热载荷作用下功能梯度材料梁的热粘弹性弯曲

由记忆型非均匀热粘弹性材料的积分型本构关系出发,在时空可分离松弛函数假设和平截面几何假设下,通过引进"结构热函数",建立了FGM梁热粘弹性弯曲问题的数学模型及其简化Gurtin型变分原理.在热弹性参数沿厚度方向呈幂律形式变化和热粘弹性松弛函数空域部分沿厚度方向呈指数形式变化的情况下,借助Ritz解和解析解,研究了热载荷作用下材料组分对热弹性/热粘弹性挠度响应和应力分布的影响,发现了热应力反向分布现象.     

On the validity of planar, thick curved beam models derived with respect to centroidal and neutral axes

Most dynamic analyses of planar curved beams found in the literature are carried out based on a curved beam model which assumes that the neutral axis coincides with the centroidal axis of the curved beam. This assumption leads to governing equations of motion which are relatively simple with analysis results that have acceptable accuracy for shallow curved beams. However, when a curved beam is not shallow and/or its cross section is not doubly symmetric, the offset distance between the neutral and centroidal axes may be large enough to influence the in-plane dynamics of the curved beam even for small motion. In this paper, the validity of this underlying assumption for modeling a linear curved beam is examined. To this end, two sets of equations of motion governing the in-plane dynamics of a planar curved beam are derived, in a consistent manner for comparison, based on the linear strain-displacement relations and Hamilton’s principle. The first set of equations is derived from the displacement components measured with reference to the neutral axis of the curved beam while the second set is derived with respect to the centroidal axis of the cross section. The curved beam is considered extensional and the effects of rotary inertia and radial shear deformation are included. In addition to the curvature parameter that characterizes the wave motion for both curved beam models, an eccentricity parameter is introduced in the first model to account for the offset between the neutral and centroidal axes. The dynamic behavior predicted by each curved beam model is compared in terms of the dispersion relations, frequency spectra, cutoff frequencies, natural frequencies and modeshapes, and frequency responses. In order to ensure that the comparison is accurate, the wave propagation technique is applied to obtain exact wave solutions. It is shown that, when the curvature parameter is not small, the underlying assumption has a substantial impact on the accuracy of the linear dynamic analysis of a curved beam.     

Thermoelastic bending of locally heated orthotropic shells

The thermoelastic bending of locally heated orthotropic shells is studied using the classical theory of thermoelasticity of thin shallow orthotropic shells and the method of fundamental solutions. Linear distribution of temperature over thickness and the Newton’s law of cooling are assumed. Numerical analysis is carried out for orthotropic shells of arbitrary Gaussian curvature made of a strongly anisotropic material. The behavior of thermal forces and moments near the zone of local heating is studied for two areas of thermal effect: along a coordinate axis and along a circle of unit radius. Generalized conclusions are drawn __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 80–85, March 2007.     

Effective thermoelastic properties of discrete-fiber reinforced materials with transversally-isotropic components

In the present paper, we will illustrate the application of the method of conditional moments by constructing the algorithm for determination of the effective elastic properties of composites from the given elastic constants of the components and geometrical parameters of inclusions. A special case of two-component matrix composite with randomly distributed unidirectional spheroidal inclusions is considered. To this end it is assumed that the components of the composite show transversally isotropic symmetry of thermoelastic properties and that the axes of symmetry of the thermoelastic properties of the matrix and inclusions coincide with the coordinate axis x ₃. As a numerical example a composite based on carbon inclusions and epoxide matrix is investigated. The dependencies of Young’s moduli, Poisson’s ratios and shear modulus from the concentration of inclusions and for certain values which characterize the shape of inclusions are analyzed. The results are compared and discussed in context with other theoretical predictions and experimental data.      

Analogue solution of two-dimensional thermoelastic problems with internal heat generation and heat transfer

The analogue procedure which the authors have proposed² is expanded to plane thermoelastic fields, with heat generation within the region or heat transfer from both surfaces of the thermoelastic field. A plate similar to the thermoelastic field is prepared and the plate-bending test is carried out with distributed loads over the plate and with a concentrated load on the inner flange. The strains are measured carefully for each bending test and these are combined to transform into the thermal stress of the original thermoelastic field. The results are compared with theoretical or numerical ones and good agreement is confirmed among them.     

The Stress State of a Piezoceramic Medium with an Elliptic Inclusion under Pure Shear and Pure Bending

Explicit analytical solutions to electroelastic problems for an infinite transversely isotropic medium with a tunnel elliptic inclusion are constructed. At a sufficient distance from the inclusion, the medium is subjected to pure shear or pure bending. It is assumed that the medium and inclusion are dissimilar piezoceramic materials whose axes of symmetry coincide with each other and with the minor axis of the ellipse. The stresses and the projections of the electromagnetic induction vector acting in the medium beyond the inclusion are determined for each case of loading at infinity     

Analysis of plane waves in anisotropic thermoelastic diffusive medium

This paper concentrates on the study of the propagation of harmonic plane waves in a homogeneous anisotropic thermoelastic diffusive medium in the context of different theories of thermoelastic diffusion. It is found that five types of waves propagate in an anisotropic thermoelastic diffusive medium, namely a quasi-elastodiffusive (QED-mode), two quasi-transverse (QSH-mode and QSV-mode), a quasi-mass diffusive (QMD-mode) and a quasi-thermo diffusive (QTD-mode) wave. The governing equations for homogeneous transversely isotropic diffusive medium in different theories of thermoelastic diffusion are taken as a special case. It is noticed that when plane waves propagate in one of the planes of transversely isotropic thermoelastic diffusive solid, purely quasitransverse wave mode(QSH) decouples from rest of the motion and is not affected by the thermal and diffusion vibrations. On the other hand, when plane waves propagate along the axis of solid, two quasi-transverse wave modes (QSH and QSV) decouple from the rest of the motion and are not affected by the thermal and diffusion vibrations. From the obtained results, the different characteristics of waves like phase velocity, attenuation coefficient, specific loss and penetration depth are computed numerically and presented graphically for a single crystal of magnesium. The effects of diffusion and relaxation times on phase velocity, attenuation coefficient, specific loss and penetration depth has been studied. Some particular cases are also discussed.     

Thermoelastic coupled modeling for a thermal bimorph actuator

This paper presents a theoretical thermoelastic coupled model for a thermal bimorph actuator driven by a harmonically varying thermal load in micro-electro-mechanical systems. The thermoelastic coupling, which arises from the coupling of the strain rate to the temperature field of the heat transport, is considered in this model. The frequency responses are simulated using the theorem of eigenmode expansion. The effects of thermoelastic coupling on the resonant frequency and the quality factor Q for each eigenmode resonance of the deflection are calculated and compared with the same effects resulted from air damping. It shows that for the example of an aluminum–polysilicon thermal bimorph actuator, the resonant frequencies are generally shifted downward with the order larger than that of air damping, whereas the influence of thermoelastic coupling on the Q is more significant than that of air damping under high vacuum level.     

轴对称热载作用厚板的热弹性运动效应分析

对板的上下表面存在一般温度边界条件的情况，解出了板表面受轴对称热辐射作用时，板内轴对称二维瞬态温度场的一般表达式；导出了厚板的热弯曲运动和热平面运动的位移型动力学方程，得出了板的挠度、转角和平面径向位移的无穷积分型公式；提出了一个求解弯曲波传播速度的方法；然后完成了一个代表性算例分析，给出了弯曲波传播规律的直观图象，得出了热加载和热卸载过程中，板内热弯曲波的时空变化特点；找出了剪切变形和旋转惯性对弯曲波传播速度的影响规律；最后，将理论结果与相应的实验结果进行了比较，两者吻合良好。     

热冲击下物性与温度相关性对热弹性响应的渐进分析

计及材料物性与温度的相关性,基于Green-Naghdi能量无耗散广义热弹性理论(G-N II理论),对热冲击下具有变物性特征材料的热弹性响应进行了求解分析。借助Laplace正、反变换技术以及Krichhoff变换,在热物性参数随真实温度呈线性规律的前提下,推导了半无限大体受热冲击作用时热弹性响应的解析表达式,通过求解分析,得到了热冲击下热波、热弹性波的传播规律,位移场、温度场以及应力场的分布情况,以及物性随温度相关性对热弹性响应的影响效果。结果表明：当考虑材料物性随温度的变化时,热波、热弹性波的传播以及各物理场的分布均受到不同程度的影响,且物性随温度相关性对热弹性响应的作用效果将受到材料热-力耦合特性的影响。     

Analytical evaluation of the elastic and plastic resistances of double symmetric rectangular hollow sections under axial force and biaxial bending

In the recent codes for the design of steel structures, the elastic–plastic methods of analysis are recognised to provide an efficient estimation of the ultimate resistance of some of these structures. These methods are usually based on some basic hypotheses, such as the creation of plastic hinges in the most stressed cross-sections, for instance.As the development of these plastic hinges depends on the interaction between the internal forces and on the cross-section shape, specific equations are required for the analysis of different types of cross-sections. However, most frequently, these equations are not available, or they are expressed by means of simplified expressions; this is usually the case when biaxial bending is involved.This paper presents new interaction criteria for the analysis of steel rectangular hollow sections subjected to an axial force and biaxial bending moments, at the elastic or the plastic limit states (as long as buckling phenomena are not involved). The plastic interaction criteria are presented, in a first step, for some particular combinations of the internal forces, such as axial loading with bending about a main axis, and biaxial bending without axial loading. Then, the global solution for the simultaneous combination of an axial force and bending moments about both the main axes of inertia are described in detail. All these plastic interaction criteria are compared with the corresponding plastic criteria adopted in the Eurocode 3 (EC3). Some suggestions are presented in order to improve the results given by these EC3 criteria.     

A modified Green–Lindsay thermoelasticity with strain rate to eliminate the discontinuity

Probing the mechanism of ultrafast thermoelastic processes is becoming increasingly important with the development of laser-assisted micro/nano machining. Although thermoelastic models containing temperature rate have been historically proposed, the strain rate has not been considered yet. In this work, a generalized thermoelastic model is theoretically established by introducing the strain rate in Green–Lindsay (GL) thermoelastic model with the aid of extended thermodynamics. Numerically, a semi-infinite one-dimensional problem is considered with traction free at one end and subjected to a temperature rise. The problem is solved using the Laplace transform method, and the transient responses, i.e. displacement, temperature and stresses are graphically depicted. Interestingly, it is found that the strain rate may eliminate the discontinuity of the displacement at the elastic and thermal wave front. Also, the present model is compared with Green–Naghdi (GN) models. It is found that the thermal wave speed of the present model is faster than GN model without energy dissipation, and slower than GN model with energy dissipation. In addition, the thermoelastic responses from the present model are the largest. The present model based upon GL model is free of the jump of GL model in the displacement distribution, and is safer in engineering practices than GN model. The present work will benefit the theoretical modeling and numerical prediction of thermoelastic process, especially for those under extreme fast heating.     

考虑轴力作用时梁的弯曲损伤失效分析

对考虑轴力作用时梁的弯曲损伤进行了分析,推导了其损伤分析的基本方程,分析表明,中性轴随损伤的发展而偏移,有向上、向下和保持不动三种情况,其偏移的方向和范围完全由比例加载系数决定,并且在特定的比例加载系数时,中性轴能保持不动,最后获得了梁在弯曲损伤时的中性轴起始偏移点、极限偏移点和极限载荷的计算公式,以及它们的简化计算公式;讨论了损伤极限状态时轴力和弯矩的交互作用曲线;轴力对弯曲损伤的影响较为显著,有轴力作用时应尽可能考虑其影响。     

热对流条件下考虑球形夹杂分布的材料热弹接触摩擦热影响分析

机械传动关键活动零部件接触副往往受到力载荷和摩擦热载荷的耦合作用,使得接触界面间的接触力学行为的分析变得极其复杂. 利用基于等效夹杂方法建立的考虑热对流非均质材料热弹接触力学分析模型研究不同摩擦系数、夹杂位置和材料属性等参数对材料表面及内部温升及热应力分布影响规律. 此外,进一步分析了接触副材料中含分布球形夹杂时摩擦热造成的影响. 结果表明:接触副表面温升梯度受热对流系数的影响较大;下表面温升和热应力随摩擦系数增大而增大;分布夹杂则将接触副材料下表面温升及热应力分布变得更为复杂.      

A gradient model of light-induced bending in photochromic liquid crystal elastomer and its nonlinear behaviors

Photochromic liquid crystal elastomer was recently reported to be able to deform largely and bend under illumination. In this paper, considering the opto-chemical process and the nematic-isotropic phase transition, we introduce the light and temperature into the constitutive relation of the liquid crystal elastomers, and propose a model for the light-induced bending. The dynamic deflection curve equation of the light-induced bending is derived based on the Hamilton principle. In the equation, the effect of light is introduced as an effective optical bending moment, which is caused by the inhomogeneous light-induced strain and Young's modulus. Several simulation examples are given to show the light-induced bending under different boundary conditions and various illumination or temperature controlling. Under the condition of deep nematic phase and weak enough illumination, the approximate analytical expression of the effective moment and the stress distribution can be obtained. Rich nonlinear behaviors are found in this model. The effective moment is a non-monotonic function of time, thickness ratio, and light intensity when the thickness ratio is not very large. The stress distribution through the thickness is nonlinear with two or three zero-stress planes.     

Thermoviscoelastic deformations of functionally graded thin plates

By considering the influence of the mid-plane strains due to the inhomogeneous property of FGMs across the thickness, a constitutive equation of thermoviscoelastic functionally graded thin plates is reduced on the basis of the Kirchhoff's hypothesis for the classical plate theory. The corresponding simplified Gurtin's type variational principle of functionally graded thin plates is presented by means of the modern convolution bilinear forms. By using the Navier analytic method or combining the Ritz method in the spatial domain and the Legendre interpolation method in the temporal domain, the static thermoelastic deformations or quasi-static thermoviscoelastic deformations of functionally graded thin plates under mechanical or thermal loads are studied.     

The nonlinear response of Cattaneo-type thermal loading of a laser pulse on a medium using the generalized thermoelastic model

The nonlinear thermoelastic responses of an elastic medium exposed to laser generated shortpulse heating are investigated in this article. The thermal wave propagation of generalized thermoelastic medium under the impact of thermal loading with energy dissipation is the focus of this research. To model the thermal boundary condition(in the form of thermal conduction),generalized Cattaneo model(GCM) is employed. In the reference configuration, a nonlinear coupled Lord-Shulman-type generalized thermoelasticity formulation using finite strain theory(FST) is developed and the temperature dependency of the thermal conductivity is considered to derive the equations. In order to solve the time-dependent and nonlinear equations, Newmark's numerical time integration technique and an updated finite element algorithm is applied and to ensure achieving accurate continuity of the results, the Hermitian elements are used instead of Lagrangian's. The numerical responses for different factors such as input heat flux and nonlinear terms are expressed graphically and their impacts on the system's reaction are discussed in detail.The results of the study are presented for Green–Lindsay model and the findings are compared with Lord-Shulman model especially with regards to heat wave propagation. It is shown that the nature of the laser's thermal shock and its geometry are particularly determinative in the final stage of deformation. The research also concluded that employing FST leads to achieving more accuracy in terms of elastic deformations; however, the thermally nonlinear analysis does not change the results markedly. For this reason, the nonlinear theory of deformation is required in laser related reviews, while it is reasonable to ignore the temperature changes compared to the reference temperature in deriving governing equations.     

Prevention of thermal bending of multilayered beams and plates

A method is described to prevent bending in multilayered beams and plates of different isotropic materials with uniform and nonuniform temperature distribution through the thickness. The method involved the addition of an extra layer to the multilayered beams or plates. With the proper selection of the thermoelastic properties, the added layer would eliminate the curvature produced prior to this addition. A complete analysis for the determination of the various thermoelastic parameters of the extra layer was made. In addition, to ensure that the multilayered beams and plates actually remained straight, a thermoelastic analysis was performed for the solution of thermal stresses and strains in the laminate. The results gave assurance to the straightness of the laminate since the calculated strains have the same value throughout the thickness. The solutions are valid for any given uniform temperature change and for any given nonlinear temperature distribution through the thickness of the multilayered beams and plates. Several numerical examples are presented that illustrate the application of the method for various temperature distributions. A simple experiment was conducted that showed the validity of the analytical method. A brass strip was added to a bimetalic strip made of aluminum and steel at room temperature. The thickness of the brass strip was calculated from the theory to prevent bending. The trimetal strip was placed in a furnace and, as expected, it remained straight for varying temperatures.     

Model for thermoelastic actuation of an axisymmetric isotropic circular plate via an internal harmonic heat source

This paper presents a reduced analytical modeling method for the initial optimal design of thermoelastic micromachined actuators. The key aspects of the model are a Green’s function formulation of the axisymmetric heat conduction equation that incorporates an internal heat source and the solution of the thermoelastically forced bending wave equation. Model results of a representative thermoelastic structure include transient temperature and sinusoidal steady state transverse displacement. Comparison with finite element analysis shows excellent agreement with favorable computational costs. Model constraints at low frequencies are identified and discussed. The computational efficiency of the analytical model makes it a more viable modeling method for design optimization.