共沉淀法制备富锂正极材料Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2及其电化学性能的研究

采用共沉淀法合成富锂正极材料Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2.研究了合成时间、配锂量、焙烧温度及焙烧时间对正极材料电化学性能的影响.研究结果表明在60℃下,合成时间为6h时制备的Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2材料具有较高的振实密度和较好的电化学性能.配锂量不仅会影响材料的结构,同时对材料的电化学性能也有一定的影响.研究显示当Li/M(nLi/nM(M=Ni+Co+Mn))为1.25/0.8时,制备材料的首次放电比容量最高.焙烧温度和焙烧时间对Li[Li0.2Mn0.54 Ni0.13Co0.13]O2的电化学性能影响很大,焙烧温度为900℃,焙烧时间为15 h得到材料的电化学性能最优.     

焙烧温度对Li[Mn1/3Ni1/3CO1/3]O2结构及电化学性能影响

采用碳酸盐共沉淀法制备了Li[Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3]O2,研究了前驱体的焙烧温度对材料结构和电化学性能的影响.XRD测试结果表明,800℃下焙烧得到的样品具有较好的层状结构和较低的阳离子混排程度.SEM测试表明合成材料具有球状形貌,平均粒径可达5μm,组成它的一次颗粒粒径平均为200nm.在2.8～4.3V(vs.Li/Li+)0.2C条件下进行充放电测试,800℃下合成的样品的首次放电比容量最高(159.06mAh·g-1),容量损失最小,循环50次后能保持初始放电比容量的95.7;.EIS分析结果表明,800℃焙烧的样品的电化学活性最好.     

Ti4+掺杂对磷酸钒锂材料结构和电化学性能的影响

分别采用溶胶-凝胶法和高温固相法制备锂离子电池正极材料Li3V1.93 Ti0 05(PO4) 3/C,研究Ti4+掺杂对Li3 V2(PO4)3材料结构、形貌和电化学性能的影响.结果表明:利用溶胶-凝胶法和高温固相法均得到单斜晶系结构,且无杂相存在,少量Ti4掺杂并未影响材料的结构形貌,但显著改善了电化学性能.溶胶-凝胶法掺杂Ti4+试样在0.2C和12 C放电比容量分别为129 mAh·g-1和102 mAh·g-1,明显高于高温固相法掺杂Ti4+试样,且循环性能良好.研究表明利用溶胶-凝胶法掺杂是一种改善离子掺杂效果的有效路径.     

尿素共沉淀法制备LiNi0.8Co0.2O2正极材料及其电化学性能

采用尿素共沉淀法合成了LiNi0.8Co0.2O2锂离子电池正极材料,研究了烧结温度、锂源摩尔配比对LiNi08Co02O2晶形结构、形貌以及电化学性能的影响.结果表明,尿素共沉淀法合成LiNi0.8Co02O2样品最佳工艺条件是800℃温度条件下烧结10 h、锂过量5;合成的样品具有较好的电化学性能,以0.2C倍率充放电时首次充放电容量分别为206.4 mAh·g-1和191.6 mAh·g-1,循环30次后容量为178.2 mAh·g-1.     

纳米分散颗粒Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2材料的制备及性能

以乙酸盐和一水合柠檬酸为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成锂离子电池纳米级富锂锰基正极材料Li1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6 O2.X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示所得产物为结晶度良好、离子混排程度低的纯相结构材料;扫描电镜(SEM)结果显示所得材料为纳米颗粒(颗粒直径均在300 nm以内),且具有圆形或者正六边形形状结构,表面光滑,粒度分布均匀.研究了高温焙烧温度对Li1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6 O2材料结构形貌及电化学性能的影响,重点探讨了结构形貌对电化学性能的影响规律.实验结果表明:当焙烧温度为850℃和900℃时,材料的形貌结构更好,电化学性能更为理想.     

新型复合正极材料5LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C的制备及电化学性能研究

用固相法制备了5LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C复合正极材料.采用XRD、SEM、TEM和电化学测试等对材料进行了表征.结果表明,复合材料由LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4和Li3V2(PO4)3两相组成,不含其它杂质.Li3V2(PO4)3的加入使得LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4的电化学性能得到极大地提高.该复合材料在0.05 C和1C倍率下的放电比容量分别为162.8 mAh·g-1和129.6mAh·g-1,在1C倍率下循环50次后的容量保持率为90.1;.     

冷冻干燥辅助溶胶凝胶法合成Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2正极材料及电化学性能改善研究

采用冷冻干燥辅助溶胶凝胶法合成富锂锰基Li1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2正极材料,并将其结构、形貌以及电化学性能与传统溶胶凝胶法合成的材料进行比较.X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,通过冷冻干燥辅助溶胶凝胶法合成的Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2粉末阳离子混排程度更低,冷冻干燥工艺的参与可以改善晶体结构.扫描电镜(SEM)照片分析表明,与溶胶凝胶样品相比较,冷冻干燥辅助溶胶凝胶法合成样品的颗粒团聚程度较低.电化学性能测试结果表明,冷冻干燥辅助溶胶凝胶法合成的材料具有更好的倍率性能和循环性能.除此之外,电化学交流阻抗测试(EIS)结果表明,冷冻干燥辅助溶胶凝胶法合成的Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2电荷转移电阻低于溶胶凝胶法制备的材料,增强了反应动力学.     

钠离子电池负极材料二氧化钛的氮离子掺杂改性研究

二氧化钛(TiO2)作为钠离子电池负极材料有着极大的应用前景,但是,低的电导率限制其大规模应用.通过静电纺丝的方法,制备出碳复合的锐钛矿二氧化钛(TiO2)样品,并对样品进行氮掺杂,作为自支撑钠离子电池负极材料.通过XRD、SEM、XPS、充放电测试对其进行结构、形貌分析和电化学性能研究.结果发现,氮离子成功的掺入晶体内部,且对TiO2的晶型没有影响.氮离子掺杂后,样品N-TiO2的倍率性能有了明显的提高.在10 A· g-1电流密度下,样品TiO2和N-TiO2的可逆比容量分别为134.3 mAh· g-1和212.1 mAh· g-1.在1 A· g-1的电流密度下,样品N-TiO2和TiO2的可逆比容量分别为192.4 mAh· g-1、124.5 mAh· g-1,循环1000圈后,放电比容量依然高达195.5 mAh· g-1、120.9 mAh· g-1,样品N-TiO2和TiO2均具有优异的循环稳定性,但氮离子掺杂后,比容量有了显著的提高.实验表明,氮离子掺杂后,材料中产生的Ti3+和氧空位可以提高电子电导率和Na+在材料中的扩散效率,使得其电化学性能有了明显的改善.     

新型锂离子电池复合负极材料3Li4Ti5O12·NiO的制备及性能研究

采用喷雾干燥法合成了3Li4Ti5O12·NiO复合负极材料.XRD结果表明,复合NiO没有改变Li4Ti5On的晶体结构.SEM结果表明,样品为直径0.5～3 μm的球形颗粒.电化学测试结果表明,3Li4Ti5O12·NiO较Li4Ti5O12倍率性能和循环性能得到极大地提高.该复合材料在0.1C、1C和20 C倍率下的放电比容量分别为372.8 mAh·g-1、252.6 mAh·g-1和204.8 mAh·g-1,在20C倍率下循环300次后的容量保持率为98.7;.     

基于聚合反应制备的钛离子掺杂LiFePO4/C复合材料

首先基于聚合反应合成FePO4/PANI前驱体,再以为LiOH·H2O,FePO4/PANI 和 PVA原料制备了LiFePO4正极材料,此外再对其进行碳包覆以及Ti4+掺杂,三种试样分别标记为LiFePO4,LiFePO4/C及LiFe0.96Ti0.02PO4/C.通过XRD、EDS及充放电测试等手段表征了材料的微观结构与电化学性能.实验结果证明:试样的XRD图谱均与标准LiFePO4图谱一致,不存在无定形碳衍射峰.与未掺杂试样LiFePO4/C相比,LiFe0.96Ti0.02PO4/C的电子电导率与其相近,但离子扩散系数有所改善,Ti4+在晶格中均匀分布,因此与其他两试样相比,其电化学性能更好.试样在C/10、C/2、1C、3C及5C倍率下的放电比容量为158.7 mAh·g-1、153.3 mAh·g-1、147.6 mAh·g-1、136.4 mAh·g-1及123.5 mAh·g-1,具有良好的倍率性能与电位稳定性.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.