基于消力井直径变化下竖井溢洪道压强特征试验研究

为研究消力井直径变化下竖井溢洪道内部各个重要部位的压强特征,在满足泄洪能力的前提下,保持消力井井深不变,分别对直径D0=6.5m、D0=9.1m、D0=11.05m三种方案进行水工模型试验,研究分析了洞内环形堰面段、竖井段、底板段、压坡段的沿程时均压强特征、脉动压强参数。试验结果表明:环形堰面段在自由堰流时时均压强随堰上水头变化幅度不大,而在淹没堰流时各测点时均压强趋于静水压强沿程逐渐增大趋势;竖井段下部时均压强随堰上水头呈增大趋势;底板段和压坡段时均压强随直径的增大呈现减小趋势,但减小幅度不大;在不同直径下消力池底板的优势频率都出现在2Hz内,属于低频率范围,不会对底板产生共振破坏现象。     

基于消能井井深变化下的竖井溢洪道压强试验研究

为研究竖井溢洪道内部关键部位的压强特性,在维持消能井井径D=7m不变的情况下,分别对消能井井深做T_0=10.29m、T_0=12.29m、T_0=14.29m、T_0=16.29m四种变化方案,并进行模型试验,研究了环形堰面、消能井段、压坡段的时均压强分布、变化规律、脉动压强参数。结果表明:自由堰流下,环形堰面上压强值整体较小,在堰面曲线末端(测点19附近)堰面上产生了负压;消能井底板压强值较大,压强分布随井深的增大而更加均匀;压坡段压强变化随井深的增加没有明显的增减规律;在压坡段顶部测点1处出现负压,但负压值很小,压坡段顶部压强整体值均较小;用测压管测量的时均压强波动数值和脉动压强数值相当;脉动压强的优势频率值小于1Hz,竖井内部水流的脉动压强属于低频范畴。     

阶梯型加速段对旋流喷嘴雾化特性的影响

旋流内芯是压力旋流式喷嘴最主要的旋流发生构件, 其几何特征直接影响压力旋流式喷嘴的喷雾特性.目前采用平滑型加速段的旋流内芯导流效率较低.为减小高流量条件下的能量损失, 使喷嘴旋流内芯加速段对喷雾介质产生预旋效应, 增强旋流强度, 本文设计喷嘴旋流内芯加速段为阶梯型, 其下段阶梯相对上段阶梯旋转15°, 旋向与喷嘴旋流槽方向相同.利用粒子动态分析仪(particle dynamics analysis system, PDA) 和高速摄影(charge coupled device, CCD)系统实验研究了加速段结构改进前后喷嘴的喷雾流量、雾场索特尔平均直径(Sauter mean diameter, SMD)、雾滴速度以及喷雾锥角, 并分析了SMD、 雾滴速度的轴向和径向分布特性. 结果表明, 背压差0.08\mathrm{~} 0.46 MPa 范围内, 阶梯型加速段对喷雾介质具有较好的预旋效果.喷嘴的流量提高了48.0% ~ 51.8%; 喷雾的轴向速度提升了31.4% ~ 32.8%, 径向速度提升了1.6% ~ 16.8%; 喷雾锥角减小了4.21°~6.57°; 较高背压差下喷雾下游的SMD减小了9.8%.与平滑型加速段相比, 阶梯型加速段的设计有效地提高了喷嘴的雾化质量.      

统一二阶矩模型用于模拟旋流湍流两相流动

用统一二阶矩模型（ＵＳＭ）模拟了旋流数为０４７和１５的气粒两相流动，并和实验结果以及ｋ ε ｋｐ模型的模拟结果进行了对比．研究结果表明，提高旋流数减小了轴向速度反流区，增大了切向速度似固核区．ＵＳＭ和ｋ ε ｋｐ模型预报旋流数为０４７时的两相速度场差别不大，并都和实验结果接近，但前者预报的旋流数为１５的两相速度场比后者有改进，在两种情况下，前者都能揭示出后者无法预报的两相湍流各向异性规律．     

水平旋转空腔环流的壁面应力

通过对典型的水平旋转内消能泄洪洞空腔环流的试验观测，研究了其壁面应力的变化规律。空腔环流的壁面压强在水平洞的起始段壁面压强急剧减小然后回升，具有过渡段的性质，沿程波状减小，符合对数变化规律，但不同的流态，对数律的参数的变化是不同的：内界面相对压强Po/Pwz。在淹沿流流态时，随(H-h)/h的变化率显著不同，在吸允流流态时却基本相同；壁面切应力沿z的变化规律为先急剧减小，随后缓慢减小至零，主要与环流特性有密切的关系。     

旋流消能工内空腔旋流的能量特性

为了揭示旋流消能工内空腔旋流的能量特性,本文以公伯峡水电站为例,基于组合涡运动规律推导并建立了空腔旋流各类能量的计算公式,研究了空腔旋流的能量特性。结果表明,文中的能量计算公式在空腔旋流的能量计算中具有更好的适宜性,克服了常规能量方程在空腔旋流能量精确计算中的局限。旋流洞内空腔旋流的切向动能沿程减小;轴向动能和压力势能沿程波动变化,且相对轴向动能和相对压力势能沿程变化趋势相反;空腔旋流的总能量以轴向动能为主且沿程减小;在水平长度为15.5m的研究流段间其能量损失约占总水头的5%。并结合湍动能耗散率揭示了空腔旋流能量损失的主要组成部分。成果对旋流消能工的设计和深入认识旋流消能工内空腔旋流的能量特性具有指导意义。     

不同参数下环形通道内湍流旋流流动的模拟

应用一种合理考虑湍流一旋流相互作用及湍流脉动各向异性的新的代数ＲｅｙｎｏｌｄＳ应力模型,对环形通道内的湍流旋流流动进行了数值模拟．研究了旋流数、进口轴向速度和内外半径比等参数对环形通道内湍流旋流流动的影响,以及由此产生的流场变化对强化环形通道内传热的作用．     

环形通道内湍流旋流流动的数值模拟

本文应用一种考虑湍流－旋流相互作用及湍流脉动各向异性的新的代数Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ应力模型,对环形通道内的湍流旋流流动进行了数值模拟,研究了改主为旋流流数,进口轴向速度及半径比等参数对环形通道内湍流流动的影响,以及对强化环形通道内传热的作用。     

管内湍流旋流的数值计算

本文用有限差分法对直管内的湍流旋流进行了数值模拟。计算中采用Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ湍流涡粘性假设的基本思想和Ｋ－ε双方程模型来求解雷诺应力各分量。为了反映旋流中湍流转输的非均匀性和各向异性特征，对雷诺应力各分量及与之相主尖的各湍流粘性系数分别进行计算。计算结果表明该模型能较好地反映直管内湍流旋流的流动结构。     

旋流燃烧室内湍流燃烧速度场的实验研究

建立了采用分级进风方式的同轴射流旋流燃烧室实验装置，选用耐高温的氧化铝细粉作为示踪粒子，实现了用三维激光粒子动态分析仪(PDA)测量湍流旋流燃烧的热态瞬时速度场．在分级进风比率和旋流致不同的3组实验工况条件下，得到了气体时均轴向与切向速度、轴向与切向脉动速度均方根值和轴向—切向脉动速度二阶关联量的分布．     

Aeroelastic modeling of wind loading on a cable-net supported glass wall

Wind loading study on a cable-net supported glass wall is conducted by means of wind tunnel tests. An equiva- lent aeroelastic model is designed and constructed. Response of displacements of the wall is measured and analyzed. In order to design a glass wall under wind loading, the ＂wind- vibration factor＂ is estimated and discussed. In fact, the mech- anism of wind acting on the wall is commonly known not only as positive pressure, but also as negative pressure caused by the flow separation on the corners of the building. Due to the diffidence in the mechanism of wind acting, two typi- cal response cases are classified. The results show that the dynamic response of the structure caused by the negative pressure is stronger than that of the positive pressure case. To determine the aerodynamic wind loading on a flexible part of structure on a building, wind tunnel study may be useful and play an important role.     

高速列车穿越有竖井隧道流场的特性研究

给出了高速列车穿越隧道压力波的三维粘性流场数值模拟过程,控制方程为三维粘性、可压缩、等熵和非定常流的Navier-Stokes方程,空间离散采用了中心有限体积法格式,时间采用预处理二阶精度多步后差分格式进行离散,对隧道壁面采用壁面函数处理。在模拟中考虑了竖井的位置、竖井的断面积、竖井的数目等因素对隧道内压力及压力梯度的影响。计算结果表明,竖井的存在改变了压缩波的波前形状,从而使得隧道内的压力变化的最大值降低,因而能够降低隧道内的压力梯度最大值,但它并不能延长压力上升的时间。     

近壁泊肃叶流中活性粒子迁移规律研究

研究活性粒子在剪切流中的迁移规律对实现颗粒分离和过程强化均具有重要意义.基于耗散粒子动力学理论,建立了描述微通道内近壁泊肃叶流中活性粒子迁移运动的数学模型,考察了活性粒子圆周运动角速度、手性诱导角速度、直行运动速度和转向扩散系数对大肠杆菌和常规活性粒子横向迁移速度和受迫转向频率的影响规律,并确定近壁剪切流中活性粒子横向迁移的形成机制.结果表明,近壁剪切流场中大肠杆菌的横向迁移速度随剪切速率增大先快速增加继而趋于稳定;大肠杆菌横向迁移速度随圆周运动角速度增大而减小,随手性诱导角速度、直行运动速度和转向扩散系数的增大而增大;大肠杆菌的受迫转向频率受圆周运动角速度、直行运动速度和转向扩散系数的影响小,而随手性诱导角速度的增大而加快;相比大肠杆菌,常规活性粒子横向迁移速度显著减小、受迫转向频率明显变慢,二者受直行运动速度和转向扩散系数的影响规律与大肠杆菌类似.直行运动是活性粒子形成横向迁移运动的前提,其他运动参数和结构参数均可一定程度促进或抑制活性粒子在近壁剪切流场中的横向迁移.     

Structure of near wall turbulence downstream of a wall mounted protrusion: an interesting Reynolds stress suppression phenomena

A local suppression in the generation of near wall Reynolds stress is achieved by modifying the buffer region and sublayer (y ⁺ <30) of a turbulent pipe flow with a 16.4 wall unit high wall mounted protrusion. Multi-component, multi-point, time resolved laser Doppler velocimetry measurements are made in the undisturbed and modified ARL/PSU glycerin tunnel pipe flow at a Reynolds number of approximately 10000. A downstream converging flow field is produced by the divergence of the approaching mean flow around the protrusion. A pair of counter-rotating vortices, 15 wall units in diameter with common flow down, are generated by the protrusion and also contribute to the wall directed flow convergence. The convergence region is 15 wall units high and more than 100 wall units long and appears to decouple the near wall region from the outer turbulent wall layer. Locally, turbulent velocity fluctuations in the form of Reynolds stress producing events, sweeps and ejections, are retarded within this region. This results in a reduction in near wall uv Reynolds stress and local wall shear. Interestingly, the counter-rotating vortices act to increase turbulent diffusion in a manner which is uncorrelated with Reynolds stress generation.     

Numerical study on heat transfer and resistance characteristics of supercritical water inside internally-ribbed tube

The effects of structural parameters for internally-ribbed tube on heat transfer and flow characteristics of supercritical water were studied numerically. The results show that the heat transfer and pressure loss increases with the increase of mass flow or heat flux. The Heat transfer and resistance coefficients of supercritical water increase with the spiral rising angle decrease or rib height increase, while rib width has a weak influence on heat transfer and pressure drop.     

The study of the induction of subsonic wind tunnels with an axisymmetric working part

For the case of small perturbations of the velocity on the boundary of the flow and arbitrary degree of perforation of the wall of the wind tunnel which is constant along its length, a solution has been found for the axisymmetric boundary-value problem of subsonic flow around a thin body of revolution in perforated boundaries. The boundary condition connects the tangential component of the perturbed velocity and the component normal to the wall, and has a general form for the whole boundary. From the solution obtained, the optimum degree of perforation of the wall is found for which distortion of the pressure coefficient on the surface of the model is a minimum in comparison with the unbounded flow round the body. The questions of the induction of the walls of the working part of the wind tunnel, the formulation of the boundary condition, and the determination of the corrections to the aerodynamic characteristics of the model are considered in a number of studies [1–5]. Lately a promising method was been worked out for reducing the influence of the walls directly in the process of experiment by regulating the parameters of the gas near the boundary in such a way that they correspond to the parameters in flow round the same body by an unbounded flow [3, 5]. However, the design properties of many working tunnels do not permit this method to be applied. The induction of such tunnels as these can be reduced only by the choice of an optimum degree of perforation of the walls. In the articles [6–8] there is a study of the effect of perforated boundaries on the flow round a profile, the degree of perforation in [7] being assumed to be small.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 150–154, January–February, 1985.The author is grateful to V. M. Neiland for his constant attention to the study and for discussion of the results.     

Two-dimensional wall adaption in the transonic windtunnel of the AIA

To demonstrate the flow quality of the AIA transonic windtunnel, the flow around a supercritical airfoil is investigated in the adaptive wall test section. The mechanism of the wall adaption is described. The convergence of one adaption cycle is shown by means of the wall contours as well as the wing surface pressures. The shape and pressure distribution of the adapted wall is compared with results obtained in the ONERA T2 windtunnel in Toulouse. That tunnel is equipped with an adaptive wall test section of nearly the same geometry.     

Flow and heat/mass transfer in a wavy duct with various corrugation angles in two dimensional flow regimes

In this study, two dimensional heat/mass transfer characteristics and flow features were investigated in a rectangular wavy duct with various corrugation angles. The test duct had a width of 7.3 mm and a large aspect ratio of 7.3 to simulate two dimensional characteristics. The corrugation angles used were 100°, 115°, 130°, and 145°. Numerical analysis using the commercial code FLUENT, was used to analyze the flow features. In addition, the oil-lamp black method was used for flow visualization. Local heat/mass transfer coefficients on the corrugated walls were measured using a naphthalene sublimation technique. The Reynolds number, based on the duct hydraulic diameter, was varied from 700 to 5,000. The experimental results and numerical analysis showed interesting and detailed features in the wavy duct. Main flow impinged on upstream of a pressure wall, and the flow greatly enhanced heat/mass transfer. On a suction wall, however, flow separation and reattachment dominantly affected the heat/mass transfer characteristics on the wall. As the corrugation angle decreased (it means the duct has more sharp turn), the region of flow stagnation at the front part of the pressure wall became wider. Also, the position of flow reattachment on the suction wall moved upstream as the corrugation angle decreased. A high heat transfer rate appeared at the front part of the pressure wall due to main-flow impingement, and at the front part of the suction wall due to flow reattachment. The high heat/mass transfer region by the main-flow impingement and the circulation flow induced at a valley between the pressure and suction walls changed with the corrugation angle and the Reynolds number. As the corrugation angle decreased, the flow in the wavy duct changed to transition to turbulent flow earlier.     

风力机叶片翼型动态试验技术研究

风力机叶片动态振荡过程往往伴随着俯仰和横摆同时进行, 以前对许多动态问题不清楚的阶段, 工程上不惜以增加叶片重量为代价而采用偏安全的设计, 通常忽略横摆振荡的影响; 大型风力机设计对获取翼型更加全面、准确的动态载荷提出了更高要求, 研究横摆振荡对翼型动态气动特性的影响规律具有重要意义. 本文首次开展翼型横摆振荡动态风洞试验研究, 采用“电子凸轮”技术代替机械凸轮实现了振荡频率和振荡角度的无级变化, 基于设计的电子外触发装置实现了对动态流场的实时测量, 实现了风洞来流、模型角位移和动态压力数据的同步采集, 分别开展了翼型静态测压、俯仰/横摆动态测压、粒子图像测速和荧光丝线等试验研究, 试验结果准度较高、规律合理; 分析了动态试验洞壁干扰影响机制. 研究表明, 横摆振荡翼型的气动曲线也存在明显迟滞效应; 随着振荡频率升高, 翼型俯仰和横摆振荡下的气动迟滞性均增强; 翼型俯仰振荡正行程的动态失速涡破裂有所延迟; 洞壁与模型端部交界处的强三维效应对翼型压力分布影响较大; 建立的横摆振荡试验技术可为风力机动态掠效应的研究提供技术支撑.