Phase-transfer catalysis of a new cationic gemini surfactant with ester groups for nucleophilic substitution reaction

A highly effective phase transfer of a quaternary ammonium gemini surfactant with ester groups（（diethylhexanedioate） diyl-a,v-bis（dimethyl dodecyl ammonium bromide） referred to as 12-10-12）was synthesized with high yield and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis and1 HNMR. Then, 12-10-12 was used as a phase transfer catalyst to study the catalytic effect on the reaction of anhydrous sodium acetate and 4-methylbenzyl chloride. The possible catalytic mechanism and the influence of surfactant concentration, temperature and type are also discussed. The experimental results showed that the catalysis efficiency was more active than the traditional, single-chained surfactant,tetrabutyl ammonium bromide. It also revealed that the reaction was first-order with respect to the concentration of 4-methylbenzyl chloride. The concentration of 4-methylbenzyl chloride grew linearly with the concentration of 12-10-12 and as the reaction temperature increased. The optimum reaction time was 7 h.     

The effect of water-miscible organic solvents on the substitution reaction of Keggin-type heteropolysilicates and -germanates with vanadium(V) ion

The substitution reaction of Keggin-type polyoxometalates, [XM₁₂O₄₀]ⁿ⁻ (X = Si, Ge, P, or As; M = Mo or W), with vanadium(V) ion was investigated with cyclic voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy, and ³¹P NMR. The effect of organic solvents, such as acetonitrile (ACN), tetrahydrofuran (THF), formamide (FA), N-methylformamide (NMF), and N-methylacetoamide (NMA) on their substitution reactions was examined. In aqueous and aqueous-FA, -NMF, and -NMA solutions, the molybdenum or tungsten unit in the Keggin-anions was substituted with vanadium(V) ion to form V(V)-substituted polyoxometalates, while no substitution reaction occurred in aqueous-ACN and -THF solutions. It is suggested that this results from the relationship between the total anion charge and the permittivity of organic solvents.     

煤催化气化过程中钾的迁移及其对气化反应特性的影响

在固定床反应器中研究了钾在热解和水蒸气气化过程中的变迁,并在TG-DSC上考察了钾系催化剂对煤焦水蒸气气化的催化效果以及随钾化合物形态变化的关系。结果表明,干混法和浸渍法添加碳酸钾对煤焦水蒸气气化的催化效果显著,煤焦的气化反应性随着钾添加量的增加而增大,当催化剂添加到一定量时催化效果陡增,同时神府煤钾的负荷饱和添加量为10%。在煤样热解和气化过程中,钾的化学形态会发生变化,发现并定量了还原态钾中间体的生成。在气化过程中碳酸钾的催化规律和还原态钾中间体的数量之间存在对应关系,当碳转化率为0.2～0.4时,气化速率和还原态钾中间体的数量达到最大值。在700～800℃,钾系催化剂的催化作用和还原态钾中间体的数量之间也存在对应关系,即碳酸钾催化效果较好,氯化钾的催化效果较差,硫酸钾的催化效果随温度的变化明显。     

Highly enantioselective alkylation of glycine methyl and ethyl ester derivatives under phase-transfer conditions: its synthetic advantage

Phase-transfer alkylation of the benzophenone Schiff base of glycine methyl or ethyl ester (2) was found to be catalyzed by 3,4,5-F₃-C₆H₂-NAS-Br [(S,S)-1] with high efficiency and excellent enantioselectivity. This procedure allows facile derivatization of the resulting alkylation products to other synthetically useful chiral building blocks.     

MnOx/g-C3N4光热协同催化净化NO的性能增强和反应机理

许多研究表明, MnOx和g-C3N4均有催化氧化NO的活性, 并且探索了它们各自的转化机理. 然而, MnOx/g-C3N4复合材料的光热催化机理仍然是一个未解决的问题. 我们通过室温沉淀法直接合成不同摩尔比的MnOx/g-C3N4, 并发现其表现出良好的光热协同催化氧化NO的性能. MnOx/g-C3N4催化剂在g-C3N4表面含有不同价态的MnOx. 通过原位红外光谱在60 ℃下研究了紫外-可见光诱导的MnOx热催化NO的机理以及MnOx/g-C3N4光热协同催化NO的机理. 结果表明, 光照对MnOx热催化NO的过程几乎没有影响, 但对MnOx/g-C3N4光热协同催化NO产生积极作用并且形成重要的催化循环机制. 具体过程是光生电子(e-)转移到MnOx上参与光热协同的还原循环(Mn4+→Mn3+→Mn2+), 且低价Mn离子易给出电子(e-)与光生空穴(h+)相结合而诱导逆向的循环(Mn2+→Mn3+→Mn4+), 使活性氧空位再生. 通过MnOx(Mn4+/Mn3+/Mn2+)变价而产生的活性氧(O-)可将中间产物(NOH和N2O2-)氧化为终产物(NO2-和NO3-). 这将为开发更好的净化NOx的催化剂提供重要的指导意义. XRD表征结果表明, MnOx/g-C3N4复合催化剂的结晶度较低. TEM和XPS表征结果表明, g-C3N4表面含有多种低结晶度的MnOx, 主要含有MnO, MnO2和Mn2O3. 此外, 通过对比MnOx和1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4催化净化NO的XPS结果, 发现反应后的MnOx含有大量Mn-Nitrate且Mn3+和Mn4+大幅度减少; 同时, 反应前后1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4的Mn2+, Mn3+和Mn4+的含量变化微弱. BET-BJH测试结果显示, MnOx/g-C3N4复合催化剂的比表面积和孔容均高于纯g-C3N4. UV-Vis DRS测试结果显示, MnOx/g-C3N4复合催化剂显示了良好的可见光吸收能力. 紫外-可见光催化去除NO的测试结果表明, 1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4(44%)的光催化活性明显高于MnOx(28%)和g-C3N4(36%). ESR测试结果表明, 参与反应的主要活性物种为·O2-自由基. EPR测试结果表明, 1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4的氧空位明显多于MnOx, 丰富的活性氧空位更有利于电子的迁移且促进Mnn+(n = 2, 3和4)的变价而诱导O2分子形成活性氧(O-). 以上结果清晰地表明1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4表现出不同的理化特性.可见光催化氧化NO的原位红外光谱表明, 光照前后MnOx催化氧化NO的过程没有明显的变化, 表明其属于典型的热催化过程, 综合上述表征结果发现MnOx的氧缺陷是Mnn+(n = 3和4)变价的活性位点, 可诱导O2产生活性氧催化氧化NO为硝酸盐吸附在MnOx上; 光照前后1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4催化氧化NO的过程有明显不同, 光照前主要表现为g-C3N4表面MnOx的热催化过程, 而光照后1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4为光热协同催化NO的过程. 具体过程是g-C3N4的光生电子(e-)转移到MnOx上参与光热协同的还原循环(Mn4+→Mn3+→Mn2+), 且低价Mn离子易给出电子(e-)与光生空穴(h+)相结合而诱导逆向的循环(Mn2+→Mn3+→Mn4+)使活性氧空位再生. 通过MnOx(Mn4+/Mn3+/Mn2+)变价而产生的活性氧(O-)可将中间产物(NOH和N2O2-)氧化为终产物(NO2-和NO3-).     

Coordination properties of 6-aminopenicillanic acid: binary and ternary complexes involving biorelevant ligands

Formation equilibria of copper(II) complexes of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (APA) and the ternary complexes Cu(APA)B (B?=?glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, ornithine, histidine, methionine, glycylglycine and inosine) were investigated at 25°C and 0.1?M ionic strength. The speciation of the complexes was resolved. Values of Δlog?K, log?X and log?β_stat indicate a large enhancement of the stability of the mixed ligand complexes. The effects of temperature and organic solvent on the dissociation constant of APA and the formation constant of Cu(APA) were studied and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The solid complex of Cu(APA)Cl·2H₂O was separated and identified by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. In the complex APA is coordinated to copper(II) through the amino group and β-lactam carbonyl oxygen. Absorption spectra of the binary complexes of copper(II) and APA were also investigated.     

Kinetic method for determination of nanogram amounts of copper(II) by its catalytic effect on hexacynoferrate(III)-citric acid indicator reaction

This paper describes a highly sensitive, selective catalytic-kinetic-spectrophotometric method for the determination of copper(II) concentration as low as 6 ng ml⁻¹. The method is based on the catalytic effect of copper(II) on the oxidation of citric acid by alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III). The reaction was followed by measuring the decrease in absorbance of hexacyanoferrate(III) at 420 nm (λ_max of [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻, ∈ = 1020 dm³ mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹). The dependence of rate of the indicator reaction on the reaction variables has been studied and discussed to propose a suitable mechanism to get a relation between the reaction rate and [Cu²⁺]. A fixed time procedure has been used to obtain a linear calibration curve between the initial rate and lower [Cu²⁺] or log[Cu²⁺] in the range 1 × 10⁻⁷ to 4 × 10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ (6.35-25,400 ng ml⁻¹). The detection limit has been calculated to be 4 ng ml⁻¹. The maximum average error is 3.5%. The effect of the presence of various cations, commonly associated with copper(II) and some anions has also been investigated and discussed. The proposed method is sensitive, accurate, rapid and inexpensive compared to other techniques available for determination of copper(II) in such a large range of concentration. The new method has been successfully applied for the determination of copper(II) in various samples.     

Kinetic method for the determination of traces of thyroxine by its catalytic effect on the Mn(III) metaphosphate-As(III) reaction

A new, highly sensitive and simple kinetic method for the determination of thyroxine was proposed. The method was based on the catalytic effect of thyroxine on the oxidation of As(III) by Mn(III) metaphosphate. The kinetics of the reaction was studied in the presence of orthophosphoric acid. The reaction rate was followed spectrophotometrically at 516 nm. It was established that orthophosphoric acid increased the reaction rate and that the extent of the non-catalytic reaction was extremely small. A kinetic equation was postulated and the apparent rate constant was calculated. The dependence of the reaction rate on temperature was investigated and the energy of activation and other kinetic parameters were determined.

Thyroxine was determined under the optimal experimental conditions in the range 7.0 × 10⁻⁹ to 3.0 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹ with a relative standard deviation up to 6.7% and a detection limit of 2.7 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹. In the presence of 0.08 mol L⁻¹ chloride, the detection limit decreased to 6.6 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol L⁻¹. The proposed method was applied for the determination of thyroxine in tablets. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparison with the HPLC method.     

Controlled Rate Thermal Analysis of kaolinite dehydroxylation: effect of water vapour pressure on the mechanism

The present kinetic study is focused on one aspect of kaolinite dehydroxylation, namely the influence of water vapour pressure in the 10⁻³ to 5 hPa range and in the presence of crystalline defects. The experimental problem of keeping, throughout the dehydroxylation, the pressure gradients negligible around and within the sample is solved by means of Controlled Rate Evolved Gas Detection (CR-EGD). The dehydroxylation rate selected is as low as 0.014 h⁻¹ (which corresponds to a duration of 70 h for the whole experiment). Moreover, more than 20 independent measurements of the apparent Arrhenius energy of activation are carried out all along the dehydroxylation, with help of the rate–jump method, and therefore, without any assumption about the rate law of the determining step. In these conditions, the apparent Arrhenius energy of activation measured during the dehydroxylation of a poorly crystallised kaolinite is shown to be constant in the range 0.02<<0.84 (under 10⁻³ hPa) and in the range 0.18<<0.80 (under 5 hPa), indicating that the rate law obeys the Arrhenius law in this range of extent of reaction. The corresponding activation energies obtained are (233±15) kJ/mol under 10⁻³ hPa and only (188±10) kJ/mol under 5 hPa. Although this decrease is in contradiction with previously published results, it can be interpreted by considering that, under 10⁻³ hPa, diffusion is the limiting step whereas, under 5 hPa, the part of water desorption probably becomes predominant.     

Escherichia coli BioH: a highly enantioselective and organic solvent tolerant esterase for kinetic resolution of sec-alcohols

Escherichia coli BioH, which is obligatory for biotin synthesis, was found to be an organic solvent tolerant esterase with high enantioselectivity for the kinetic resolution of sec-alcohols using free enzyme powder. With this esterase, a variety of racemic sec-alcohols were efficiently resolved with ee values of up to 99%.     

General and practical catalytic enantioselective Strecker reaction of ketoimines: significant improvement through catalyst tuning by protic additives

Significant improvement in enantioselectivity and catalyst activity was achieved for the catalytic enantioselective Strecker reaction. Using a catalyst (1-2.5 mol %) prepared from Gd(OⁱPr)₃ and d-glucose derived ligand 1, and in the presence of 2,6-dimethylphenol as an additive, high enantioselectivity was obtained from a wide range of ketoimines, including heteroaromatic and cyclic ketoimines. The new method was applied to an efficient catalytic asymmetric synthesis of sorbinil, a therapeutic agent for diabetic complications.     

The direct catalytic asymmetric alpha-aminooxylation reaction: development of stereoselective routes to 1,2-diols and 1,2-amino alcohols and density functional calculations

Proline-catalyzed direct asymmetric alpha-aminooxylation of ketones and aldehydes is described. The proline-catalyzed reactions between unmodified ketones or aldehydes and nitrosobenzene proceeded with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. In all cases tested, the corresponding products were isolated with >95 % ees. Methyl alkyl ketones were regiospecifically oxidized at the methylene carbon atom to afford enantiomerically pure alpha-aminooxylated ketones. In addition, cyclic ketones could be alpha,alpha'-dioxidized with remarkably high selectivity, furnishing the corresponding diaminooxylated ketones with >99 % ees. The reaction mechanism of the proline-catalyzed direct asymmetric alpha-aminooxylation was investigated, and we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations in order to investigate the nature of the plausible transition states further. We also screened other organocatalysts for the asymmetric alpha-oxidation reaction and found that several proline derivatives were also able to catalyze the transformation with excellent enantioselectivities. Moreover, stereoselective routes for the synthesis of monoprotected vicinal diols and hydroxyketones were found. In addition, short routes for the direct preparation of enantiomerically pure epoxides and 1,2-amino alcohols are presented. The direct catalytic alpha-oxidation is also a novel route for the stereoselective preparation of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists.     

Effect of Solvent and Acid‐Base on Palladium (II)‐catalyzed Dicarbonylation of Terminal Acetylenes: a General,Efficient and Stereoselective Synthesis of Maleic Diesters and Maleic Anhydrides

The productions of maleic diesters and maleic anhydrides depend on the effect of solvent and acid‐base in palladium‐catalyzed dicarbonylation of terminal acetylenes. For primary and secondary alcohol in benzene, only maleic diesters were obtained stereospecifically from the dicarbonylation of acetylenes in the presence of PdCl₂, CuCl₂, and NaHCO₃. For tertiary alcohols, maleic anhydrides were synthesized selectively.     

NC Palladacycles and C,C-chelating phosphorus ylide complexes: synthesis,X-ray characterization,and comparison of the catalytic activity in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction

Six secondary amine palladacycles bearing monodentate ligands (1a, 2a), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) and 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) containing bridging and bidentate ligands (1b, 2b–d), and four C,C-type phosphorus ylide complexes containing thiourea (tu) (3a), phenyl isothiocyanate (4a), and bridging and terminal azide groups (5 and 5a) have been synthesized. Resulting complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, ¹H-, ¹³C{¹H}-, and ³¹P{¹H}-NMR spectroscopy with single crystal X-ray structure determination of 1a and 2a. The Pd in 1a and 2a occupies the center of a slightly distorted square planar environment formed by C_aryl, N_amine, N_pyridine, and Cl. The catalytic efficiency of complexes showed that in most cases, amine palladacycles display better catalytic activities than the phosphorus ylide Pd(II) complexes. Comparison between bidentate and bridging dppe complexes showed that dppe-bridged dimer 2d has higher catalytic activity than dppe bidentate complex.     

Strong templating effect of TEAOH in the hydrothermal genesis of the AlPO4-5 molecular sieve: Experimental and computational investigations

The hydrothermal genesis of AlPO₄-5, in the presence of four different organic templates, viz., methyldicyclohexylamine (MCHA), triethylamine (TEA), tripropylamine (TPA), and tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), has been monitored by XRD. It is shown that TEAOH has the best templating ability to the formation of AlPO₄-5 structure under the different synthesis conditions considered in this study. Density functional calculations on periodic models of AlPO₄-5 indicate the strongest nonbonding interaction energy between the template and the framework in the case of TEAOH. Therefore, a new approach correlating the nonbonding interaction energy to the template ability to form a porous structure is proposed as a step toward a better understanding of the role of the organic template in the synthesis of porous molecular sieves.     

Conformationally restricted 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) analogs: synthesis and evaluation of catalytic effectiveness

The syntheses of a series of conformationally restricted 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) analogs 1-3 are described. Evaluations of catalyst effectiveness demonstrated that 1 was the best catalyst for the acetylation reaction of a tertiary alcohol, while 2 and 3 were roughly comparable to DMAP. The order of effectiveness of these catalysts roughly parallels their acetylation enthalpies estimated from ab initio calculations.     

Aminolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl X-substituted benzoates and Y-substituted phenyl benzoates in MeCN: effect of the reaction medium on rate and mechanism

Second‐order rate constants (k_N) have been determined spectrophotometrically for the reactions of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl X‐substituted benzoates ( 1 a – f ) and Y‐substituted phenyl benzoates ( 2 a – h ) with a series of alicyclic secondary amines in MeCN at 25.0±0.1 °C. The k_N values are only slightly larger in MeCN than in H₂O, although the amines studied are approximately 8 pK_a units more basic in the aprotic solvent than in H₂O. The Yukawa–Tsuno plot for the aminolysis of 1 a – f is linear, indicating that the electronic nature of the substituent X in the nonleaving group does not affect the rate‐determining step (RDS) or reaction mechanism. The Hammett correlation with σ^? constants also exhibits good linearity with a large slope (ρ_Y=3.54) for the reactions of 2 a – h with piperidine, implying that the leaving‐group departure occurs at the rate‐determining step. Aminolysis of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl benzoate ( 1 c ) results in a linear Brønsted‐type plot with a β_nuc value of 0.40, suggesting that bond formation between the attacking amine and the carbonyl carbon atom of 1 c is little advanced in the transition state (TS). A concerted mechanism is proposed for the aminolysis of 1 a – f in MeCN. The medium change from H₂O to MeCN appears to force the reaction to proceed concertedly by decreasing the stability of the zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T^±) in aprotic solvent.