Analog Integrated Circuit for Motion Detection against Moving Background Based on the Insect Visual System

A network for displaying the velocity signal of a target edge which has larger velocity than the background was proposed and designed based on an insect visual system. In the insect visual system, the velocity signals generated by the background are inhibited by the signals generated by averaging the velocity signals from each cell and can only display the velocity signals of the target. The proposed network was constructed with simple analog circuits. The measured results of the test chip fabricated with the 1.2$mUm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process showed that the edge detection circuit inserted to the first stage of the proposed network can detect the edge position. It was apparent from the measured results of the test circuit constructed with discrete metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors that the proposed unit circuit constructing the network can generate the velocity signals by inputting the edge signals. The results with the simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) showed that the proposed network can only display the velocity signals of the target edges but not those of the background. Thus, it was clarified that the various motion directions of the target can be detected independent of the background by using the proposed network.     

Analog Integrated Circuit for Motion Detection of Approaching Object Based on the Insect Visual System

A network for detection of an approaching object was proposed and fabricated based on the transient response of a descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD) existing in the brain of locusts. The proposed network was constructed with simple analog circuits. The experimental results of a test chip fabricated with a 1.2 $mUm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process and the results with a simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) showed that the proposed network is able to detect the approach by generating a peak current just before collision; the peak current allows detection of the approaching velocity and direction without collision. The proposed network could be applied to two-dimensional arrays for three-dimensional motion detection.     

Analog Integrated Circuit for Motion Detection with Simple-Shape Recognition Based on Frog Vision System

We proposed in this research a novel two-dimensional network based on the frog visual system, with a motion detection function and a newly developed simple-shape recognition function, for use in object discrimination by integrated circuits. Specifically, the network mimics the signal processing of the small-field cell in a frog brain, consisting of the tectum and thalamus, which generates signals of the motion and simple shape of an object. The proposed network is constructed from simple analog complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits; a test chip of the proposed network was fabricated with a 1.2 μm CMOS process. Measurements on the chip clarified that the proposed network can generate signals of the moving direction, velocity, and simple shape, as well as perform information processing of the small-field cell. Results with the simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) showed that the analog circuits used in the network have low power consumption. Applications of the proposed network are expected to realize advanced vision chips with functions such as object discrimination and target tracking.     

Simple Analog Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Circuit for Generating Motion Signal

We proposed in this study a novel analog complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuit for generating a motion signal when an object moves, which is a simple structure. The proposed unit circuit was constructed using a previously proposed edge detection circuit and a novel proposed circuit for generating a motion signal which accepts an edge signal. The part for generating the motion signal was constructed using six metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors and one capacitor. Results obtained by the simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) and the measured results of a test circuit constructed with discrete MOS transistors and the test circuit fabricated with a 1.2 μm CMOS process showed that the proposed unit circuit can output pulsed current (motion signal) when an object moves on the circuit. It was clarified from the SPICE results that the two-dimensional network constructed with proposed unit circuits can output motion signals. The size of the novel unit circuit is expected to be about 110 × 110μm² obtained by the 1.2 μm CMOS process. It is possible to arrange 90 × 90 unit circuits on a chip which has an area of 1 × 1cm². The aperture ratio is expected to be about 21%, which is twice as large as that of the previously proposed circuit. An integrated circuit for image processing in real time can thus be realized by applying the two-dimensional network constructed with the proposed circuits.     

Analog Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Implementation of Approach Detection with Simple-Shape Recognition Based on Visual Systems of Lower Animals

We proposed an analog network for motion detection of an approaching object with simple-shape recognition based on the visual systems of lower animals. Locusts can detect an approaching object by performing a simple process in a descending contralateral motion detector (DCMD) existing in their brain, which senses the increase in size and expansion velocity of the image projected on a retina just before collision. The responses correspond to the approaching velocity and direction. Frogs can recognize a simple shape by performing a simple process in a tectum and thalamus existing in their brain based on retinal information; this is called the Ewert von Seelen model. The proposed network was constructed with simple analog metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) circuits. Simulation results with a simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) showed that the network was able to detect the approaching velocity and direction, and also recognized simple shapes such as a circle, square, triangle and rectangle.     

A Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Vision Chip for Edge and Motion Detection with a Function for Output Offset Cancellation

We have designed and fabricated a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) vision chip by modeling cells of the human retina as hardware that are involved in edge and motion detection. There are several fluctuation factors which affect the characteristics of metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) through the CMOS fabrication process and this effect appears as the output offset of the vision chip, which is composed of pixel arrays and readout circuits. The vision chip which detects edge and motion information from an input image is used for the input stage of other systems. Therefore, the output offset of the vision chip determines the efficiency of the entire system. In order to eliminate the offset at the output stage, we designed a vision chip utilizing the correlated double sampling (CDS) technique. The chip has been fabricated using a 0.6 m standard CMOS process. With reliable output characteristics, this chip can be used at the input stage for various applications. © 2005 The Optical Society of Japan     

Infrared moving object detection based on local saliency and sparse representation

The key issue of infrared object detection is to locate moving object in image sequence. In order to improve detection precision, an infrared object detection method based on local saliency and sparse representation is proposed in this paper. Motion information, such as velocity, acceleration components are added into the eigenvectors to build local saliency model. And the approximate position of the infrared target is located based on the local saliency. To accurately extract the infrared object, sparse representation is used to capture complete edge of the object. Experiments show that the proposed method can accurately detect infrared moving objects, and has good robustness to external disturbances and dynamic background.     

A Bio-Inspired 128 × 128 Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Vision Chip for Edge Detection with Signal Processing Circuit Separated from Photo-Sensing Circuit

In this paper, a vision chip for edge detection based on the structure of biological retina is introduced. The key advantage of retinal structure is speed of operation. However, bio-inspired vision chips have suffered from low resolution which is caused by their complex circuit structure. To sufficiently improve the resolution for real application, the circuits for analog processing were separated from circuits for image capturing. In addition, we compensated the low speed problem of operation which is caused by bottleneck of data transfer between photo-sensors and analog processing circuit by adding a reset decoder. The vision chip was fabricated using 0.35 μm 2-poly 4-metal complementary metal---oxide---semiconductor technology. Using the vision chip, we could obtain a contrast-enhanced image without any other cost-increase for fabrication of chips. Then, the edge image was easily achieved by thresholding the previous contrast-enhanced image.     

Signal Formation of Image-Edge Motion Based on Biological Retinal Networks and Implementation into an Analog Metal-Oxide-Silicon Circuit

A simplified model was proposed for the formation of edge signals and generation of motion signals of a target based on the information processing mechanisms of outer and inner retinas of a vertebrate. Analog metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) integrated circuits were designed based on the model. Simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) simulation results showed the performance of local adaptation over a wide dynamic range in the outer retinal circuit and generation of the velocity signal of a moving edge in the inner retinal circuit. Preliminary experimental results showed local adaptation in a given input range in the outer retinal circuit and the generation of motion pulsed signals in the inner retinal circuit.     

基于星图识别的空间目标检测算法研究

从恒星背景中检测出空间目标是空间目标天基光学测量相机所要解决的关键技术难题之一。提出了一种基于星图识别的空间目标检测算法,利用背景星图的平移、旋转、比例伸缩不变性,应用星图识别原理,根据识别恒星在不同帧图像中的坐标变化估计背景运动参数,进行探测图像序列的配准,然后在配准后的图像序列中检测出空间目标。通过仿真验证,该方法对于运动恒星背景中运动小目标的检测具有比较好的效果。     

A Network of Analog Metal Oxide Semiconductor Circuits for Motion Detection with Local Adaptation to a Background Image

Inspired by a mechanism of biological vision systems, a model and a network of analog metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) circuits are proposed which display an optical flow with local adaptation to the relative velocity of a background image. A function of displaying an optical flow successfully worked as a result of simulations using the simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE). A function of varying an optical flow at a certain instant by local adaptation was also demonstrated. The proposed network is suitable for the realization of a large-scale integrated circuit (LSI), which displays an optical flow with local adaptation to the local velocity of a background.     

Moving target detection approach based on spatio-temporal salient perception

The differences in texture and motion between man-made object and natural scene are the key features for human biological visual system to detect moving object in scenery. The paper proposed a moving target detection approach based on spatio-temporal perception, which is a crucial function of the visual attention mechanism. The spatial feature including edge, orientation, texture and contrast of the image are extracted, and then the corresponding spatial salient map are constructed by fusing the features through difference of Gaussian (DOG) function, which can suppress the common and enhance the difference of local region. Then, the global motion, local motion and relative motion between continuous images are extracted by means of pyramid multi-resolution, and the moving salient map is constructed after the motion difference between moving target and background is confirmed. Finally, the spatio-temporal salient map is constructed by fusing the spatial salient map and the moving salient map through competition strategy, and the moving target could be detected by searching the maximum in the spatio-temporal salient map. Some experiments are included and the results show that the method can accurately detect the moving target in complex background.     

Adaptive contour-based statistical background subtraction method for moving target detection in infrared video sequences

A robust contour-based statistical background subtraction method for detection of non-uniform thermal targets in infrared imagery is presented. The foremost step of the method comprises of generation of background frame using statistical information of an initial set of frames not containing any targets. The generated background frame is made adaptive by continuously updating the background using the motion information of the scene. The background subtraction method followed by a clutter rejection stage ensure the detection of foreground objects. The next step comprises of detection of contours and distinguishing the target boundaries from the noisy background. This is achieved by using the Canny edge detector that extracts the contours followed by a k-means clustering approach to differentiate the object contour from the background contours. The post processing step comprises of morphological edge linking approach to close any broken contours and finally flood fill is performed to generate the silhouettes of moving targets. This method is validated on infrared video data consisting of a variety of moving targets. Experimental results demonstrate a high detection rate with minimal false alarms establishing the robustness of the proposed method.     

水下目标激光探测系统中高速信号采集系统的设计

介绍了水下目标激光探测高速数据采集系统设计的技术难点,设计了一种基于高速CMOS模/数转换芯片和高性能StratixⅡFPGA高速数据采集芯片的水下激光信号实时采集与传输系统,信号采集速率可达1GHz。系统的适用性及可靠性在水下目标激光探测试验中得到了验证。     

1.06 μm相干激光雷达动目标多普勒信号探测

介绍了一套1.06 μm脉冲式相干激光雷达测速演示系统.采用单块非平面环形激光器作为种子,注入到单纵模运转的Q开关高重复频率Nd∶YAG激光器为发射源,实现稳定的单频输出.通过外差式相干探测的方法,利用转速0~60 Hz可调、直径为10 cm的转盘为运动目标,回波信号被带宽为3.5 GHz的高速光电探测器响应后,经采样率为2.5 GS/s的A/D采样,输送到基于LabVIEW信号处理系统中,从而测量不同转速下的多普勒频移,各测速点的多普勒频移测量结果相对误差在3%以内.针对测量中存在的误差从激光器输出线宽和测速系统准确度两方面进行了误差分析,并提出了改进措施.演示系统的良好重复性证实了这种相干激光雷达系统的可行性.     

基于数学形态学的弱点状运动目标的检测

提出了一种新的基于数学形态学的红外图像序列中弱点状运动目标的非参数检测算法。采用数学形态学抑制背景杂波干扰和增强目标,用沿时间轴投影和二维空域搜索代替复杂的时空三维搜索形成组合帧,然后在每条可能的轨迹上将进行目标能量累加,实现了一种快速检测前跟踪(TBD)检测算法。仿真实验表明:在恒虚警概率条件下,该检测算法能高效地检测信噪比约为2的弱点状运动目标,检测性能对噪声分布不敏感,能精确地得到目标的即时位置和速度信息,适合于实时图像处理和目标探测,具有很高的实用价值。     

The effect of body bias of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor in the resistive network on spatial current distribution in a bio-inspired complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor vision chip

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) vision chips for edge detection based on a resistive circuit have recently been developed. These chips help in the creation of neuromorphic systems of a compact size, high speed of operation, and low power dissipation. The output of the vision chip depends predominantly upon the electrical characteristics of the resistive network which consists of a resistive circuit. In this paper, the body effect of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor for current distribution in a resistive circuit is discussed with a simple model. In order to evaluate the model, two 160 × 120 CMOS vision chips have been fabricated using a standard CMOS technology. The experimental results nicely match our prediction.     

Simple analog edge detection circuit based on vertebrate retina

Novel analog edge detection circuits were proposed and fabricated based on the vertebrate retina. The proposed unit circuit is constructed with one photodiode and about eight n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors. The results with the simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) showed that the one- and two-dimensional array of proposed circuits can detect edge positions with a dynamic range of about 5 decades. The test circuit was fabricated on the breadboard using discrete MOS transistors. The measured results of the test circuit showed that the proposed circuit can detect edge positions. Under the condition that the photodiode used as the input part of the proposed unit circuit is 4,275 μm², the fill factor of the novel circuit is expected to be about 51.7%. The advanced integrated circuit for edge detection which is characterized by a high fill factor, wide dynamic range and low power consumption can be realized by applying the proposed circuit.     

基于序列图像的运动目标检测

针对动态环境下运动目标检测中噪声多、目标检测不完整等情况,提出了一种基于金字塔多分辨率模型的运动目标检测方法,在低分辨率下获取目标的区域,在高分辨率下获取目标的细节。对于复杂的环境,还提出了运用高低双阈值替代传统的单阈值进行图像差分运算的方案,阈值可以根据图像自动分析得到。该方法首先将当前帧和背景帧进行尺度变换,得到不同分辨率下的图像组,然后在不同尺度下得到高低阈值差分图像,最后从高层向低层进行有效融合,得到噪声少的完整目标图像。实验表明,该方法提取运动目标的精度比较高,单目标达到0.802,多目标达到0.615,尤其是在复杂的动态环境下,优势比较明显。     

红外序列图像弱小动目标检测的研究

针对云天背景下的红外运动弱小目标,提出了一种融合检测的方法。根据视觉的固视微动特性进行单帧图像的目标增强,利用帧差分方法检测多帧图像的动目标,最后将这两种处理结果进行基于调制的融合,并经过图像分割,从而达到动目标检测的目的。仿真结果表明该检测方法能够有效地实现复杂背景下的弱小动目标检测。