Abel inversion using Legendre polynomials approximations

An improved Abel inversion method based on Legendre polynomials approximations is presented for reconstructing the original radial distribution of plasma emission coefficients from projected intensities. The method uses the technique of overlapping two near segments for obtaining an excellent approximation of the intensity distribution. The approximated function of the intensity profile is a combination of various shifted Legendre polynomials which in the Abel inverse equation can be integrated exactly to deduce the emission coefficient. It is shown, using simulated intensity data with and without noise inverted for a comparison with those obtained by other methods, that the method is more accurate and has a better property of noise resistance. It is well suited for applying to experimental intensities distorted by noise.     

Automatic refractive index profiling of fibers by phase analysis method using Fourier transform

Automatic fringe pattern analysis is a powerful and inexpensive digital image-processing technique. It is used to analyze the fringe pattern obtained by different optical techniques, such as multiple-beam Fizeau fringes. To perform accurate and fast automatic measurement of fiber refractive index profile, phase analysis method has been used with the Fourier transform technique. In this paper, the refractive index profiles of polyethylene fibers with different draw ratios are presented by two methods, fringe shift method and phase analysis method. A comparison between the results obtained is presented.     

INVERSE RADIATIVE ANALYSIS OF HIGH-RESOLUTION INFRARED EMISSION DATA FOR TEMPERATURE AND SPECIES PROFILES RECOVERIES IN AXISYMMETRIC SEMI-TRANSPARENT MEDIA

The paper deals with the temperature and species concentration profile recoveries in semi-transparent media by means of inverse radiative methods using high-resolution emission spectroscopy data in order to study the basis of remote metrology of flames. One considers an axisymmetric one-dimensional absorbing–emitting object, the spectral intensities data of which stem from projections obtained by scanning a given cross section in a given line of sight. The inverse method uses a two-line ratio technique whose lines originated from the same lower and upper vibrational states. The study is specialized for carbon monoxide gas traces. The microscopic expressions of the absorption coefficient for the ro-vibrational lines is defined in terms of local species and temperature distributions including line profile with temperature-dependent half-width. The domains of validity of the mathematical assumptions necessary to render the inversion process feasible are discussed. The inversion technique proceeds either by means of a generalized Abel transform or by means of the conjugate-gradient method associated to the integral operator and its adjoint.     

大气感耦射流等离子体加工中的电子温度及激发光谱研究

大气感耦射流等离子体加工作为新型超光滑表面加工技术,其高密度等离子体激发能力为充分激发反应气体,提高材料去除率提供了有力条件。利用发射光谱仪,对加工过程中大气感耦射流等离子体激发的400~1 000 nm范围内的光谱进行了测量。并利用峰值明显,能级差较大的谱线计算电子温度。由于测量的谱线强度是等离子体发射系数沿弧长方向的积分值,且感耦射流等离子体具有回转对称性,因此可利用阿贝尔变换求取光谱发射系数,进而通过玻尔兹曼图谱法计算电子温度。计算结果表明由于趋肤效应和旋流进气的双重作用,处于加工区域的温度分布呈现出双峰形;随着距离增大,双峰效应逐渐减弱,温度分布趋于平滑。研究也表明随着加工距离的增大,等离子体边缘逐渐偏离局部热力学平衡状态,玻尔兹曼图谱法计算电子温度的适用性降低,导致等离子体边缘的温度拟合优度值逐渐降低。进一步对通入反应气体CF₄后的等离子体光谱进行了研究,通入反应气体后的等离子体呈现鲜亮的蓝绿色,是由于激发反应气体后产生的位于400~650 nm范围的带状光谱所致,分析表明谱图中的带状光谱为双原子分子C₂谱带Swan Bands,而该双原子分子是感耦氩等离子体对碳源CF₄的充分激发产生。     

A full-field method for measuring residual stresses in optical fiber

A method for measuring the axial residual stress profile in axisymmetric optical fibers is presented. The procedure is based on integrated photoelasticity and a fringe shifting technique is used to measure the optical retardation. The radial distribution of the axial residual stress is reconstructed using the inverse Abel transform. The paper describes the operating principle, the experimental setup and the results obtained on a multimode fiber are also reported. The influence of the measurement errors is finally discussed.     

Correction of temperature influence on the wind retrieval from a mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar

A mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar based on double-edge technique is implemented for simultaneously observing wind and temperature at heights of 15 km-60 km away from ground.Before the inversion of the Doppler shift due to wind,the Rayleigh response function should be calculated,which is a convolution of the laser spectrum,Rayleigh backscattering function,and the transmission function of the Fabry-Perot interferometer used as the frequency discriminator in the lidar.An analysis of the influence of the temperature on the accuracy of the Une-of-sight winds shows that real-time temperature profiles are needed because the bandwidth of the Rayleigh backscattering function is temperature-dependent.An integration method is employed in the inversion of the temperature,where the convergence of this method and the high signal-to-noise ratio below 60 km ensure the accuracy and precision of the temperature profiles inverted.Then,real-time and on-site temperature profiles are applied to correct the wind instead of using temperature profiles from a numerical prediction system or atmosphere model.The corrected wind profiles show satisfactory agreement with the wind profiles acquired from radiosondes,proving the reliability of the method.     

Thermophoresis of DNA determined by microfluidic fluorescence

We describe a microfluidic all-optical technique to measure the thermophoresis of molecules. Within micrometer-thick chambers, we heat aqueous solutions with a micrometer-sized focus of infrared light. The temperature increase of about 1 K is monitored with temperature-sensitive fluorescent dyes. We test the approach in measuring the thermophoresis of DNA. We image the concentration of DNA in a second fluorescence-color channel. DNA is depleted away from the heated spot. The profile of depletion is fitted by the thermophoretic theory to reveal the Soret coefficient. We evaluate the method with numerical 3D calculations of temperature profiles, drift, convection and thermophoretic depletion using finite element methods. The approach opens new ways to monitor thermophoresis at the single molecule level, near boundaries and in complex mixtures. The flexible microfluidic setting is a good step towards microfluidic applications of thermophoresis in biotechnology.     

Digital speckle interferometry for assessment of surface roughness

In this work, the principle of interferometry is used to assess the surface roughness of the machined surfaces. Interferometry produces an interference fringe pattern when two or more light waves interact with each other. It is one of the important tool for precision optical metrology and testing. Well-known advantages of the phase shifting interferometry include high measurement accuracy, rapid measurement, good result even with low contrast fringes and that the polarity of the wave front can be determined. In fringe projection techniques, a known optical fringe pattern is projected onto the surface of interest. The fringe pattern on the surface is perturbed in accordance with the profile of the test surface, thereby enabling direct derivation of surface profile.In this work, an attempt has been made to assess the surface roughness using a speckle fringe analysis method of five frame phase shift algorithm for machined surface (ground surface). As these fringes are too noisy, advanced filtering technique has been used so as to reduce noise and to get improved wrapped phase map from the phase shifted fringes. A phase unwrapping software has been developed using discrete cosine transform (DCT) to generate the three-dimensional (3-D) profiles. Finally, it is compared with R_a values measured using a mechanical stylus instrument, showing good agreement.     

基于Stark展宽的TIG焊接电弧三维电子密度测量研究

焊接电弧三维电子密度的测量对于焊接质量控制具有重要意义,通过光谱仪采集电弧弦方向特征谱线轮廓,利用多项式拟合对径向采集数据进行降噪及平滑处理,通过Abel逆变换法重新构建径向光谱发射系数谱线轮廓,采用傅里叶变换从重建光谱轮廓中分离出Lorentz线形,获得Stark展宽,最终计算了TIG焊电弧等离子体电子密度的三维空间分布。     

GPS/LEO掩星正则变换反演方法

利用无线电全息方法, 如正则变换方法或全谱反演方法, 可以有效地解决大气多路径条件下GPS掩星信号的反演问题. 本文采用正则变换方法反演掩星资料, 模拟仿真反演结果显示正则变换方法可以准确地反演包含大气多路径效应的信号. 在模拟信号的相位中加入不同程度的高斯相位噪声后, 正则变换方法的反演结果会受到不同程度的影响. 用正则变换方法对2007年第71天至73天共约4500个COSMIC数据进行处理. 将其折射率反演结果和atmPrf资料 (利用全谱反演方法计算得到) 一起, 与对应的ECMWF 分析场资料进行统计比较, 结果表明: 在5 km以下, 正则变换方法计算的折射率的相对误差的平均值普遍大于atmPrf资料. 其原因可能为: 正则变换方法将信号从LEO轨迹后传播至辅助屏, 造成孔径缩小, 精度下降. 同时也讨论了信号截断对低对流层中反演精度和掩星个数的影响. 关键词： 无线电掩星 大气多路径 多相位屏技术 正则变换方法     

Quantitative shearography in axisymmetric gas temperature measurements

This paper describes the use of shearing interferometry (shearography) for the quantitative measurement of gas temperatures in axisymmetric systems in which vibration and shock are substantial, and measurement time is limited. The setup and principle of operation of the interferometer are described, as well as Fourier-transform-based fringe pattern analysis, Abel transform, and sensitivity of the phase lead to temperature calculation. A helium jet and a Bunsen burner flame are shown as verification of the diagnostic. The accuracy of the measured temperature profile is shown to be limited by the Abel transform and is critically dependent on the reference temperature used.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER INSTABILITIES IN TRANSIENT RESPONSE ALONG A COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGER

This article deals with experimental investigations to reveal the effect of combined natural and forced convection in a horizontal tubular countercurrent heat exchanger in both transient and steady states. In transient response, the temperature profiles of hot fluid in a cross section of the inner tube show the influence of buoyancy forces and radial conduction. These profiles are distorted in time and lead to the appearance of oscillating temperature along the inner tube of the heat exchanger. The transient Richardson dimensionless number is calculated to show these effects. Also, a spectral analysis using the discrete Fourier transform has been performed to characterize these temperature instabilities. Using this technique, the influence of flow rates of hot and cold fluids is investigated.     

非球对称电离层掩星数据反演

电离层掩星数据的传统反演方法是电离层球对称假设下的Abel变换反演方法,但是实际的电离层电子密度分布不是球对称的,电离层的非球对称分布给电离层电子密度反演带来误差.发展了一种新的非球对称电离层掩星反演方法,利用国际参考电离层模型提供的三维电离层电子密度分布先验信息来修正掩星总电子含量 ,再通过球对称假设下的Abel变换反演出电离层电子密度.利用新方法反演了星座气象、电离层和气候观察系统掩星实测数据,并将得到的反演结果与电离层探测器资料进行了比较.结果表明,新方法能够较好地反演出电离层电子密度. 关键词： 电离层掩星 电子密度 国际参考电离层模型     

Evaluation of absolute phase for 3D profile measurement using fringe projection

A new method of absolute phase evaluation for three-dimensional (3D) profile measurement using fringe projection is presented, which combines the gray code and the phase shift technique. Two kinds of fringe patterns are projected onto the object surface respectively, one is sinusoidal intensity distribution used for phase demodulation and the other is gray code fringe pattern for unwrapping. These images are acquired by camera and stored into computer. The absolute phase is obtained by analyzing these images. The validity of this method is verified experimentally. The method is superior to other phase unwrapping methods.     

Measurement of Convection and Temperature Profiles in Liquid Samples

This paper describes a method for measuring the rate of convective flow in a liquid sample used for high-resolution NMR. The measurement is straightforward and achieves a clean separation of convection from other effects such as diffusion and relaxation. Convection results from temperature gradients within the sample, and it is shown how these can be measured with the aid of a simple chemical shift imaging experiment of a sample whose spectrum shows a strong and well characterized temperature dependence. The use of these two methods is illustrated by showing how the rate of convection and the temperature profile depend on the solvent, temperature, and gas flow rate of the temperature regulating system. It is also shown that broadband (13)C decoupling results in significant temperature gradients and associated convection.     

偏心环形腔内冷水稳态自然对流的数值模拟

为了了解偏心环形腔内非Boussinesq流体自然对流换热的特有现象和规律,本文利用有限容积法对垂直偏心环形腔内的冷水自然对流进行了二维数值模拟,得到了半径比为1.5时不同密度倒置参数、偏心率和Rayleigh数下的流场和温度场,并对不同条件下的平均Nusselt数进行了比较和分析。结果表明:密度倒置参数对流型结构起着决定性的作用,偏心率和Rayleigh数对流场影响较小;相同条件下,当密度倒置参数在0.5附近时,平均Nusselt数最小。     

Experimental Investigation of Thermocapillary Convection in a Liquid Layer with Evaporating Interface

Thermocapillary convection coupling with the evaporation effect of evaporating liquids is studied experimentally. This study focused on an evaporation liquid layer in a rectangular cavity subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient when the top evaporating surface is open to air, while most previous works only studied pure thermocapillary convection without evaporation. Two liquids with different evaporating rates are used to study the coupling of evaporation and thermocapillary convection, and the interfacial temperature profiles for different temperature gradients are measured. The experimental results indicate evidently the influence of evaporation effect on the thermocapillary convection and interfacial temperature profiles. The steady multicellular flow and the oscillatory multicellular flow in the evaporation liquid layer are observed by using the particle-image-velocimetry method.     

Pulsed interfermetric holography of laser-produced air breakdown

Air breakdown at pressures of 300 and 753 torr was produced by a 28J, 40 ns FWHM neodymium glass laser focused with a 100 mm focal length lens. The breakdown region was observed by recording infinite fringe, interferometric, diffuse holograms with a single-mode ruby laser of 100 ns FWHM pulse length. The two lasers were synchronized to examine the time region from < 1–38 μs after initiation. Shock wave velocities of about Mach 2 were typical at these times and the shock front was virtually spherical. The R-t diagram was found to be in excellent agreement with the weak spherical blast wave theory of Sakurai. The radial density profile of the shock wave was determined by an Abel inversion of the fringe pattern. Both the R-t function and the density profile were calculated using a one-dimensional, hydrodynamic model and good agreement was obtained.     

Influence of radiative heat flux in nonlinear convection of quartic order in Casson fluid past a vertical permeable plate with variable suction and Hall current

The current study centralizes on unsteady free convection slip flow of Casson fluid past a vertical permeable plate with Hall current, radiative heat flux, and variable suction. The nonlinear convection is subjected to quartic order. Perturbation method is used to convert the non-linear coupled partial differential equation of the momentum and energy to a system of ordinary differential equations. The dimensionless governing equations are solved analytically for velocity and temperature profiles. The graphs are plotted for sundry parameters for variations in the distinct flow fields w.r.t distance from the plate. Variation in the skin friction for the axial and transverse cases are presented in the form of graphs for various parameters. It is observed that with the increase in the order of non-linear convection and value of radiation parameter, the velocity field increases in Casson fluid. The increase in heat absorption parameter and Prandtl number decreases the temperature profile and increase in radiative heat flux parameter increases the temperature profile.     

层流氩等离子体射流温度的测量

 采用给水冷管状静电探针施加负偏置电压、并使探针以一定速度垂直于射流轴线扫过层流氩等离子体射流的方法,测量探针所收集到的累积离子饱和电流随侧向位置的变化,利用Abel变换推导出了局部离子饱和电流密度沿射流径向的分布;采用自制的水冷动压探针,以动态扫描法测量了射流动压沿射流径向的分布;根据局部离子饱和电流密度和射流动压的测量数据,由理论关系式推导出了等离子体射流横截面上的温度分布,同时,采用谱线相对强度法测量了等离子体射流的激发温度。结果表明：两种方法得到的等离子体射流中心温度吻合较好,所得到的射流中心温度随弧电流加大而增大的变化趋势也一致。