新型的背景消除与基线校正的处理方法.分析了一次谐波背景中的激光器相关强度调制信号,电子学噪声和光学干涉条纹,采用无吸收谱线区域检测谐波方法消除背景信号.给出了激光器不同工作温度时的电流和强度之间的关系曲线,由此设计出消除背景后剩余基线的校正方法.文中给出了背景搜索方法的原理以及LabView软件流程图.设计了检测氟化氢气体的实验系统,根据谱线选取原则确定吸收谱线为1312.59 nm,设置激光器的工作温度为27.0?C,对应的背景温度为30.2?C.一次谐波信号经过背景消除和基线校正后,信号的畸变得到明显改善,基线得到校正,验证了该方法在激光器其他工作温度(26.7—27.2)是有效的,并对HF气体浓度精度的改善进行了定量分析,为一次谐波信号的后续处理提供了方便.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.