一种新的光栅投影轮廓术

提出了一种新的光学全场轮廓术，它采用了一种可由计算机控制的，可变空间频率的莫尔条纹投影仪，利用不同空频的两次变精度测量，以适应待测物体形面的突然起。以以上理论基础以及一台具体实验装置的配合下，得到出了令人满意的测量结果。     

Interference of coherent and incoherent interactions in the Master Equation for open systems

The limits of validity of a well known type of Master Equation for open systems are discussed. Using Zwanzig's projector formalism we derive a “Generalized Master Equation” which describes interference processes between coherent and incoherent interactions. The conditions under which this equation reduces to the known ones is given and discussed for laser systems.     

Colour-stripe permutation pattern for rapid structured-light range imaging

For structured-light range imaging, colour stripes can be used for increasing the number of distinguishable light patterns compared to binary black-and-white stripes. Therefore, an appropriate use of colour patterns can reduce the number of required light projections for imaging an object scene, and range imaging can be achievable in a single video frame or in “one-shot”. On the other hand, the reliability and range resolution attainable from colour stripes are generally lower than those from temporally encoded binary black-and-white patterns since colour contrast is affected by object colour reflectance and ambient light. This paper presents new methods for selecting stripe colours and designing multiple-stripe patterns for “one-shot” and “two-shot” imaging. We show that maximizing colour contrast between the stripes in one-shot imaging reduces the ambiguities resulting from coloured object surfaces and limitations in sensor/projector resolution. Moreover, a cross-stripe gradient method is presented to improve estimation of illumination patterns in one-shot imaging. Two-shot imaging adds an extra video frame and maximizes the colour contrast between the first and second video frames to diminish the ambiguities even further. Experimental results and discussion demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the presented one-shot and two-shot colour-stripe imaging schemes.     

Non-Markoffian effects in the laser

The atomic coordinates are eliminated exactly from the laser master equation with the help of a projector technique. The resulting integrodifferential equation for the field statistical operator with the kernel given correctly up to fourth order in the coupling constant is shown to be equivalent to a fourth order differential equation with respect to time. All theories footing on an “adiabatic” elimination procedure, especially the wellknown Fokker Planck equation treatment and a recently published theory containing a second order time derivative are shown to be successive approximations to our treatment. Non-Markoffian effects are discussed.     

基于无约束系统的结构光三维测量方法

针对传统结构光系统进行三维测量时,要求满足双瞳平行于参考平面和摄像机光轴垂、直于参考平面这两个强约束条件,建立了新的系统结构,去除了平行和垂直的约束,摄像机和投影仪位置可自由摆放.基于该无约束系统结构,提出了一种新的系统标定方法,通过重建"投影仪摄像机参考平面"三者的空间关系,可以简便而精确地获取传统"高度相位"公式中参量:双瞳的距离和摄像机到参考平面距离;同时,推导了无约束系统结构下新的物相关系方程和高度计算公式.实物测量结果证明,基于无约束系统的结构光三维测量方法可操作性强,测量精度可达0.1 mm.     

结构光测量技术中的投影仪标定算法

详细介绍了投影机模型,并提出一种简单、高精度的投影仪参数标定算法,该算法将投影仪当作一个逆向的相机,使用一块带有圆形标志点的平面标定板对投影仪进行标定.标定过程中,使用两组不同方向的光栅图像建立投影仪图像和相机图像的对应关系,从而得到投影仪标定所需的图像数据,将投影仪标定转化为成熟的相机标定,然后使用相机标定算法对投影仪进行高精度标定.实验结果表明,所提议的投影仪标定算法操作过程简单,标定精度可达0.312 pixel.     

Macroscopic cell representation of density matrix equation and optimal choice of projectors by variational principle

We introduce a complete set of projectors on Liouvillespace and a “cell representation” of the equation of motion of the density matrixρ adjusted to the macroscopic observables of the system. Using a variational principle, the projector on the relevant density matrixρ _rel is determined by the postulate that the subdynamics ofρ _rel should include an optimal part of the Liouvillean?. The relation of the reduced subdynamics equation to wellknown master equations is investigated.     

Quantum mechanics and the local observer

A notion of local observer inspired by the work of Segal is introduced here in the Hilbert space theory of quantum mechanics. The local observer finds a mathematical place in the Hilbert space through local negation or complementation. A logicomathematical theory of local negation is presented and its implications for quantum logic and the problem of measurement are discussed. The setting is constructivist mathematics and the main result of the paper states that the introduction of a local observer implies the nonorthocomplementability of the whole Hilbert space even in the finite-dimensional case. Making a mathematical place for the observer (the “projector”) thus modifies the structure of the observables or the system of the projections, in accordance with a nonclassical theory of quantum-mechanical measurement.     

声光栅正弦结构光投射器的光学系统设计

针对一种新型的声光波干涉测量技术,对声光栅正弦结构光投射器的三维测量工作原理进行了系统的分析,讨论了影响投射器光学系统结构的因素和影响接收屏上的光照度的因素,并进行了光学系统设计。在优化设计过程中,采用了限制光线最大入射角的方法,达到控制投射系统的球差和保证接收屏上照明均匀的要求。所设计的声光栅正弦光投射器具有很好的成像质量。应用该系统对在500mm处的石膏像上投射干涉条纹,可以得到能量比较均匀、变形量很小的干涉条纹图,利用该条纹图和相关的算法可以对具有复杂几何形状的物体进行有效的三维测量。     

光学三维扫描仪光强传递函数的测量和校正

由于数字光栅投影仪的光强传递函数对于正弦投影条纹的质量以及相位测量精度起着至关重要的作用,本文提出了一种校正光学三维扫描仪光强传递函数的新方法。首先,分析了由于投影仪非线性响应引起的光栅谐波的相位测量误差;然后,通过投影一组不同灰度级的图像,并利用光功率计测出数字投影仪投出图像的亮度。接着,通过分析得到数字投影仪的非线性响应特性曲线,再经过数据处理,即可获得投影仪的光强传递函数;最后,对光强传递函数进行反函数逆变换,得到一个校正后的非正弦光栅,利用投影仪对该光栅的投影即可在被测物体表面上获得一个正弦光栅。数字投影仪对标准平板的测量结果表明,校正前平均误差为0.71 mm,校正后为0.55 mm;对于标准量块的测量,校正前的平均误差为0.62 mm,校正后为0.15 mm。上述结果表明,本文提出的方法可以减小由于系统非线性响应引起的测量误差并提高测量精度。     

非全息衍射投影（英文）

提出了一种无需全息计算和相干照明的衍射投影方法和投影系统,利用非相干的准直LED光源和傅里叶变换透镜取代全息迭代计算获得被投影图像的空间频谱,再利用空间频谱在自由空间中的瑞利索墨菲衍射实现了小投射比、无限景深的图像投影.详细推导了投影方法的成像过程,解析了投影系统的强度脉冲响应函数.实验搭建了一套非全息衍射投影系统,对投影过程中产生的像差和亮度不均匀进行矫正,获得了无相干噪音的高品质衍射图像,实现了投射比为0.87的无限景深的衍射投影.在相距大于800 mm的不同深度平面上同时获得了清晰的投影图像,从而验证了方法的可行性.该投影方法和系统在球幕投影、任意曲面屏幕投影和增强现实投影等领域具有潜在的应用.     

Flexible digital projector calibration method based on per-pixel distortion measurement and correction

When a digital projector is applied in high precision applications, the intrinsic parameters and distortion characteristics should be calibrated precisely. In this paper, a flexible full-field projector calibration method is proposed without any approximate distortion model. With planar homography theory and fringe projection technique, the projector distortion characteristic on each pixel can be measured independently and an initial distortion map is generated. The intrinsic parameters are calibrated afterwards. Then, the initial distortion map can be refined by correcting the non-perpendicularity between the optical axis and image plane. The original pattern to be projected is corrected with the refined distortion map. Thus, the calibrated projector can be regarded as an ideal projector conforming to the pinhole model. Experimental results show a nearly ideal residual map for the corrected projection pattern. In addition, the proposed calibration method is flexible without any sophisticated ancillary equipment or complicated procedure.     

二维金属光子晶体的带结构研究

采用一种新的平面波展开法研究金属光子晶体的带结构，即在传统平面波展开法的基础上，将“原问题”拓展，引入一个“新问题”，通过求解“新问题”得到“原问题”的带结构，并论证了它们之间的关系.为了准确求解“新问题”，引入辅助函数，将其色散关系等价为一个积分微分本征方程，求解这个本征方程得到“新问题”的带结构，从而由此导出“原问题”的带结构.最后，以正方晶格二维金属光子晶体为例，进行数值计算，得到了满意的结果. 关键词： 金属光子晶体 平面波展开法 带结构 正方晶格     

Accurate calibration for a camera–projector measurement system based on structured light projection

The accurate calibration for a camera–projector measurement system based on structured light projection is important to the system measurement accuracy. This study proposes an improved systematic calibration method focusing on three key factors: calibration model, calibration artifact and calibration procedures. The calibration model better describes the camera and projector imaging process by considering higher to fourth order radial and tangential lens distortion. The calibration artifact provides a sufficient number of accurate 3D reference points uniformly distributed in a common world coordinate system. And the calibration procedures calibrate the camera and projector simultaneously based on the same reference points to eliminate the influences of the camera calibration error on the projector calibration. The experiments demonstrate that our calibration method can improve the measurement accuracy by 47%.     

Precise full-field distortion rectification and evaluation method for a digital projector

Digital projectors have been widely used in many accuracy-sensitive fields. Although some calibration methods have been proposed to obtain the intrinsic parameters for a digital projector, especially the radial and tangential distortion, there are few studies on how to rectify the projected image to obtain an ideal projection pattern and further evaluate the results. In this paper, a precise full-field image rectification technique is proposed based on the principle of projector calibration. The pixel remapping and interpolation techniques are detailed step by step. All of the method’s steps maintain subpixel accuracy. Moreover, a full-field verification method is presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the projector distortion procedure using a full-field phase map. A full-field non-linear distortion distribution map can be generated to represent distortion characteristics of nearly all the pixels of a projector in a very intuitive way. The experimental results validate and show the effectiveness of the proposed full-field rectification technique and evaluation method.     

径向馈入和轴向馈入对感应加速腔性能的影响

 感应加速腔有径向馈入和轴向馈入两种常用的脉冲功率馈入方式。在理论上分析了不同功率馈入方式对感应加速腔输出电压平顶的影响，并对分析结果进行实验论证。实验采用1B2C结构，用相同的脉冲功率源馈入径向腔和轴向腔，测量此两种加速腔的电压波形。测得轴向腔±1％电压平顶时间为61 ns，径向腔±1％电压平顶时间为62 ns，两种腔都可满足±1%电压平顶大于60 ns的要求。此外对不同功率馈入方式导致的横向阻抗的变化进行了数值模拟，分别计算了采用这两种馈入方式的加速腔模型的横向阻抗，发现轴向加速腔的横向阻抗较小。     

单周期条纹双四步相移投影仪的标定方法

针对投影仪标定方法中存在畸变及倾斜投影引起条纹周期、条纹级数变化的问题,提出一种单周期条纹双四步相移投影仪的标定方法.设计生成横向和纵向各两组单周期条纹图像,经投影仪投影到带有圆形标识的标定板上,相机同步采集标定板图像,叠加由双四步相移获得的两幅相位主值图,对叠加相位主值图相位展开,利用展开的绝对相位值计算投影仪像素坐标值,最终将投影仪标定转换为成熟的相机标定.实验结果表明:仿真投影仪标定实验准确度的最大重投影误差约为0.4pixel,均方根误差为0.132 96pixel;实际投影仪标定实验准确度的最大反投影误差约为0.46pixel,均方根误差为0.143 12pixel;实验结果与仿真结果的最大反投影误差相差15%,均方根误差相差7.6%.与现有的采用三频相位展开进行投影仪标定的方法相比,投影光栅图像数可减少8幅.该方法改善了现有投影仪标定方法的不足,标定准确度和标定效率均得到提高.     

基于交比不变性的投影仪标定

提出了一种新的投影仪标定方法以提高数字光栅投影三维测量中投影仪标定的准确性。该方法结合二次投影技术和交比不变性进行投影仪标定。采用二次投影技术解决投射图案与标定板图案互相干扰的问题;采用交比不变性以避免引入相机的标定误差。接着进行了对比实验,以验证所提方法的有效性。选取需要相机参数的传统投影仪标定方法以及根据全局单应性的投影仪标定方法作为对比方法。结果显示,本方法的反投影误差标准差分别从(0.2275,0.2264)像素和(0.1397,0.0997)像素降低到(0.0645,0.0601)像素,反投影误差的最大值分别从1.222像素和0.5617像素降低到0.2421像素。另外,该方法还可同时标定相机,从而获得整个三维测量系统的参数。本文提出的方法可以避免相机标定参数的误差传递,提高投影仪的标定精度。     

中波红外景象投影光学系统消热差设计

针对红外成像系统性能测试与评估的应用需求,设计了一套基于数字微镜器件的消热差的中波红外景象投影光学系统.探讨了红外视景仿真用投影光学系统的像差特性和设计方法,并对投影系统的无热化进行了分析.采用分光板和补偿板方案,解决了大相对孔径条件下投影系统的远心照明分光和像差平衡问题,提高了分辨率和均匀性,增大了视场.系统由远心投...     

A functional method for condensed systems

Schwingers functional method is applied to the Green functions of the many body problem. By including the “anomalous” Green functions introduced by Gorkov, a formalism results which permits in a natural way the treatment of systems showing “superfluid” properties (“condensed” systems).