Investigation of the rotational diffusion of the Rose Bengal fluorescent nanomarker in human serum albumin solutions

The polarized fluorescence of the Rose Bengal fluorescent nanomarker in HSA solutions was investigated and parameters of its rotational diffusion were calculated. The increase in the degree of fluorescence polarization, rotational relaxation time, and the effective hydrodynamic radius of Rose Bengal, as well as the decrease of the rotational diffusion coefficient in HSA solutions, were found. The effects of the electronegativity of atoms in the structure of the nanomarker on the parameters of its rotational diffusion were established based on comparison of Rose Bengal with other nanomarkers of the homologous family.     

Determination of the binding constants of nanomarkers of the fluorescein family to human serum albumin

Using three models, the constant of quenching of fluorescence of nanomarkers of the fluorescein family and the actual constants of its binding to human serum albumin (HSA) at different values of pH are determined. The presence of two mechanisms of binding of nanomarkers of the fluorescein family to HSA and anti-cooperativity are shown. The dependence of the constants of the quenching fluorescence of nanomarkers on pH was found: for fluorescein this was nonlinear, for its halogen derivatives (erythsosine, eosin, and Rose Bengal) it was monotonous and decreased with an increase of pH. It is shown that the electronegativity of the atoms in the structural formulas of nanomarkers of the fluorescein family influences the values of the constants of binding of nanomarkers to HSA.     

Molecular association processes and fluorescent characteristics of nanomarkers of the fluorescein family in solutions of bovine serum albumin

An analysis of the molecular association and fluorescent characteristics of nanomarkers of the fluorescein family, viz., fluorescein, erythrosine, eosine, and Rose Bengal, in BSA solutions was conducted. For all the markers a decreasing degree of molecular association was observed in the BSA solutions as compared with the solutions without protein. In the solutions with BSA, fluorescence quenching and red shifting of the fluorescence spectrum maximum occurred for the solutions with BAS compared with solutions without protein for the markers of the fluorescein family. The dependences of the degree of molecular association on pH differed for fluorescein and its halogen derivatives. The efficiency dependences of nanomarker binding with BSA on pH differed for fluorescein and its halogen derivatives.     

Spectroscopic investigation of binding of three fluorescent nanomarkers to bionanomolecules of human serum albumin in dependence on pH

The analysis of fluorescent characteristics and degree of molecular association of three fluorescent nanomarkers (eosin, erythrosin and fluorescein) in solutions of human serum albumin (HSA) at different pHs is made. The common features for all three nanomarkers under influence of bionanomolecules of HSA are the quenching of the fluorescence, the red shift of maximum of fluorescence and the decrease of degree of molecular association for every fixed value of pH. The differences in dependences of fluorescence and degree of molecular association on pH between fluorescein and its halogen – derivatives (eosin and erythrosin) are registered. It is established that the quenching of fluorescence by HSA is of compound statically–dynamical type. The electronegativity of lateral atoms in structural formulas of nanomarkers forms the basis of explanation of all features of experimental data in the system “fluorescent nanomarker – protein – buffer solution”.     

Complexation of insecticide chlorantraniliprole with human serum albumin: Biophysical aspects

Chlorantraniliprole is a novel insecticide belonging to the diamide class of selective ryanodine receptor agonists. A biophysical study on the binding interaction of a novel diamide insecticide, chlorantraniliprole, with staple in vivo transporter, human serum albumin (HSA) has been investigated utilizing a combination of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and molecular modeling methods. The interaction of chlorantraniliprole with HSA gives rise to fluorescence quenching through static mechanism, this corroborates the fluorescence lifetime outcomes that the ground state complex formation and the predominant forces in the HSA-chlorantraniliprole conjugate are van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds, as derived from thermodynamic analysis. The definite binding site of chlorantraniliprole in HSA has been identified from the denaturation of protein, competitive ligand binding, and molecular modeling, subdomain IIIA (Sudlow's site II) was designated to possess high-affinity binding site for chlorantraniliprole. Moreover, using synchronous fluorescence, CD, and three-dimensional fluorescence we testified some degree of HSA structure unfolding upon chlorantraniliprole binding.     

Study on the interaction between tabersonine and human serum albumin by optical spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods

The mechanism of interaction between tabersonine (TAB) and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by the methods of fluorescence spectroscopy, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and molecular modeling under simulative physiological conditions. Results obtained from analysis of fluorescence spectrum and fluorescence intensity indicated that TAB has a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA through a static quenching procedure. The binding site number n and apparent binding constant K_a, corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔG, ΔH and ΔS at different temperatures were calculated. The distance r between donor (human serum albumin) and acceptor (tabersonine) was obtained according to the Förster theory of non-radiation energy transfer. The effect of common ions on binding constant was also investigated. The synchronous fluorescence and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra were used to investigate the structural change of HSA molecules with addition of TAB. Furthermore, the study of molecular modeling indicated that TAB could bind to the site I of HSA and hydrophobic interaction was the major acting force, which was in agreement with the binding mode study.     

Transport of a Cancer Chemopreventive Polyphenol,Resveratrol: Interaction with Serum Albumin and Hemoglobin

Resveratrol is a natural phytoalexin with pharmacologic effects on several human diseases: carcinogenesis, coronary heart disease and neurodegenerative disease. Due to its poor water solubility, resveratrol must be bound to proteins to keep it at a high concentration in serum. In our work, the bindings of resveratrol to plasma proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) and hemoglobin (Hb), have been investigated systematically by fluorescence quenching technique, synchronous fluorescence, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and molecular modeling method. The fluorescence data show that the binding of resveratrol to HSA or Hb is a static quenching procedure and each protein has only one binding site for the drug. The binding constant of resveratrol to HSA is larger than that of resveratrol to Hb at corresponding temperature, which indicates that the affinity of HSA toward the drug is higher than that of Hb. The CD spectroscopy indicates that the secondary structures of the proteins are changed in the presence of resveratrol with the reduction of α-helices, which decreased about 18.75% for HSA and 9.43% for Hb at the drug to proteins molar ratio of 2. Thermodynamic analysis and molecular modeling suggest that hydrophobic interaction plays a major role in the binding of resveratrol to HSA, and hydrogen bonding is the mainly binding force in the binding of resveratrol to Hb. The study of molecular modeling shows that resveratrol is located in the hydrophobic cavity between subdomain IB and IIA of HSA (the entrance of site I), or located in the central cavity of Hb (partial to the subunit A).     

Fluorescence and absorption spectra of Rose-Bengal dye in the presence of surfactants

The fluorescence and absorption spectra of Rose Bengal dye in aqueous solution have been studied in the presence of various nonionic, anionic and cationic surfactants. With cationic and nonionic surfactants, shifts occur in the absorption and emission peaks of the dye solution, with a large enhancement in the absorption and fluorescence intensity at the shifted λ_max. No appreciable change in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dye has been observed on the addition of anionic surfactants.All the changes observed in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dye solution with surfactants may be attributed, to binding of the surfactant with dye molecules and the disaggregation of the dye multimer forms into the monomeric form.     

Characterization of the Binding of Metoprolol Tartrate and Guaifenesin Drugs to Human Serum Albumin and Human Hemoglobin Proteins by Fluorescence and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

The interactions of metoprolol tartrate (MPT) and guaifenesin (GF) drugs with human serum albumin (HSA) and human hemoglobin (HMG) proteins at pH?7.4 were studied by fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Drugs quenched the fluorescence spectra of HSA and HMG proteins through a static quenching mechanism. For each protein-drug system, the values of Stern-Volmer quenching constant, bimolecular quenching constant, binding constant and number of binding site on the protein molecules were determined at 288.15, 298.15, 310.15 and 318.15 K. It was found that the binding constants of HSA-MPT and HSA-GF systems were smaller than those of HMG-MPT and HMG-GF systems. For both drugs, the affinity of HMG was much higher than that of HSA. An increase in temperature caused a negative effect on the binding reactions. The number of binding site on blood proteins for MPT and GF drugs was approximately one. Thermodynamic parameters showed that MPT interacted with HSA through electrostatic attraction forces. However, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces were the main interaction forces in the formation of HSA-GF, HMG-MPT and HMG-GF complexes. The binding processes between protein and drug molecules were exothermic and spontaneous owing to negative ?H and ?G values, respectively. The values of binding distance between protein and drug molecules were calculated from Förster resonance energy transfer theory. It was found from CD analysis that the bindings of MPT and GF drugs to HSA and HMG proteins altered the secondary structure of HSA and HMG proteins.     

多光谱法和分子模拟技术研究氟罗沙星与人血清白蛋白的相互作用

氟罗沙星(FLRX) 是一种含氟喹诺酮类抗菌素,有关它对人血清白蛋白(HSA)的影响及作用机理,特别是对HSA二级结构的影响及内滤光(影响荧光数据的准确性)校正的研究报道较少。采用多光谱法和分子模拟技术探究了FLRX 与HSA的相互作用。荧光光谱结果表明,FLRX对HSA的猝灭是由于形成结合常数在105 L·mol-1水平上的1∶1 FLRX-HSA基态复合物引起的静态猝灭作用。由Van’t Hoff方程确定的FLRX与HSA结合过程中的ΔH=-107.99 kJ·mol-1和ΔS=-240.99 J·mol-1·K-1,表明FLRX与HSA之间的主要作用力是氢键和范德华力。同步荧光光谱、红外光谱和三维荧光光谱结果表明,静态猝灭过程所产生的中间复合物使HSA的构象发生改变。通过对HSA与FLRX作用前后红外光谱酰胺Ⅰ带进行傅里叶去卷积和分峰拟合,获得代表HSA二级结构的不同子峰,对各子峰进行二级结构归属,根据各子峰的积分面积计算出各二级结构的相对百分含量。结果表明：FLRX与HSA结合后,α-螺旋从51.5%减小到33.2%,β-折叠从30.3%减小到20.7%,β-转角从15.6%增加到33.6%。取代实验显示FLRX与HSA的结合位点在HSA的site Ⅰ(亚域ⅡA)。分子对接实验结果表明,FLRX可以通过氢键、疏水作用和范德华力等多种作用力很好的结合在亚域ⅡA的疏水腔中。实验获得的可信数据将有助于阐明FLRX与HSA的作用机制,也有助于理解FLRX在储运过程中对蛋白质功能的影响。     

Optical, Structural and Thermodynamic Studies of the Association of an Anti-leucamic Drug Imatinib Mesylate with Transport Protein

The interaction of an anti-leukemic drug, imatinib mesylate (IMT) with human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence, circular dichroism and UV–vis absorption techniques under physiological condition. The process of binding of IMT on HSA was observed to be through a spontaneous molecular interaction procedure. IMT effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA via static quenching. The values of binding constant, number of molecules that interact simultaneously with the binding site and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated by carrying out the interactions at three different temperatures. Based on thermodynamic parameters and displacement studies with site probes, it was proposed that the drug bound at Sudlow’s site I of subdomain IIA. The change in the conformation of HSA was evident from synchronous, three-dimensional fluorescence and circular dichroism studies. The distance between the donor (protein) and acceptor (drug) was calculated based on the Foster’s theory of resonance energy stransfer and it was found to be 1.30 nm. The effect of different metal ions on the binding of the drug to protein was also investigated.     

Separate and simultaneous binding effects of aspirin and amlodipine to human serum albumin based on fluorescence spectroscopic and molecular modeling characterizations: A mechanistic insight for determining usage drugs doses

The binding of aspirin (ASA) and amlodipine (AML) to human serum albumin (HSA) in aqueous solution was investigated by multiple techniques such as fluorescence quenching, resonance light scattering (RLS), three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR and zeta-potential measurements in an aqueous solution at pH=7.4. For the protein-ligand association reaction, fluorescence measurements can give important clues as to the binding of ligands to proteins, e.g., the binding mechanism, binding mode, binding constants, binding sites, etc. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that ASA and AML could quench the HSA fluorescence spectra, and this quenching effect became more significant when both ASA and AML coexisted. The results pointed at the interaction between HSA and both drugs as ternary systems decreasing the binding constant and binding stability of the HSA-drug complex as a binary system. Therefore, by reducing the amount of drugs transported to their targets, the free drug concentration of the target would be reduced, lowering the efficacy of the drugs. It was demonstrated that there exists antagonistic behavior between the two drugs when it comes to binding of HSA. Furthermore, the fluorescence results also showed that the quenching mechanism of HSA-drug complexes as binary and ternary systems is a static procedure. The number of binding sites of HSA-ASA, (HSA-AML)ASA, HSA-AML and (HSA-ASA) AML were 1.31, 0.92, 1 and 0.93, respectively. Due to the existence of the antagonistic action between ASA and AML, the binding distance r was reduced. The results of synchronous fluorescence and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra showed that the antagonistic action between ASA and AML would alter the micro-environment around Trp and Tyr residues. Moreover, the simultaneous presence of ASA and AML during binding to HSA should be taken into account in multidrug therapy, as it induces the necessity of a monitoring therapy owing to the possible increase of uncontrolled toxic effects. Molecular dynamic studies showed that the affinity of each of the drugs to HSA was reduced in the presence of significant amounts of the other. In the interaction of HSA with both drugs, the zeta potential of the ternary system is more negative than its binary counterpart. The zeta-potential results suggested induced conformational changes on HSA that confirmed the experimental and theoretical results.     

Structural analysis and binding domain of albumin complexes with natural dietary supplement humic acid

Humic acid, a natural ionic molecule, is rapidly being recognized as one of the crucial elements in our modern diets of the new century. A biophysical protocol utilizing circular dichroism (CD), steady state and time-resolved fluorescence for the investigation of the complexation of the humic acid to the staple in vivo transporter, human serum albumin (HSA), as a model for protein-humic substances, is proclaimed. The alterations of CD and three-dimensional fluorescence suggest that the polypeptide chain of HSA partially folded after complexation with humic acid. The data of fluorescence emission displayed that the binding of humic acid to HSA is the formation of HSA-humic acid complex with an association constant of 10⁴ M⁻¹; this corroborates the fluorescence lifetime measurements that the static mechanism was operated. The precise binding domain of humic acid in HSA has been verified from the denaturation of albumin, hydrophobic ANS displacement, and site-specific ligands; subdomain IIA (Sudlow's site I) was earmarked to possess high-affinity for humic acid. The observations are relevant for other albumin-humic substance systems when the ligands have analogous configuration with humic acid.     

头孢哌酮与人血清白蛋白相互作用机制

用光谱方法研究人血清白蛋白(HSA)与头孢哌酮 (CPZ)分子间结合作用机制,头孢哌酮与β-内酰胺酶的亲和力。由Lineweave-Burk双倒数作图法确定了该反应的解离常数(15 ℃)K_d=1.10×10-4,(37 ℃)K_d=0.85×10-4。依据Frster非辐射能量转移机制,得到给体-受体间的结合距离和能量转移效率;确定了头孢哌酮与人血清白蛋白以静电作用为主。认为头孢哌酮对β-内酰胺酶稳定性与药物结构有关;抗菌活性和抗生素效力与能量转移效率和解离常数有关。同步荧光技术考察头孢哌酮对人血清蛋白构象的影响。     

光谱法联合分子对接和等温滴定微量热法研究全氟壬酸与人血清白蛋白的相互作用

全氟壬酸(PFNA)是在血清中检测到第三多的全氟烷酸类(PFAAs)新型有毒环境污染物。目前PFNA对人血清白蛋白(HSA)结构甚至是功能的影响还处于起步阶段,借助于多光谱、分子对接和等温滴定微量热(ITC)技术研究了PFNA和HSA相互作用的结合机理。所有荧光数据均进行了内滤光校正以获得更准确的结合参数。荧光结果表明PFNA通过动静态猝灭方式可以猝灭HSA的内源荧光。取代实验和分子对接结果表明,PFNA主要通过极性键、疏水力和卤素键键合在HSA亚域ⅡA疏水腔中,最佳对接自由能为-26.54 kJ·mol-1,表明PFNA分子与HSA有较大的结合亲和力。ITC表明两者的结合属于两类结合位点模型并给出了相应的热力学参数：第一类结合位点有较大的亲和力,属于焓驱动,静电力和卤键作为主要驱动力;第二类结合位点亲和力较小,主要驱动力是疏水力。三维荧光光谱揭示PFNA与HSA生成复合物后,可以改变HSA的构象,引起Trp和Tyr残基微环境疏水性增强。圆二色谱(CD)定量测定了HSA与PFNA作用前后的二级结构含量：α-螺旋、β-折叠和β-转角含量分别降低14.3%,5.3%和3.5%,无规卷曲含量从14.4%增加到37.5%。以上结果表明,PFNA与HSA的结合可以改变HSA的二级结构,进而可能影响HSA的生理功能。结果阐述了PFNA与HSA相互作用机理,并且为PFNA在体内的运输和分配提供了可靠的生物物理和生物化学的相关依据。     

利用光谱法和分子对接技术研究4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚与人血清白蛋白之间的相互作用

4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚是一种被广泛应用的食品添加剂,但它也具有一定的毒性,为了探究4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚对人体的影响,将多种光谱技术与分子模拟等技术结合起来对4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚与人血清白蛋白Human Serum Albumin(HSA)之间的相互作用进行了较全面的研究。紫外吸收光谱的结果说明,4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚与人血清白蛋白之间形成了新的复合物。荧光光谱的结果说明了4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚的存在,可以增加人血清白蛋白的荧光强度。通过15 nm的同步荧光光谱同时结合荧光增强效应方程可以计算出4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚与人血清白蛋白之间的结合常数,且它们之间的结合常数随着温度的升高而减小。热力学参数表明,4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚主要靠氢键和疏水作用力与人血清白蛋白结合在一起。同步荧光光谱、三维荧光光谱和圆二色光谱的结果说明人血清白蛋白的构象会随着4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚的作用而发生一定的变化。分子对接得到结果说明4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚键合在人血清白蛋白的IB区域。     

光谱法和分子对接模拟技术研究异烟肼对人血清白蛋白和过氧化氢酶的特异性结合及抑制作用

异烟肼(Isoniazid, INH)是最常用的一线抗结核药物之一。据报道,人体内高浓度的异烟肼可导致癫痫, 肝功能衰竭, 甚至死亡。因此,研究异烟肼对人血清白蛋白(HSA)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的结构和活性的潜在结合影响有利于评估其毒性和副作用。在模拟生理条件下,利用多种荧光光谱和分子对接技术研究INH与HSA和CAT之间的相互作用。所有荧光数据均进行了内滤光校正以获得更准确的结合参数。结果表明,INH-HSA和INH-CAT体系的猝灭常数(K_sv)随着温度的升高而降低,表明INH对HSA及CAT的荧光猝灭机理为静态猝灭。利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、同步荧光光谱、和圆二色(CD)光谱法研究了INH对HSA和CAT构象的影响。结果发现,INH可改变色氨酸残基的微环境并降低HSA和CAT中α-螺旋结构,导致蛋白质结构发生伸展,进而可能影响其生理功能。分子对接结果表明,INH与HSA的结合位点位于HSA的site Ⅰ,ⅡA子域。INH可以进入CAT中β-折叠的桶状空腔,从而抑制CAT的活性。Hill系数结果表明,INH与左氧氟沙星(LVFX,一种安全有效的二线抗结核药物,与其他抗结核药物联合使用可以提高抗结核疗效)之间存在药物协同性,促进INH与HSA的相互作用。另外,CD光谱测定表明INH与LVFX的协同作用改变HSA的二级结构,使α-螺旋结构降低约7.9%。该研究探讨了INH与HSA和CAT之间的结合作用和毒性机制,为INH的安全使用提供重要依据。     

光谱法和分子对接方法研究罗利环素与人血清白蛋白的相互作用

在模拟人体生理条件下,应用多光谱法和分子对接技术对罗利环素(RTC)与人血清白蛋白(HSA)的相互作用进行了研究。实验通过消除内滤光来提高荧光数据的准确性。此外,荧光光谱和紫外光谱的结果表明RTC与HSA的猝灭方式是静态猝灭,且在298和310 K温度下的结合位点数分别为1.09和0.95。在两个不同温度下的结合常数分别为K_{298 K}=3.13×105 L·mol-1和K_{310 K}=0.70×105 L·mol-1。根据热力学参数的计算结果可知,RTC与HSA的结合作用力主要是氢键和范德华力。取代实验表明,RTC在HSA的Site Ⅰ,ⅡA子域上有一个结合位点。根据非辐射能量转移理论得到的RTC和HSA氨基酸残基间的结合距离为2.59 nm。三维荧光光谱表明RTC和HSA的相互作用改变了蛋白质的构象。此外,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法对RTC与HSA作用前后HSA二级结构的变化进行了定量分析,结果表明,α-螺旋结构含量降低了8.4%,β-折叠含量从30.3%增加到31.4%,β-转角也从15.6%增加到了16.1%。分子对接进一步显示RTC通过氢键、疏水作用力、极性键等多种作用力与HSA的ⅡA子域上氨基酸残基相互作用。实验结果有助于从分子水平研究RTC和HSA的相互作用。     

Determining the binding affinity and binding site of bensulfuron-methyl to human serum albumin by quenching of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence

Bensulfuron-methyl (BM) is a highly active sulfonylurea herbicide for use on paddy rice. Steady state fluorescence, UV/vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD), time-resolved fluorescence and molecular modeling methods have been exploited to determine the binding affinity and binding site of BM to human serum albumin (HSA). From the synchronous fluorescence, UV/vis, CD and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra, it was evident that the interaction between BM and HSA induced a conformational change in the protein. Steady state and time-resolved fluorescence data illustrates that the fluorescence quenching of HSA by BM was the formation of HSA-BM complex at 1:1 molar ratio. Site marker competitive experiments demonstrated that the binding of BM to HSA primarily took place in subdomain IIIA (Sudlow’s site II), this corroborates the hydrophobic probe ANS displacement and molecular modeling results. Thermodynamic analysis displays hydrophobic, electrostatic and hydrogen bonds interactions are the major acting forces in stabilizing the HSA-BM complex.     

蒜氨酸与牛及人血清白蛋白的相互作用

运用荧光光谱和同步荧光光谱法,研究在pH 7.40的Tris-HCI缓冲体系下,蒜氨酸与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和人血清白蛋白(HSA)的相互作用。采用荧光分光光度计,以280 nm为激发波长,扫描300～500 nm范围的荧光发射光谱;分别设置波长差Δλ=15 nm和Δλ=60 nm扫描同步荧光光谱图;用Stem-Volmer和Lineweaver-Burk方程及热力学方程处理数据。荧光光谱法结果表明蒜氨酸能猝灭BSA及HAS的荧光;得到蒜氨酸与BSA反应的结合常数在298和310 K时分别9.81×102和6.15×102 L·mol-1;与HSA反应的结合常数在298和310 K时分别2.21×102和6.84×102 L·mol-1;蒜氨酸与两种蛋白的反应均为自发进行;与BSA的作用力为静电作用而与HSA的作用为疏水作用力;同步荧光光谱表明,蒜氨酸与BSA作用过程中主要影响酪氨酸残基,对HSA中的两种氨基酸残基均有影响。实验结果为研究蒜氨酸与生物小分子物质相互作用的机制提供了一定的理论依据。