Catalytic oxidation of ammonia on RuO2(110) surfaces: mechanism and selectivity

The selective oxidation of ammonia to either N2 or NO on RuO2(110) single-crystal surfaces was investigated by a combination of vibrational spectroscopy (HREELS), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and steady-state rate measurements under continuous flow conditions. The stoichiometric RuO2(110) surface exposes coordinatively unsaturated (cus) Ru atoms onto which adsorption of NH3 (NH3-cus) or dissociative adsorption of oxygen (O-cus) may occur. In the absence of O-cus, ammonia desorbs completely thermally without any reaction. However, interaction between NH3-cus and O-cus starts already at 90 K by hydrogen abstraction and hydrogenation to OH-cus, leading eventually to N-cus and H2O. The N-cus species recombine either with each other to N2 or with neighboring O-cus leading to strongly held NO-cus which desorbs around 500 K. The latter reaction is favored by higher concentrations of O-cus. Under steady-state flow condition with constant NH3 partial pressure and varying O2 pressure, the rate for N2 formation takes off first, passes through a maximum and then decreases again, whereas that for NO production exhibits an S-shape and rises continuously. In this way at 530 K almost 100% selectivity for NO formation (with fairly high reaction probability for NH3) is reached.     

不同RuO2含量对RuO2-Fe2O3催化剂氨选择性催化氧化性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法（sol-gel）制备了一系列具有不同RuO₂含量的RuO₂-Fe₂O₃催化剂,并将其应用于氨选择性催化氧化（NH₃-SCO）研究中。结果表明,所有RuO₂-Fe₂O₃催化剂都表现出较好的低温活性,且RuO₂含量对催化剂的NH₃催化氧化活性影响显著。此外,利用BET、XRD、H₂-TPR和DRIFTS等表征手段研究了催化剂的物理化学性质和催化活性之间的关系。结果表明,RuO₂的加入增大了催化剂的比表面积。RuO₂与Fe₂O₃之间存在的协同效应提高了催化剂的氧化还原能力,从而提高了催化剂的氨氧化活性。同时,RuO₂含量对催化剂表面酸性影响很大,且催化剂表面主要存在Lewis酸性位点。     

Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Ti/SnO2+ RuO2+ MnO2/MnO2 Electrode in Sulfuric Acid Solution

The Ti-Supported MnO_2 electrode was modified by introducing SnO_2+RuO_2+MnO_2 as an intermediate layer into the Ti/MnO_2 interface. The anodic polarization curves were measured at various temperatures ranging from 30 to 80℃ and the activation energy for the oxygen evolution reaction was evaluated. The experimental activation energy increased linearly with increasing the overpotential. The activation energy at the equilibrium potential was linearly correlated with the difference between the crystal field stabilization energies of Mn~(4+) at initial state and Mn~(4+) at transition state. The electrocatalysis characteristics of the anode were discussed by means of the mechanism of the substitution reaction of the ligand(S_N1 and S_N2) and molecular orbital theory. The results show that the anode has better electrocatalystic characteristics.     

First-principle calculations on the structures and electronic properties of the CO-adsorbed (SnO2)2 clusters

To clear the adsorption site of CO on the surface of the nanosized SnO₂ film, the structures, stability, and electronic characteristics of the CO-adsorbed (SnO₂)₂ clusters have been investigated by using PW91 functional. The more stable configurations of these CO(SnO₂)₂ clusters derive from CO are adsorbed on the lower energy excited-state (SnO₂)₂ clusters rather than on the ground-state (SnO₂)₂ clusters. The calculated adsorption energies for CO on the lower energy excite-state (SnO₂)₂ clusters are up to 1.363–1.454 eV which is transferred from physical adsorption to chemical adsorptions. CO adsorption increases the kinetic stability and decreases the conductivity of the lower energy excited-states (SnO₂)₂ clusters.

     

Capillary zone electrophoresis of rigid submicron-sized particles in polyacrylamide. Solution selectivity, peak spreading and resolution.

Submicron-sized rigid particles can be separated in a size-dependent fashion by electrophoresis in free solution. Yet it has remained unknown whether the presence of polymers in the solution confers an advantage in size-dependent separation of submicron particles and their resolution. The present study addresses that question, using capillary zone electrophoresis of carboxylate modified polystyrene latex microspheres of 55, 140 and 215 nm radius in solutions of linear polyacrylamide in the M(r) range of 0.4.10(6) to 1.14.10(6). Selectivity of particle separation increases in direct relation to the polymer concentration in the concentration range of 0 to 1% (w/v). Selectivity was found to increase with M(r) of the polymer for the particle sets of 55/140 (nm/nm) and 140/215 (nm/nm) but to decrease with polymer M(r) for the 55/215 (nm/nm) set. Peak spreading is a complex and, in the case of the largest particle, non-monotonic function of polymer concentration, with a minimum at concentrations around the entanglement threshold, c*. Consequently, resolution of the 55/215 and 140/215 (nm/nm) sets also exhibits a maximum around the entanglement threshold while resolution for the 55/140 (nm/nm) set increases with a rise of polymer concentrations above c*. Within the range of optimally resolving polymer concentrations there also occurs a maximum of resolution for all particle sets at a field strength in the range of 150 to 250 V cm-1.     

Computational elucidation of the transition state shape selectivity phenomenon

The most commonly cited example of a transition state shape selective reaction, m-xylene disproportionation in zeolites, is examined to determine if the local spatial environment of a reaction can significantly alter selectivity. In the studied reaction, ZPE-corrected rate limiting energy barriers are 136 kJ/mol for the methoxide-mediated pathway and 109 to 145 kJ/mol for the diphenylmethane-mediated pathway. Both pathways are likely to contribute to selectivity and disfavor one product isomer (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), but relative selectivity to the other two isomers varies with pore geometry, mechanistic pathway, and inclusion of entropic effects. Most importantly, study of one pathway in three different common zeolite framework types (FAU, MFI, and MOR) allows explicit and practically oriented consideration of pore shape. Variation of the environment shape at the critical transition states is thus shown to affect the course of reaction. Barrier height shifts on the order of 10-20 kJ/mol are achievable. Observed selectivities do not agree with the transition state characteristics calculated here and, hence, are most likely due to product shape selectivity. Further examination of the pathways highlights the importance of mechanistic steps that do not result in isomer-defining bonds and leads to a more robust definition of transition state shape selectivity.     

Evidence for shape selectivity in non-covalently imprinted polymers

The existence of shape selectivity in non-covalent molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) has been proven using molecular probes. Twelve secondary amines with different sized side chains were imprinted, and enantioselectivity evaluated by HPLC for each amine on each imprinted polymer. Trends in the quantitative structure-binding relationships (QSBR) revealed two major contributions of cavity structure on selectivity afforded by molecularly imprinted polymers. First, sterics play a dominant role in cases where a molecules structure is too big too fit into an imprinted site formed from a smaller template molecule; e.g. on MIPs made with small templates, large analytes give separation factors (α) close to 1.0 (no selectivity), while small analytes give α values of 1.4. Second, molecular structures that are equal to or smaller than those of the template molecule are selected by maximizing Van der Waals interactions within the MIP binding site. Thus, MIPs made with large analytes give α values up to 2.5, while small analytes on the same MIPs give α values closer to 1.1. Template structure also has an effect on MIP enantioselectivity; e.g. branched structures exhibit a 1.7-fold improvement in separation factors (α) by MIPs made for isopropyl versus propyl derivatives, and cyclohexyl versus hexyl derivatives. Full details of these trends are provided in the text.     

Pt/RuO2/CNTs纳米催化剂中RuO2含量对甲醇电催化氧化性能的影响

制备了一种新的甲醇直接燃料电池Pt/RuO2/CNTs阳极催化剂,在相同Pt负载量下,其甲醇电催化氧化活性是Pt/CNTs的3倍.采用循环伏安法研究发现Pt/RuO2/CNTs纳米催化剂中RuO2含量对甲醇电催化氧化活性有明显影响,当Pt和RuO2在碳纳米管上含量分别为15%和9.5%时,Pt/RuO2/CNTs催化剂具有最佳的甲醇电催化氧化活性.RuO2负载在碳纳米管上比电容的变化,反映了水合RuO2结构中质子与电子传输平衡的能力,分析表明,催化剂中RuO2含量不同导致电容的变化是影响甲醇电催化氧化活性的主要原因.当催化剂结构中质子与电子传输达到平衡时,催化剂比电容最大,电催化氧化活性最高.这种基于电容关联电催化剂的观点对甲醇直接燃料电池阳极催化剂的设计非常有意义.     

Effect of antimony dopants on the sorption properties of SnO2

The effects of antimony modifying additive (0.15—0.50 at.% Sb) on the electrophysical and sorption properties of SnO₂ powders with a well developed specific surface were studied in the temperature range of 25—250 °C. Small amounts of antimony (0.15 at.%) increase the conductivity of SnO₂ containing SO₂ and CO chemisorbed in the temperature range of 25—100 °C. This makes this composition promising as a sensitive element of gas sensors.     

高选择性和稳定性SnO2纳米催化剂上 CO2电化学还原为甲酸

作为最重要的还原产品,甲酸是 CO2还原中非常有价值的液体燃料.已有研究报道, Sn类金属电极对甲酸生成有很好的催化活性,所用电解液均为 KHCO3溶液(0.5 mol/L),但多数研究没有对其电解液条件的影响给出清晰解释.一般而言,电解液 pH值会影响 H2O和 CO2还原的电极电势,酸性环境有利于氢析出,碱性环境则不利于甲酸形成.在中性偏碱性环境, CO2电解可以提供维持氧化物稳定性的可能性.同时,电解质浓度也极大地影响甲酸形成.研究表明,当在固定床反应器中使用 Sn颗粒电极,在 KHCO3溶液(0.5 mol/L)中甲酸的法拉第效率比 K2CO3溶液(0.1 mol/L)的法拉第效率更大.我们研究组通过简单的水热自组装法成功制备了一种纳米结构 SnO2催化剂.其中 SnO2-50纳米催化剂由三维多级结构组成,为纳米颗粒和微米球的聚集体,其中含有直径为500 nm?1μm的高度多孔结构.该催化剂负载气体扩散电极用于 CO2电化学还原,表现出优异的 CO2还原催化活性和甲酸选择性.与其他文献报道相比,该电极具有明显的低过电位(?0.56 V vs. SHE).经研究发现,这与甲酸形成由传质和电荷传递过程控制有关,同时 CO2还原强烈依赖于电解液条件.此外,催化剂的电化学性能和甲酸选择性强烈依赖于电解液浓度.在0.5 mol/L KHCO3电解液中,当电解液浓度为0.1?0.5 mol/L时,催化性能随电解液浓度增加而提高,同时在电解液浓度为0.5 mol/L时催化性能达到最佳,获得56%的甲酸法拉第效率,这主要是由于 HCO3?直接参与反应的结果.在电解液浓度较低时,甲酸的形成由传质控制,而在电解液浓度较高时,甲酸的形成则由电荷传递控制.
　　同时我们发现在形成甲酸过程中,电解液 pH值对 CO2电化学还原过程有很大影响.为了研究电解液pH值影响,重点考察了pH值分别为6,7,8.3和9时的电位值,其原因是酸性过高有利于氢气形成,碱度过高不利于甲酸形成.结果表明,pH =8.3的电解液为 CO2还原的最佳电解液条件.此外,在最负的电势下,电解液pH=8.3时,阴极电流密度比其他电解液都大,几乎是pH=6的电解液的2倍.此时在中性偏碱性环境下, CO2还原可以提供维持氧化物稳定性的可能性.当电解液 pH增加到9.0时,甲酸产量及法拉第效率略有下降,可能是碱性环境不利于甲酸形成.
　　同时,对 SnO2-50纳米催化剂经28 h电解后的甲酸法拉第效率的衰减机制进行了深入研究.结果表明,随着电解时间延长,甲酸法拉第效率衰减.电解时间为1?28 h时,法拉第效率和甲酸产量均保持平稳下降趋势,28 h后法拉第效率由初始的56%降至24%.有文献报道,甲酸法拉第效率随电解时间的改变主要是由于阳极上甲酸的氧化或阴极上杂质的污染.为了证明阴极电解后的状态,我们对 SnO2-50/GDL阴极电解前后的 XPS谱进行了分析.结果发现,法拉第效率的下降是由于痕量氟离子沉积到 SnO2-50/GDL电极表面,这些痕量氟离子可能来自反应槽,阻碍电极表面 CO2电化学还原为甲酸.     

Characterization of the high-pressure structures and phase transformations in SnO2. A density functional theory study

Theoretical investigations concerning the high-pressure polymorphs, the equations of state, and the phase transitions of SnO2 have been performed using density functional theory at the B3LYP level. Total energy calculations and geometry optimizations have been carried out for all phases involved, and the following sequence of structural transitions from the rutile-type (P42/mnm) driven by pressure has been obtained (the transition pressure is in parentheses): --> CaCl2-type, Pnnm (12 GPa) --> alpha-PbO2-type, Pbcn (17 GPa) --> pyrite-type, Pa (17 GPa) --> ZrO2-type orthorhombic phase I, Pbca (18 GPa) --> fluorite-type, Fmm (24 GPa) --> cotunnite-type orthorhombic phase II, Pnam (33 GPa). The highest bulk modulus values, calculated by fitting pressure-volume data to the second-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, correspond to the cubic pyrite and the fluorite-type phases with values of 293 and 322 GPa, respectively.     

Effect of SO2 on the catalytic activity of SnO2 and CeO2 in methane oxidation

The variation of the catalytic activity of tin and cerium dioxides in the combustion of SO₂-containing methane has been investigated at SO₂ concentrations of 50 to 1000 ppm in the gas stream. The catalytic activity of SnO₂ decreases dramatically upon the introduction of SO₂, but it returns rapidly to its initial level and then remains invariable (95% conversion, operating temperature of 600°C). Cerium dioxide is much less resistant to poisoning with sulfur dioxide: the higher the SO₂ concentration in the gas stream, the larger the decrease in its activity. After sulfur dioxide is cut off, CeO₂ regains its initial activity at 750°C. The behaviors of SnO₂ and CeO₂ are in agreement with the thermal stabilities of the corresponding sulfates and oxosulfates.     

碳纳米管表面羧基对纳米RuO2颗粒的分散作用

采用硝酸氧化方法对多壁碳纳米管(CNT)的侧壁进行修饰,得到表面羧基含量可控的CNT,并进一步考察了碳管表面基团分布与纳米RuO2催化剂在CNT上的分散度及催化氧化活性之间的关系.以多齿羧酸配体作为稳定剂,合成了RuO2和IrO2纳米颗粒水溶胶,并通过改变配体的种类及数最对纳米颗粒团聚体粒径进行调控.研究结果表明,羧酸配体和碳管表面的羧基均有助于纳米氧化物颗粒的分散.     

纳米二氧化钛的量子尺寸效应及掺杂氧化锡对其光吸收的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了量子尺寸的纳米氧化钛和锡掺杂的纳米氧化钛,经过不同温度的热处理得到不同尺寸的粉末样品.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和电子衍射(ED) 表征了不同样品的物相组成和粒径(3～12 nm),通过反射谱(RS)深入研究了纳米氧化钛的量子尺寸效应及掺杂氧化锡对于纳米氧化钛光吸收性质的影响.实验结果表明纳米氧化钛有明显的光吸收量子尺寸效应,掺杂氧化锡促进了二氧化钛的锐钛矿向金红石相的转变,降低了相变起始温度.由于相变和尺寸变化两方面相反的作用,掺杂氧化锡对于二氧化钛光吸收边的位移影响不大.     

The electronic structure of FeO 4 2− , RuO4, RuO 4 − , RuO 4 2− and OsO4 by the HFS-DVM method

The electronic structures of FeO ₄ ^2? , RuO₄, RuO ₄ ^? , RuO ₄ ^2? and OsO₄ have been investigated using the Hartree-Fock-Slater Discrete Variational Method. The calculated ordering of the valence orbitals is 2t ₂, 1e, 2a ₁, 3t ₂ andt ₁ with thet ₁ orbital as the highest occupied. The first five charge transfer bands are assigned as:t ₁→2e(v ₁), 3t ₂→2e(v ₂),t ₁→4t ₂(v ₃), 3t ₂→4t ₂(v ₄) and 2a ₁→4t ₂(v ₅). It is suggested that ad-d transition should be observed at 1.5 eV in RuO ₄ ^? and RuO ₄ ^2? .     

Effect of Surface Structure on Behavior of RuO2 Electrodes in Sulfuric Acid Aqueous Solution

The electrochemical properties of RuO₂ electrodes are studied by means of cyclic voltammetry, potential step, and impedance measurements in aqueous 0.5 mol/dm³ H₂SO₄ as a supporting electrolyte solution and applying the hanging electrolyte meniscus technique. Two types of the electrodes are used: bulk as-grown single-crystal having (101) exposed interface and 500 nm film produced by reactive RF magnetron sputtering at 450°C. The surface structure of the RuO₂ electrodes prepared by different techniques is defined from X-ray LAUE backscattering. Experimental data show that, for both RuO₂ electrodes, the charging components include a slow diffusion-controlled contribution, due to proton injection–ejection. The diffusion characteristics and the diffusion coefficients for the same electrodes are estimated and reported.     

Effects of coverage on the structures, energetics, and electronics of oxygen adsorption on RuO2(110)

Plane-wave supercell DFT calculations within the PW91 generalized gradient approximation are used to examine the influence of oxygen coverage on the structure, energetics, and electronics of the RuO2(110) surface. Filling of O(br) and O(cus) sites is exothermic with respect to molecular O2 at all coverages and causes changes in local Ru electronic structure consistent with the changing metal coordination. By fitting the surface energies of a large number of surface configurations to a two-body interaction model, an O atom is calculated to be bound by 2.55 eV within a filled O(br) row and by 0.98 eV along an otherwise vacant O(cus) row. Lateral interactions modify these binding energies by up to 20%. O(cus)-O(cus) interactions are repulsive and diminish binding energy with increasing O(cus) filling. Due to the favorable relief of local strain, O(br)-O(br) interactions are attractive and favor filling of neighbor br sites. These interaction effects are relatively modest in absolute magnitude but are large enough to influence the ability of the RuO2(110) surface to promote oxidation of relatively weak reductants, such as NO and C2H4.     

Sno2+Sb203中间层的制备条件对Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2阳极性能的影响

研究了聚合前驱体制备的SnO2+Sb2O3中间层的焙烧温度、锑含量对Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2阳极性能的影响. 用XRD、ESEM和探针法对锡锑中进行了表征,应用阳极寿命快速检测法测定了Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2电极在1.0 mol/L H2SO4溶液中的寿命,并用极化曲线和电荷容量表征了锡锑中间层对钛基PbO2阳极性能的影响. 实验结果表明,聚合前驱体制备中间层的焙烧温度和锑含量对Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2电极的寿命和性能有显著的影响. 在锡锑中间层的制备温度为500 ℃、n(Sn):n(Sb)=9:1时,制得的Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2电极用阳极寿命快速检测法测得的电极寿命达30h,具有良好的稳定性.     

SnO2+Sb2O3中间层的制备条件对Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2阳极性能的影响

二氧化铅;SnO2+Sb2O3中间层的制备条件对Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2阳极性能的影响