溶剂特性对淖毛湖煤加氢液化中间产物反应行为的影响

为探究溶剂特性对煤加氢液化中间产物反应行为的影响,以新疆淖毛湖煤作为原料,四氢萘、循环溶剂及十氢萘作为供氢溶剂,在高压搅拌釜中进行直接加氢液化实验,并运用电子顺磁共振手段分析了中间产物-沥青质的自由基浓度的变化。结果表明,四氢萘溶剂中沥青质随反应温度的升高在大量生成的同时又被转化,产率从290℃的12.92%到350℃的最大34.13%再到430℃的15.98%;循环溶剂中沥青质产率先持续上升,290℃即有31.89%,400℃达到最大47.96%,之后由于结焦反应降低至33.90%。十氢萘溶剂中沥青质产率变化趋势与四氢萘一致。三种溶剂中沥青质自由基浓度的变化趋势相同,均在350℃达到最大值,分别是1.778×10¹⁸、2.323×10¹⁸和1.930×10¹⁸/g,整体上看循环溶剂数值要高于四氢萘,十氢萘介于两者之间。而四氢萘及循环溶剂中沥青质的g值在2.00323-2.00403,变化趋势与液化气体产物中CO_x含量变化相吻合。     

热态半焦和冷态半焦催化裂解煤焦油研究

对比研究了热态半焦(原位热解半焦)和冷态半焦(热解后温度降至常温的半焦)对煤焦油的催化裂解特性。结果表明,相同条件下,热态煤半焦比冷态煤半焦具有更高的催化裂解焦油能力。当裂解温度为1 100 ℃,热解气体在热态半焦层中的停留时间为1.2 s时,催化裂解后燃气中焦油含量可降至100 mg/m³。BET分析结果表明,热态半焦比冷态半焦具有更大的比表面积和更发达的微孔结构。同时,在不可避免经历相对明显的高温过程中,冷态半焦的碳微晶结构有序度增加,进而导致其活性有所降低。随着气体停留时间的延长或催化裂解温度的提高,燃气中焦油含量迅速降低,但热态半焦与冷态半焦催化裂解焦油的活性差异也变小。半焦催化裂解焦油后,活性明显降低,但使这种半焦与水蒸气发生部分气化反应后,其活性基本得到恢复。     

不同气氛下煤连续热解产物的分配规律及产品品质分析

在连续进出料的流化床中研究了热解温度为850 ℃时,含有O₂、H₂、CO、CO₂、CH₄的反应气氛对热解产物分配规律及产品组成的影响。采用Raman、BET等测试方法对不同热解气氛下制得半焦的品质进行了评价,结合热重分析了影响半焦反应活性的因素。结果表明,无O₂气氛下,H₂与CO₂存在时降低了焦油产率,而CO与CH₄促进了焦油的生成。CH₄的裂解析碳使半焦产率上升。O₂的加入使CO₂、CO含量明显增加,半焦及焦油产率降低。N₂中引入O₂时,PAHs含量降低。CH₄促进了烷基萘与苯类的生成,CO则抑制酚类裂解生成苯类。CO₂的气化作用促进了微孔的生成,相应地,半焦的比表面积快速增加,半焦的反应活性也最高。CO歧化与CH₄热裂解产生的析碳堵塞了部分孔道,降低了比表面积。H₂与CH₄所产生的氢自由基能渗透到半焦内部,引起半焦结构的缩聚,进而影响氧化反应活性。     

焦粉对低阶煤热解焦油气反应行为的影响研究

热解焦油气在输送管路或除尘设备中会发生一定程度的反应,进而影响热解产物的分布和组成,而其中夹带的焦粉粉尘会对焦油气反应产生影响。本研究利用两段流化床热解反应器,考察了不同反应温度下(400-500℃),焦粉对淖毛湖长焰煤热解焦油气反应的影响。结果表明,添加焦粉后,焦油气不仅发生热裂解和热缩聚反应,还会被焦粉作用发生催化裂解反应,焦油产率和沥青含量减小,热解气和积炭产率增加;随着反应温度的升高,焦油气热裂解和热缩聚反应加剧,反应后焦油气较为稳定,不易被焦粉催化,因此,焦粉对焦油产率、沥青含量及热解气产率的影响随温度升高逐渐减弱;而反应温度升高,焦油气催化裂解生成的自由基更容易发生缩聚反应,焦粉对积炭产率的影响变强。此外,焦粉的催化裂解作用使不同反应温度下焦油中杂环化合物含量下降;同时焦粉促进了热解水与焦油气反应,导致不同反应温度下焦油中脂肪烃、芳香烃含量下降,酚类和含氧化合物含量上升。     

哈密煤温和液化固体产物热解过程中硫的变迁规律

利用固定床反应器研究了哈密煤温和液化固体产物（MLS）在热解过程中含硫气体的释放规律以及不同形态硫的变迁规律，并分析了矿物质对硫变迁规律的影响。结果表明，在实验考察的条件范围内，MLS热解过程中大部分的硫残留在半焦中，仅有不到10%的硫迁移到焦油中或转化为含硫气体逸出。热解生成的含硫气体以H₂S为主，当热解温度为400℃时H₂S的逸出速率达到最大。通过改进方法测定了MLS及其热解半焦中各种形态硫的含量，发现MLS热解过程中以硫化物硫和有机硫的分解和转化为主。随着热解温度的升高，MLS中有机硫逐渐分解并以含硫气体的形式逸出；当热解温度低于600℃时，MLS中硫化物硫逐渐转化为含硫气体、有机硫和少量的黄铁矿硫；当热解温度高于600℃时，MLS中碱性矿物质吸收气相中的H₂S转化为硫化物硫，硫化物硫缓慢增加。醋酸酸洗可以保留MLS中大部分的硫化物硫，且酸洗后MLS热解生成的H₂S逸出速率增大，峰温向低温方向移动；当热解温度高于600℃时，有机硫和硫化物硫的脱硫反应速率降低，并且MLS中的碱性矿物质与H₂S反应生成金属硫化物，导致H₂S逸出速率明显降低。     

CO对褐煤快速热解行为的影响

利用快速升温固定床进行了霍林河褐煤在CO气氛下快速热解反应行为的研究,考察了热解半焦的产率、性质和气体产物的分布特点。半焦的红外光谱图、元素含量和表面结构性质分析表明,CO参与并改变了褐煤的热解行为。与N₂气氛相比,热解温度低于600 ℃时,带孤对电子的极性CO容易诱发半焦结构中芳香环的开裂,侧链、醚键和脂肪链的断裂,促进小分子片段和自由基的生成,自由基稳定了煤热解生成的碎片,导致挥发分的生成和逸出量增加,H₂、CH₄、CO和CO₂的产率增大,半焦产率降低,半焦的比表面积和孔容增大。热解温度高于700 ℃时,CO的歧化反应程度增大,产生的积碳附着于半焦的表面,阻塞了孔道,导致半焦的比表面积和孔容减小,从而抑制了CO在半焦孔隙结构内部的扩散,限制了CO与煤中有机大分子结构的接触和反应,导致H₂、CH₄和CO产率减小,而CO₂产率因CO歧化反应而增大。     

含氧/蒸汽气氛中煤高温分解产物分布及反应性

在流化床反应器中考察了含氧/水蒸气气氛中煤在850 ℃下的热解特性,包括产物分布特性及生成的半焦与焦油的反应性,研究了温度、过量空气比(Equivalence ratio: ER)和水蒸气/煤比(S/C, 质量比)的影响。结果表明,随热解温度、ER和S/C质量比的增加,气体产率增加,而半焦和焦油产率减少。O₂的加入使CO₂、CO含量明显增加,H₂含量降低。O₂和水蒸气的加入使半焦的比表面积显著增加,半焦气化活性增强,但半焦在900 ℃和 ER 为0.22的条件下出现轻微石墨化,降低了其气化活性。同时,反应气氛中含有O₂和水蒸气对焦油的性质有显著影响,与单纯的N₂气氛相比,O₂和水蒸气的存在使热解焦油中单环芳烃、酮类、酚类、脂肪烃都明显减少,这对于焦油的进一步裂解及重整更加有利。     

煤—焦炉气共热解特性的研究：温度的影响

利用高压热天平和１０ｇ固定床反应器考察了温度对兖州烟煤与焦炉气共热解的失重行为、热解产物分布以及脱硫脱氮的影响。随热解温度升高共热解在３００～５５０℃和６００～７００℃间出现明显失重峰。煤焦炉气共热解与加氢热解失重行为相似，均发生热分解反应和加氢反应。在实验温度范围（４５０～６５０℃）内，温度升高有利于提高焦油收率、热解水含量以及脱硫脱氮率，同时半焦收率降低。相同热解条件（压力为３ＭＰａ，终温为６５０℃）下，与煤在氮气气氛下热解相比，煤焦炉气共热解和加氢热解所得半焦收率均降低，焦油收率、热解水及脱硫脱氮率明显增加。与相同总压的加氢热解相比，煤焦炉气共热解半焦和热解水收率增加，焦油收率降低，脱硫率相当且脱氮率降低     

废旧高分子材料在回转窑内热解的研究：热解终温对热解产物的影响

以废旧高分子材料—ＰＥ塑料,ＰＶＣ塑料和废轮胎为试验物料,在外热式回转窑内进行了一系列热解试验。考察了热解终温对热解产物的产率及产物特性的影响。随热解终温的提高,热解气体的产率上升而半焦的产率下降;ＰＥ和ＰＶＣ的热解焦油的产率下降,而废轮胎则相反。在试验温度范围内热解气体的平均热值有一最大值;ＰＶＣ在热解过程中Ｃｌ－ＨＣｌ的转化率为５２０％～５６０％;热解终温对焦油的ＣＨ原子比、热值及族分均有一定影响;热解终温对热解半焦的热值、Ｃ和Ｈ残余率以及半焦反应活性也有一定的影响     

烟煤与生物质快速共热解产物特性分析

研究了烟煤(YL)分别与富含半纤维素的玉米芯(CB)和富含木质素的松木屑(SD)快速共热解产物产率和气体组成的变化规律。结果表明,烟煤与生物质共热解组分互相作用,造成共热解气、液、固相产率和气体组成的明显变化,且与生物质种类有关。相对于独立热解过程,玉米芯丰富的半纤维素造成热解水蒸气和CO₂浓度较高,且玉米芯中富含的K元素挥发迁移至煤焦表面,对热解半焦与水蒸气、CO₂的气化反应起到催化作用,反应生成的H₂和富氢组分易与热解生成的自由基结合,抑制自由基之间的缩聚反应,使得共热解气体和液体产率增加,而半焦产率减小。烟煤/松木屑共热解过程中,松木屑中富含的Ca元素在煤焦表面迁移,促进了松木屑热解液体在半焦表面裂解反应,生成CO₂、CO和富氢自由基等轻质组分,造成共热解半焦和液体产率降低而气体产率增加。热解产物半焦、焦油、水蒸气、CO₂之间的气化和裂解反应均产生富氢的次生组分,从而提高了共热解气体中CO和烃类气体产率,降低了H₂产率。     

桦甸油页岩热解过程中热沥青的组成变化规律

将桦甸油页岩分别在300、350、400、450、500和550℃热解得到半焦,对半焦进行逐级抽提和酸洗,得到自由沥青、碳酸盐束缚沥青和硅酸盐束缚沥青,采用柱层析、FT-IR和GC-MS表征不同沥青的化学组成和结构特征,探讨沥青的化学组成变化及与矿物质的相互作用。结果表明,沥青总产率先增大后减小并在400℃取得最大值4.63%,400-450℃大量沥青分解生成页岩油,使沥青产率降至0.98%。350-450℃自由沥青主要发生羧酸脱羧、酯基分解和长链烷烃裂解反应,使羧酸和酯类化合物含量降低、烷烃碳链长度缩短。干酪根分解生成的羧酸与碳酸盐反应生成羧酸盐,使400℃碳酸盐束缚沥青中羧酸含量达78.82%;含氧化合物可与黏土矿物结合,且烷烃可进入蒙脱石层间,使400℃硅酸盐束缚沥青中含氧化合物和烷烃各占80.79%和19.21%。     

水介质条件下油页岩热解机理研究

利用高压釜反应装置,对柳树河油页岩进行了饱和水和不饱和水介质条件下的热压模拟实验,研究了两种条件下油页岩热解产物(气体、油和热沥青)的生成机理.实验结果表明,在油页岩的热解过程中,同时经历自由基反应和碳正离子反应.水在高温的物化性质较在常温常压时发生了巨大的变化,具有酸催化剂和碱催化剂的作用,促使按碳正离子机理进行反应...     

干酪根组成结构及其热解生油特性的红外光谱研究

对五种不同地区油页岩中干酪根进行了固体KBr压片红外吸收光谱分析,并通过曲线分峰拟合建立了干酪根中脂肪烃区域结构参数的定量测定方法。利用TG-FTIR联用分析技术对干酪根在20 ℃/min升温速率下热解挥发分析出组分在线定性分析,得到了脂肪烃结构参数随热裂解过程的反应特性及变化规律。研究表明,油页岩中干酪根由脂肪烃结构、芳香烃结构和含氧等官能团三部分组成。脂肪烃结构相对含量为18.5%~78.2%,并均以含长链亚甲基结构为主。随着演化程度的加深,干酪根中脂肪烃含量逐渐减少,生油能力也不断降低。干酪根热分解主要发生在350~520 ℃,520 ℃后热失重现象趋于平缓,在此温度下各样品残余半焦的质量分数为19.5%~52.2%。在线红外分析结果表明,干酪根热裂解过程中先析出游离水,随后发生解聚和脱水反应,主要的烷基侧链不断脱落、环化及含氧基团逐渐断裂生成各种烷烃类、羧酸类、醇类和醛类等物质,直至形成更加稳定的类石墨态结构。     

Effects of acid treatments on Moroccan Tarfaya oil shale and pyrolysis of oil shale and their kerogen

In this study, the kerogen of oil shale from Moroccan Tarfaya deposits was isolated and the changes in the initial organic matter during the removal of the mineral matrix were examined. Chloroform extraction of the oil shale increases the intensity of the peaks in the X-ray diffractograms. Infrared spectra and X-ray diffractograms reveal the presence of mineral, calcite, quartz, kaolinite, and pyrite in the mineral matrix of the oil shale. Hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids dissolution do not alter the organic matter. The nonisothermal weight loss measurements indicate that thermal decomposition of the isolated kerogen can be described by firstorder reaction. A single kinetic expression is valid over the temperature range of kerogen pyrolysis between 433K and 873K. Furthermore, the results indicate that the removal of mineral matter causes a decrease in the activation energies of the pyrolysis reactions of oil shale.     

Geological and thermal characterization of Eskişehir region oil shales

In this study, geological consideration and thermal characterization of oil shale samples were studied. Geological considerations of oil shale samples were studied using Rock–Eval analysis and it was observed that the kerogen type of all oil shale samples were in the majority of Type-I and II. Thermal characteristics and kinetics analysis of oil shale samples were studied by non isothermal differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). In air atmosphere, two different mechanisms causing loss of mass were observed known as loss of moisture, and decomposition of kerogen and bitumen. Kinetic parameters of the samples are determined using ASTM-I and II (DSC), Kissinger, and KAS (TG–DTG) kinetic models and the results are discussed.     

Thermal decomposition of kerogens: Mechanism and analytical application

Specific features of the chemical structures of organic matter (Lerogen) in oil shales caused by the nature of the starting materials for the formation of shales and the routes of their subsequent alteration are reflected in the composition of shale semicoking (retorting) oil. In order to establish the analytical possibilities of the thermal decomposition method in elucidating the kerogen structure and to obtain more data on the mechanism of the pyrolysis of kerogens, the effect of a series of factors (rate of heating, pressure, presence of carrier gases, water and mineral matter of shale, treatment with reagents) on the yield and composition of the pyrolysis products of oil shales was investigated.The yield of shale oil and the phenol content in the latter increase when semicoking is performed in a stream of hydrogen at atmospheric pressure. In shale pyrolysis in the presence of water under pressure, the yield of oil and, in particular, water-soluble organic compounds also increase, as well as the content of neutral heteroatomic compounds in oil. With increasing content of mineral substances in shale, the yield of the semicoking oil (kerogen basis) and the content of polar compounds in it diminish owing to an increasing influence of oil adsorption on the mineral matter and its additional decomposition as a result.In the initial stage of thermal decomposition, both longer aliphatic substituents and side-chains of iso-structures split off and alkenes with a double bond in the middle of the chain (probably the products of elimination and dehydration of the aliphatic substituents with a hydroxyl group) are formed. The formation of n-1-alkenes, particularly those of even carbon number, which originate from the side-chains of odd carbon number by the cleavage of carbon–carbon bonds in the β-position to the cyclic nucleus of kerogen, becomes more pronounced in the final stage of pyrolysis when, owing to significant aromatization of the cyclic part of kerogen, the selectivity of the β-cleavage increases.     

Quality control of Amazonian cocoa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Theobroma cacao</Emphasis> L.) by-products and microencapsulated extract by thermal analysis

The mineralogical characterization and pyrolysis kinetics of raw oil shale from Moroccan Rif region and the corresponding bitumen-free material were investigated using various analytical techniques. The structural analysis results showed the siliceous character of mineral matrix and the presence of complex organic components in both oil shales studied. Non-isothermal pyrolysis kinetic measurements indicated that bitumen-free oil shale exhibits a single behavior pyrolysis in the oil-producing stage as compared to raw oil shale. The activation energies estimated by using isoconversional methods reveal that the pyrolysis reaction occurred by one-step kinetic process. The kinetic parameters, determined from a nonlinear fitting method using various kinetic models g(α) and iterative Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose energy calculations, reveal that the pyrolysis mechanism is well described by the nth order kinetics (Fn), with n = 1.071, for bitumen-free oil shale, and n = 1.550, for kerogen of raw oil shale. The mechanism of the whole pyrolysis process of raw oil shale seems not to be affected by the elimination of bitumen, but only some kinetic changes have been recorded in the reaction order mechanism. The process pyrolysis is represented by independent reactions and consequently considered as parallel processes. Besides, the thermodynamic functions of activated complexes (?S ^≠ , ?H ^≠ and ?G ^≠) were also calculated and the pyrolysis is found as non-spontaneous process in agreement with the thermal analysis data.     

自由基浓度测定方法的再验证及其在煤化学中应用

对前人建立的标准曲线法测煤中自由基浓度进行优化,以DPPH标准样品和基准样品的二次积分面积比值为新参数,结果显示新参数标准曲线法的实测值与理论值相对误差都在5%以内;重复性、复现性实验的相对标准偏差都小于3%。将新参数标准曲线法用于分析不同煤化程度煤和新疆黑山煤(HS)沥青质的自由基浓度,发现随着煤化程度增加,其煤中自由基浓度逐渐增大,从低阶褐煤的8.531×10~(17)/g上升到高阶无烟煤3.37899×10~(19)/g;而在HS煤液化过程中,随着加氢液化温度的升高,其沥青质自由基浓度逐渐下降,从290℃的1.5793×10~(18)/g降到450℃的7.410×10~(17)/g,沥青质自由基浓度变化趋势与其产率变化趋势相一致。     

TG–DSC analysis of pyrolysis process of two Chinese oil shales

According to the recommendations developed by the Kinetics Committee of the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC), non-isothermal pyrolysis experiments were carried out to analyze and compare two types of oil shale from the northeast of China using simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis at temperatures ranging from 40 to 850 °C. The pyrolysis process of oil shale begins with the evaporation of small molecular substances, then continues by the pyrolysis of kerogen, and finally ends mainly with the complete decomposition of carbonates. In this whole process, almost 36 % of overall pyrolytic heat was used for the pyrolysis of kerogen. When retorting air-dried basis oil shale below 520 °C, a considerable proportion of the heat required will have to be used mainly for the evaporation of small molecular substances below 185 °C. Specific heat capacities of two oil shale semicokes were measured below 500 °C by DSC method, showing that specific heat capacity of semicoke will increase with the increase of the temperature, and carbonization of kerogen can bring about a further positive effect on it. Coats–Redfern method was used to calculate kinetic parameters in three pyrolysis stages.     

煤在合成气、氢气和氮气气氛下的热解研究

采用固定床反应器，在合成气气氛下对中国寻甸褐煤、蒙古Shiveeovoo褐煤和Khoot油页岩进行了热解研究。升温速率10 ℃/min，褐煤热解温度400 ℃～800 ℃，油页岩热解温度300 ℃~600 ℃，研究结果与氢气和氮气气氛下的热解进行了比较。结果表明,与加压热解不同，褐煤在不同气氛下常压热解半焦和焦油收率差别不大，但对油页岩，合成气和氢气气氛下热解焦油收率高于氮气，气体收率低于氮气。黄铁矿硫在不同气氛下热解均极易脱除，并部分转化为有机硫。油页岩的总硫脱除率远低于褐煤，与油页岩的高灰分含量有关。与氮气甚至氢气相比，合成气下寻甸褐煤的高总硫脱除率和低有机硫含量与合成气中的CO有关。但CO在油页岩热解脱硫中不起作用，也与油页岩高灰分含量有关。研究结果也表明合成气可代替氢气进行加氢热解。