磁性碳纳米管表面多金属离子印迹聚合物制备及应用

以磁性碳纳米管为载体,Co~(2+)、Cu~(2+)及Cd~(2+)等多种金属离子为模板和多巴胺为功能单体,研制一种对多种重金属离子具有高选择性吸附性能的磁性离子印迹聚合物(MIIPs)。采用红外光谱仪、透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和振动样品磁强计等技术手段对MIIPs进行了表征。采用原子吸收光谱详细研究了MIIPs的吸附性能,结果表明,MIIPs不仅具有优异的磁性能,而且对Cu~(2+)、Co~(2+)及Cd~(2+)具有快速、高效的选择识别能力,最大吸附量分别为46.08、36.35和30.65 mg/g。结合磁固相萃取和原子吸收光谱,MIIPs成功用于淤泥中Cu~(2+)、Co~(2+)及Cd~(2+)的同时分离富集,富集因子分别为18.6、13.4以及10.9。     

聚乙烯亚胺印迹树脂对水中Cu2+的吸附研究

研究利用离子印迹技术,以离子交换树脂为支撑体,Cu~(2+)为模版离子,聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为改性剂,环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,成功制得Cu~(2+)印迹树脂,并应用于水中Cu~(2+)的吸附。在吸附溶液pH值为5.5,温度为25℃时,印迹树脂对Cu~(2+)的吸附量达85.7mg·g~(-1),表现出对Cu~(2+)较好的吸附性能。印迹树脂对Cu~(2+)的吸附符合Lagergren准2级动力模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型,说明吸附主要以化学吸附为主,且吸附过程仅发生在表层,为单分子层吸附行为。当Cu~(2+)分别与Zn~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)共存时,印迹树脂能够选择性吸附Cu~(2+),其中吸附80min后Cu/Zn高达2.31。对印迹树脂经过4次洗脱后吸附容量不再降低,表明其良好的化学稳定性和吸附性。     

Cu~(2+)负载疏松多孔型羟胺改性聚丙烯腈对As(V)的吸附性能

采用高内相比乳液模板法合成出疏松多孔型聚丙烯腈(PAN),对其进行羟胺改性后再与Cu~(2+)配位,得到Cu~(2+)负载疏松多孔型羟胺改性聚丙烯腈(AO-PAN/Cu~(2+))。对所合成的AO-PAN/Cu~(2+)吸附剂进行了红外光谱、扫描电镜、热重分析等表征,并研究了其对As(V)的吸附性能。该吸附剂对As(V)的最大吸附量为0.22mg/g,吸附过程符合拟二级动力学方程。在竞争离子存在下,AO-PAN/Cu~(2+)对As(V)具有较高的吸附选择性。固定床实验结果表明,AO-PAN/Cu~(2+)对含量为400μg/L的含砷模拟废水中的As(V)具有良好的分离性能,穿透体积达到110BV。     

大孔型腐植酸树脂的合成及其对重金属离子的螯合性

交联的聚苯乙烯(PS)通过偶氮键—N=N—或酯、醚键与腐植酸(HA)相连接枝得珠状大孔型腐植酸树脂(HAR)。当HA/PSNH_2的重量比为0.7—1.0,PSN_2~+Cl~-偶联PH13时制得的偶氮型腐植酸树脂(AHAR)对重金属离子有优良的吸附性。延长PSCH_2Cl与HA的反应时间可提高酯醚型腐植酸树脂(EHAR)对Cu~(2+)的吸附量。红外光谱探讨了HAR的结构。AHAR的吸附容量为1.01mmol~(2+)Cd/g树脂,对Ni~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Co~(3+)、Zn~(2+)为0.6—0.53mmol离子/g树脂。重金属离子在AHAR上的分配系数为 Cu~(2+)(8.7×10~3)>Cd~(2+)(3.8×10~2)>Zn~(2+)(2.4×10~2)>Ni~(2+)(1.8×10~2)>Mn~(2+)(4.9×10)。 pH6.5时AHAR能定量吸附Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Mn~(2+),并能用INHNO_3定量洗脱。AHAR可再生,重复使用,分析了四种天然水、自来水中痕量上述金属离子的浓度。     

聚乙烯亚胺-磁性羧甲基纤维素复合物对铜离子和镉离子的吸附

制备了聚乙烯亚胺修饰的磁性羧甲基纤维素纳米复合材料(PEI-MCMC),对其结构进行了表征分析,探究了该材料在不同p H和时间、不同离子浓度下对铜离子(Cu~(2+))和镉离子(Cd~(2+))的吸附量。结果表明,PEI-CMC对Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附过程均符合拟二级动力学模型,为化学吸附的过程。该材料在pH 5～6条件下,Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)分别在10和25 min时达到吸附平衡,平衡时的理论吸附量分别为32.24和83.33 mg/g。该吸附材料对Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附速度快,适用条件广,便于分离,为含Cu、Cd的废液处理提供了一定的参考。     

磁性壳聚糖复合微球的制备及其Cu~(2+)吸附性能

以球磨后的粉煤灰磁珠(MS)颗粒为磁核,通过溶胶凝胶法和反相微乳液法依次包覆SiO_2和壳聚糖(CS),制备了MS@SiO_2@CS磁性微球。利用扫描电镜及能量色散谱仪、热重分析仪、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、振动样品磁强计对所得样品的结构和磁性进行了系统表征。结果表明,磁珠颗粒表面实现了逐层包覆,较均匀的分散于壳聚糖基体中,MS@SiO_2@CS微球的比饱和磁化强度可达7.04 emu·g~(-1)。Cu~(2+)离子吸附实验表明,所得磁性壳聚糖微球对Cu~(2+)具有良好的吸附能力,最大吸附量可达11.08 mg·g~(-1);而且可通过磁选法高效固液分离。吸附动力学研究表明,MS@SiO_2@CS微球对Cu~(2+)离子的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主。     

Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)在磁性高岭土上的吸附动力学和热力学研究

通过Cu~(2+)或Ni~(2+)单一体系和竞争体系的吸附实验,研究了Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)在磁性高岭土上的竞争吸附动力学和热力学。实验结果表明,二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程能较好地拟合Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)在磁性高岭土上的单一吸附和竞争吸附,吸附过程主要由化学吸附控制,吸附颗粒内扩散过程是该吸附速率的控制步骤,但不是唯一的速率控制步骤,吸附速率同时还受颗粒外扩散过程(如表面吸附和液膜扩散)的控制。Langmuir吸附等温方程能更好地拟合磁性高岭土对Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)的吸附,在单一体系和竞争体系中,磁性高岭土对Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)的吸附都是优惠吸附;在竞争体系中,磁性高岭土对Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)的吸附量均有所减弱,但Ni~(2+)的吸附量下降更明显,且对Cu~(2+)的吸附能力大于Ni~(2+)。热力学参数表明,Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)在磁性高岭土上的竞争吸附是自发、吸热和熵值增加过程,有竞争离子存在时会影响吸附热力学特性。     

笼形聚肟偕氨羧树脂的离子交换特性

本文叙述了笼形聚肟偕亚氨二乙酸钠与二价金属离子的交换反应。实验结果表明,树脂对重金属离子有良好的选择性。Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)离子的交换效率分别是95、90、85％;但对碱土金属离子的交换能力较低。交换容量顺序和EDTA-Me(Ⅱ)络合物的稳定常数顺序基本相同。笼形聚肟偕亚氨二乙酸钠和Pb~(2+)离子的交换反应服从经验方程。交换速度的观测结果认为交换反应主要是在相邻的两个亚氨二乙酸基之间进行。     

吡啶酮改性纤维素吸附剂对金属离子的吸附性能

经过两步简单反应合成了一种新型吡啶酮功能化纤维素吸附剂。该吸附剂的结构和表面形貌分别通过红外光谱和扫描电镜进行了表征,研究了其作为吸附剂对重金属离子的吸附性能。结果表明,吡啶酮双酸改性后纤维素吸附剂的表面变粗糙、比表面积增大,该吸附剂对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Co~(2+)的最大吸附容量分别达到146.52mg/g、233.05mg/g、192.08mg/g、258.13mg/g;对金属离子的吸附行为符合拟二阶动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型;通过对吸附剂吸附金属离子前后的红外光谱研究,发现吡啶酮的酮羰基和羧酸基团同时参与了金属离子的吸附过程。     

新型多胺树脂选择性去除焦磷酸镀铜清洗废水中Cu~(2+)的特性

焦磷酸镀铜清洗废水中含有大量的络合态铜离子,本文对比研究了不同类型树脂对焦磷酸-铜络合体系中Cu~(2+)的去除性能,发现自合成多胺树脂PAMC在相关pH范围内对Cu~(2+)的吸附量远超商业离子交换树脂和螯合树脂32%～2个数量级。Cu~(2+)的等温线更符合Langmuir模型,焦磷酸根与Cu~(2+)的摩尔浓度比从4增大到25,Cu~(2+)的吸附量下降了27%。通过形态分析、动力学研究以及XPS表征分析发现,99%的Cu~(2+)是以Cu(P_2O_7)_2~(6-)和Cu(HP_2O_7)_2~(4-)形式存在,PAMC树脂对[Cu-P]络合物组分的吸附亲和力远高于自由态焦磷酸根离子,其主导机制可能为是络合态铜离子通过配位作用和静电作用分别与树脂表面的中性氨基和质子化氨基结合。实际废水动态吸附实验表明,在1BV/h的流速下,前80BV出水中Cu~(2+)浓度低于0.3mg/L,1BV 12%的硫酸和4BV水可完全再生树脂,再生液中Cu~(2+)最大浓度为22g/L。结果表明,PAMC树脂适用于焦磷酸镀铜清洗废水中Cu~(2+)的深度去除和资源回收。     

Kinetic parameters of urease immobilized on modified acrylonitrile copolymer membranes in the presence and absence of Cu(II) ions

Poly(acrylonitrile-methylmethacrylate-sodium vinylsulfonate) membranes were subjected to seven different chemical modifications and the amount of the newly formed groups was measured for each membrane. Urease was then covalently immobilized onto the modified membranes and the amount of bound protein was determined. The kinetic parameters V(max) and K(m) of the immobilized urease were studied under static and dynamic conditions. Results showed that the rate of the enzyme reaction was higher for the membranes modified with NH(2)OH . H(2)SO(4), NH(2)NH(2) . H(2)SO(4), NaOH + EDA and NaOH + GA + EDA. It was confirmed that the reaction rate, measured under dynamic conditions, was higher than that one determined under static conditions. The influence of Cu(II) ions, as inhibitors, on the enzyme reaction kinetics (V(i) and K(i)) was also investigated. It turned out that the most sensitive membranes towards Cu(II) were those modified with NH(2)NH(2) . H(2)SO(4), NaOH + EDA and H(2)O(2). The results initiated further investigations on the influence of other heavy metal ions (Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II)) over urease bound to a NH(2)OH . H(2)SO(4)-modified membrane. It was found that the inhibition effect of the heavy metal ions over immobilized urease decreases in the order: Cu(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II) > Pb(II). [Diagram: see text]     

醋酸纤维素膜固定化脲酶的研究

酶固定膜反应器兼具有反应和分离两种功能,是酶工程领域中较活跃的研究课题.随着酶固定化技术和水平的提高,各种固定化酶生物反应器不断涌现,其中以采用固定化脲酶技术制作的人工肾最为成功.     

Preparation and Properties of Urease Immobilized onto Glutaraldehyde Cross-linked Chitosan Beads

Urease was immobilized onto the glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan beads that were prepared under microwave irradiation. The activity and the yield of activity of immobilized urease was 10.83 U/g B and 47.7%, respectively. The conditions of urease immobilization were optimized. The properties of the immobilized urease were investigated and compared with that of the free enzyme.     

A New Metal-Chelated Cryogel for Reversible Immobilization of Urease

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) [poly(HEMA-GMA)] cryogel was synthesized by cryopolymerization technique at frozen temperature. Iminodiacetic acid (IDA) was then attached covalently to the cryogel as a chelating agent. Then, poly(HEMA-GMA)-IDA cryogel was chelated with Ni(II) ions and this novel metal affinity support was used for adsorption of urease from its aqueous solution. Urease adsorption experiments were carried out in a continuous system by using a peristaltic pump. Maximum urease adsorption onto poly(HEMA-GMA)-IDA-Ni(II) cryogel was found to be 11.30 mg/g cryogel at pH 5.0 acetate buffer and in 25 °C medium temperature. Urease adsorption capacity decreased with increasing ionic strength and increasing chromatographic flow rate. Adsorption kinetics of urease onto poly(HEMA-GMA)-IDA-Ni(II) cryogel was also investigated and it was found that Langmuir adsorption model is applicable for this adsorption study. This novel immobilized metal affinity chromatography support was used 10 times without any decrease at their adsorption capacity. It was also observed that urease enzyme was repeatedly adsorbed and desorbed without significant lost in enzymatic activity.     

Ab initio study on adsorption of hydrated Na+ and Cu+ cations on the Cu(111) surface

The interactions of Na+ and Cu+ cations with a Cu(111) surface in the presence and absence of water molecules were investigated using cluster models and ab initio methods. Adsorption in aqueous solution was modeled with one to five water molecules around the adsorbing cation. The Cu surface was described with Cu10 and Cu18 cluster models and the computational method was MP2/RECP/6-31+G. The effect of the basis set superposition error (BSSE) was taken into account with counterpoise (CP) correction, and the accuracy of HF-level results was examined. The interactions between Na+ and the Cu surface were found to be primarily electrostatic, and the energy differences among the different adsorption sites were small. The largest CP-corrected MP2 adsorption energy for the Cu18 cluster was -188 kJ/mol. When water molecules were added around it, Na+ receded from the Cu surface and finally was surrounded totally by the water molecules. The interactions between Cu+ and the Cu surface were dominated by orbital interactions, and Cu+ preferred to adsorb on sites where it could bind to more than one surface atom. The largest CP-corrected MP2 adsorption energy for the Cu18 cluster was -447 kJ/mol. Adding water molecules around it did not cause Cu+ to draw away from the surface, but instead the water molecules began to form hydrogen bonds with one another. The magnitude of BSSE was substantial in most cases. CP corrections did not, however, have a significant impact on the relative trends among the interaction energies.     

Acrylamide grafted poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers activated by glutaraldehyde as support for urease

Urease was covalently immobilized on acrylamide-grafted poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers after glutaraldehyde activation. Ureasecontaining fibers showed a very high operational stability and reusability, with about 85% of the initial activity after 90 d. The thermostability of the bound urease was positively influenced, and a slight change in optimum temperature was observed after immobilization, when compared with the free enzyme. The pH optimum of both types of urease was found to be the same, but immobilized urease showed an increased stability in a broader range of pH. The kinetic studies exhibited a slightly higherK _m value for the bound enzyme, with a value of 4.50 mmol dm^-3, when compared with the free enzyme (2.82 mmol dm^-3), which demonstrated that the immobilization procedure did not cause an unfavorable conformation for the substrate-product formation and a hindered diffusion. The graft yield was also found effective on maximum activity of immobilized urease. Twenty-five percent of the acrylamide-grafted fibers exhibited the highest enzymatic activity together with the highest water uptake. Higher graft yields were not suitable for the immobilization of the enzyme molecules as a result of crosslinks formed between the poly(acrylamide) chains and glutaraldehyde.     

Immobilization of urease onto membranes of modified acrylonitrile copolymer

Urease was immobilized onto membranes prepared from acrylonitrile (AN) copolymer (powder) modified preliminarily with 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEM) and diacrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPSA). The results obtained were compared with those from commercial acrylonitrile copolymer membranes surface modified with DMAEM and AMPSA under the same conditions. The preliminary treatment was found to give higher amount of active groups and higher modification degree compared to surface modified acrylonitrile copolymer membranes. The modified membranes were used as carriers for immobilization of urease. The basic characteristics of the immobilized urease (amount of bound protein and relative activity) were studied. Temperature and pH optima and thermal stability of the immobilized urease were also studied. The membranes prepared from AN copolymer (powder) modified with AMPSA and DMAEM were used to manufacture diagnostic test-strips for analysis of urea in blood.     

采用微量热法研究重金属离子对脲酶催化水解反应的影响

利用微量热计Micro DSCⅢ对重金属离子影响脲酶催化水解反应的过程进行研究, 并探讨重金属离子联合抑制作用对脲酶催化反应的影响. 结果表明, 在25℃下, 重金属离子对脲酶水解反应热有影响, 在广泛浓度范围(0.1, 1, 10, 100和10³ mg/L)内, 这种影响不仅表现在抑制作用方面, 而且会促进其水解反应的进行, 如铜离子在100和1000 mg/L时抑制率分别为(0.49±0.20)%和(-11.93±1.34)%. 重金属离子浓度与抑制率具有显著或极显著的相关性, 抑制效果的顺序为砷离子>铅离子>镉离子>铜离子. 当重金属离子联合抑制时, 其抑制效果与抑制率较高的重金属离子的抑制作用接近.     

Amperometric Urea Biosensor Using Aminated Glassy Carbon Electrode Covered with Urease Immobilized Carbon Sheet,Based on the Electrode Oxidation of Carbamic Acid

A large oxidation current can be observed when ammonium carbamate aqueous solution is electrolyzed using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) at a potential exceeding 1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl and amino groups are introduced at the surface of the GCE. Aminated GCE exhibits the electrocatalytic activity of the oxidation of ammonium carbamate that is produced from urea as an intermediate product of urease reaction, and a distinct oxidation current is observed when the aminated GCE is used to oxidize the urea in the urease solution. A novel amperometric determination method to detect urea has been developed. This method is based on the electrooxidation of carbamic acid produced during urease reactions. Urease is immobilized to polymaleimidostyrene (PMS) coated on the insulated amorphous carbon sheet set on the aminated GCE surface. A good linear relationship is observed between urea concentration and the electrolytic current of the urease‐immobilized electrode in the concentration range from 0.5 mM to 21.0 mM. The proposed urea biosensor has an effective merit in that the interference resulting from ammonia and pH change caused by the urease reaction can be eliminated, differing from conventional urea biosensors.     

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) urease immobilized on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan beads and its analytical applications

Urease from pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) was covalently linked to crab shell chitosan beads using glutaraldehyde. The optimum immobilization (64% activity) was observed at 4°C, with a protein concentration of 0.24 mg/bead and 3% glutaraldehyde. The immobilized enzyme stored in 0.05 M Trisacetate buffer, pH 7.3, at 4°C had a t _1/2 of 110 d. There was practically no leaching of enzyme (<3%) from the immobilized beads in 30 d. The immobilized urease was used 10 times at an interval of 24 h between each use with 80% residual activity at the end of the period. The chitosan-immobilized urease showed a significantly higher Michaelis constant (8.3 mM) compared to that of the soluble urease (3.0 mM). Its apparent optimum pH also shifted from 7.3 to 8.5. Immobilized urease showed an optimal temperature of 77°C, compared with 47°C for the soluble urease. Time-dependent kinetics of the thermal denaturation of immobilized urease was studied and found to be monophasic in nature compared to biphasic in nature for soluble enzyme. This immobilized urease was used to analyze blood urea of some of the clinical samples from the clinical pathology laboratories. The results compared favorably with those obtained by the various chemical/biochemical methods employed in the clinical pathology laboratories. A column packed with immobilized urease beads was also prepared in a syringe for the regular and continuous monitoring of serum urea concentrations.