18～88 keV Ross滤片谱仪的设计和应用

以带通平响应为优化目标,通过残余响应、带外残余响应相对误差以及残余响应平整度3个参数来优化滤片的厚度,设计了一套共有7个能量通道、连续覆盖18~88keV能谱范围的Ross滤片谱仪。该谱仪能量通道宽度在2~20keV之间。多数能量通道的带外残余响应相对误差低于10%,残余响应平整度优于20%。将该谱仪应用于微聚焦X光机上的高Z金属球壳高能X射线背光照相实验,结果表明:在不同的实验条件下,Ross滤片谱仪测得的能谱形状与理论模型给出的结果符合较好,测得的能谱不仅能够很好地解释背光照相图像,而且可用于根据图像反推客体的面密度。     

Effects of temperature,mechanical motion and source positional jitter on the resolving power of beamline 02B at the SSRF

A detailed analysis of the effects of temperature excursions, instrumental mechanical motion and source position jitter on the energy‐resolving power of beamline 02B at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) is presented in this study. This beamline uses a bending‐magnet‐based source and includes a variable‐line‐spacing grating monochromator with additional optics. Expressions are derived for the monochromator output photon energy shifts for each of the performance challenges considered. The calculated results indicate that measured temperature excursions of ±1 K produce an energy shift of less than 11% of the system's energy resolution. Mechanical displacements and vibrations measured at amplitudes of less than 0.5 µm produce changes of less than 5%, while measured source location jitter results in a change of less than 10%. Spectroscopic test experiments at 250 and 400 eV provide energy resolutions of over 10⁴. This analysis, combined with the measured results, confirms the operational stability of the beamline, indicating that it meets the performance requirements for experimental use.     

Hydrogen and deuterium total neutron cross sections in the MeV region

Total neutron cross sections, using a continuous-energy source of neutrons, were measured for hydrogen and deuterium. The neutron energy range covered was from less than 1 MeV, to about 30 MeV. No structure is observed for either isotope. The precision of the cross-section magnitudes appears to be within 1 % over much of the measured energy interval.     

Comparison of Lu3Al5O12:Pr and Bi4Ge3O12 scintillators for gamma-ray detection

The scintillation properties of Lu₃Al₅O₁₂:Pr³⁺ (LuAG:Pr) single crystal grown by the Czochralski method with praseodymium concentration of 0.19 mol% were investigated. For a comparison, a good quality Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂ (BGO) single crystal grown by Bridgman method was also studied. The light yield and energy resolution were measured using photomultiplier tube (XP5200B PMT) readout. Moderate light yield of 15,900 photons per MeV was measured for the LuAG:Pr(0.19%) crystal. For 662 keV gamma rays (¹³⁷Cs source), an energy resolution of 6.5% obtained for LuAG:Pr(0.19%) is much better than that of 9.0% obtained for BGO. The light yield non-proportionality and energy resolution versus energy of gamma rays were measured and the intrinsic resolution of the crystals was determined after correcting the measured energy resolution for PMT statistics. The LuAG:Pr(0.19%) showed a good proportionality of the light yield within 5% over the energy range from 1274.5 keV down to 32 keV, which is much better than that of 14% for BGO. The photofraction was determined at 320 and 662 keV for both crystals and compared with the ratio of the cross-sections for the photoelectric effect to the total one calculated using WinXCOM program.     

Spin-dependent quantum interference from epitaxial MgO thin films on Fe(001)

Spin-dependent electron reflection from MgO thin films grown on Fe(001) was measured using spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy. The electron reflectivity exhibits quantum interference from which two MgO energy bands with Delta1 symmetry were determined in experiment. We found that a bulklike MgO energy gap is fully established for MgO film thicker than 3 atomic monolayers and that the electron reflectivity from the MgO/Fe interface exhibits a spin-dependent amplitude and a spin-independent phase change.     

Integral and temporal characteristics of soft X-rays of the PF-4 plasma focus setup

Soft X-rays of a setup with a power from 1.5 to 5 kJ, operating with argon, were measured using X-ray pinhole cameras and SPPD 11-04 detectors. Integral measurements of X-rays in energy ranges above 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.5 keV were performed using a 4-frame pinhole camera with hole sizes of ～250 µm. Simultaneously, the X-ray yield was measured with time resolution in the energy region of > 1.8 keV using a semiconductor detector. X-ray characteristics were experimentally studied at a capacitor bank voltage of 8–14 kV and argon pressures from 1.2 to 3 Torr. The size of hot points was estimated using the pinhole camera with a hole size of ～20 µm as less than 13–25 µm.     

氘氚源中子穿过聚乙烯样品泄漏中子谱的测量与模拟

采用飞行时间技术测量了氘氚（D-T）源中子穿过不同厚度板状聚乙烯样品后40°方向的泄漏中子时间到达谱,样品的长和宽均为100 cm, 厚度分别为4.5, 9, 18和27 cm。 本底谱测量采用了无样本底测量和无样堵孔本底测量2种方案, 利用MCNP-4C程序模拟了相同实验条件下的泄漏中子时间到达谱, 模拟过程中考虑了源中子的能谱与角分布、脉冲中子束宽度、 探测器的效率以及样品的有效面积。通过比较发现, 采用无样测量谱作为本底时,计算值/实验值（C/E）值大于1, 并且随着样品厚度的增加而偏离1;而本底谱采用无样堵孔测量谱时, C/E小于1, 并且随着样品厚度的增加而接近1。通过对两套本底谱的分析, 并结合蒙特卡罗模拟, 计算求得了相应样品厚度下比较接近实际的本底谱,采用该模拟计算本底谱后,C/E值有了明显的改善。The neutron leakage spectrum were measured at 40° by time of flight method for polyethylene slabs with the thicknesses of 4.5, 9,18 and 27 cm,respectively. The experimental results were compared with the MCNP-4C simulations, which carefully considered many effects, such as the angle and energy distributions of the source neutrons,the width of the beam pulse,the detection efficiency and the effective measured area. The sample out and collimator filled spectra were measured as the background, and the results showed that C/E values were larger than 1 when using the sample out background spectra,but smaller than 1 when using the collimator filled background spectra. Combine these two different background spectra, a new method was used to calculate the background spectrum,and the results have a better agreement with the simulations.     

KLY—1低能宽束离子源的研制

本文简介了KLY-1低能宽束离子源的结构,给出了物理设计的主要公式和调试实验的结果。对于氩离子束,在离子能量为4keV,距引出电极24cm处的5cm直径的靶上,测得最大氩离子流为45mA,束流不均匀性优于±25％。     

The correlation of the energy resolution of incident light with the measured reflectance of multilayers

This paper presents an expression for describing the correlation of the energy resolution of incident light with the measured reflectance of multilayers, and gives a new method for calculating the polychromatic-light reflectance of multilayers. Using this method we give the reflectance spectrum of some multilayers in the case in which the incident light is polychromatic. The theoretical analysis shows that for the multilayers of a given design the peak reflectance of the polychromatic light is smaller than that of the monochromatic light, but no-peak reflectance of the polychromatic light is bigger than that of the monochromatic light. Further, the measured reflectance spectrum will be a line if the energy resolution is less than a decided value. The shorter the design-wavelength of the multilayer, the stronger the effect of the energy resolution on the reflectance.     

Energy dependence of TLD-900 dosimeters exposed to low energy X-rays

This work investigates the energy dependence of CaSO₄:Dy (TLD-900) thermoluminescent dosimeters to low energy X-rays. Dosimeters were exposed to X-ray radiation qualities between 30 and 250 kVp for three air kerma values: 100, 250 and 500 mGy. The detector thermoluminescent response as a function of air kerma and the detector's relative kerma sensitivity with respect to ⁶⁰Co as a function of effective energy were obtained. Monte Carlo and analytical calculations were also performed. A maximum relative kerma sensitivity of 12 is found for a 22 keV effective energy corresponding to the 50 kVp X-ray beam. Monte Carlo and analytical calculations accurately describe trends in the energy dependence curve as a function of photon energy though they predict lower values for the relative kerma sensitivity. Maximum difference is observed at the lowest energy measured (16 keV) where experimental data is 2.1 and 2.3 times greater than Monte Carlo and analytical calculations, respectively. The difference between measurements and Monte Carlo-calculated predictions is attributed to the intrinsic energy dependence of TLD-900. Values of intrinsic energy dependence estimated from the measured relative TL kerma sensitivity together with the MC and analytical calculated values of kerma energy dependence were found to be independent of beam quality in the region from 33 to 142 keV effective energies.     

Measurement of vibrational energy flow in a plate with high energy flow boundary crossing using electronic speckle pattern interferometry

The measurement of vibrational energy flow is an important tool in understanding the vibrational behaviour of structures. In the past, because of transducer constraints, the measurement of vibrational energy flow was mostly restricted to single point measurements. However, recent developments in advanced laser measurement techniques, such as electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), have gained interest in applying two-dimensional, multi-point measurement techniques to the estimation of vibrational energy flow. This paper addresses the measurement of vibrational energy flow in a plate by using an ESPI based vibrational energy flow measurement technique. A radially symmetric bending wave plate vibration model is introduced and theoretical expressions for energy-based quantities are derived. To assess the accuracy of the measurement method, these theoretical quantities are compared to synthetic results derived from the ESPI energy flow measurement technique. The ESPI measurement technique is also applied to an experimental ‘infinite’ plate. Thus, a specially designed experimental apparatus was constructed so as to minimise undesired wave reflections in the plate and, thus, achieve a high energy flow boundary crossing at the edges of the plate. To reduce the effect of optical noise contamination on the ESPI measured out-of-plane plate displacement data, optimal filters were applied prior to the vibrational energy flow computation. To appraise the accuracy of the experimental method, measured vibrational power on the plate is compared with measured vibrational input power. A difference of less than 1 dB between both quantities indicates that vibrational energy flow within a rectangular plate that contains radially symmetric wave propagation can be measured to a good degree of accuracy if appropriate filtering is applied.     

Total photoabsorption cross sections for high-Z ELEMENTS in the energy range 7–20 MeV

Total photoabsorption cross sections for 13 isotopes between Sm and Bi were measured in the energy range 7–20 MeV with uncertainties generally better than 0.3 % using the narrow beam attenuation method. The measured cross sections after subtracting the photonuclear contribution are generally in good agreement with the latest NBS calculations of atomic cross sections.     

Measurement of linear attenuation coefficients of normal and malignant breast tissues using synchrotron radiation

The linear attenuation coefficients of normal and malignant breast tissues have been measured in the energy range of 8–18 keV using Indus‐2 synchrotron source. The intensity of the incident as well as transmitted X‐ray photons in normal and malignant breast tissues is measured with AXUV 100GX silicon photodiode detector. Using these intensities, the linear attenuation coefficients of normal and malignant breast tissues have been measured. The measured linear attenuation coefficient values of cancer tissue are found to be higher than that of normal tissue throughout measured energy region. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancement of electron–ion recombination rates at low energy range in the heavy ion storage ring CSRm

Recombination of Ar¹⁴⁺, Ar¹⁵⁺, Ca¹⁶⁺, and Ni¹⁹⁺ ions with electrons has been investigated at low energy range based on the merged-beam method at the main cooler storage ring CSRm in the Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou,China. For each ion, the absolute recombination rate coefficients have been measured with electron–ion collision energies from 0 meV to 1000 meV which include the radiative recombination(RR) and also dielectronic recombination(DR)processes. In order to interpret the measured results, RR cross sections were obtained from a modified version of the semiclassical Bethe and Salpeter formula for hydrogenic ions. DR cross sections were calculated by a relativistic configuration interaction method using the flexible atomic code(FAC) and AUTOSTRUCTURE code in this energy range. The calculated RR + DR rate coefficients show a good agreement with the measured value at the collision energy above 100 meV.However, large discrepancies have been found at low energy range especially below 10 meV, and the experimental results show a strong enhancement relative to the theoretical RR rate coefficients. For the electron–ion collision energy below 1 meV, it was found that the experimentally observed recombination rates are higher than the theoretically predicted and fitted rates by a factor of 1.5 to 3.9. The strong dependence of RR rate coefficient enhancement on the charge state of the ions has been found with the scaling rule of q^3.0, reproducing the low-energy recombination enhancement effects found in other previous experiments.     

硅酸铅玻璃光敏性研究

采用四倍频的Nd∶YAG脉冲激光 (波长 2 6 6nm ,脉宽 10ns)对氧化铅摩尔分数在 0 3至 0 5的硅酸铅玻璃体样品进行照射 ,并对照射前后样品的折射率及紫外可见吸收光谱进行了测量。研究发现不同能量密度的2 6 6nm激光照射硅酸铅玻璃体样品 ,会使样品的紫外可见吸收光谱产生不同的变化 :当 2 6 6nm激光能量密度较高时 (15 0mJ/cm2 ) ,样品在可见区域的吸收系数明显增大 ,样品表面会产生褐色斑点 ;而当 2 6 6nm激光能量密度较低时 (5 0mJ/cm2 ) ,尽管累计剂量较大 ,样品表面无斑点产生 ,吸收系数稍有增加 ,而折射率下降明显 ,最大Δn =- 0 .2 5± 0 .0 4。对氧化铅摩尔分数为 0 4 3的硅酸铅玻璃用不同能量密度的 2 6 6nm激光进行照射 ,发现当激光能量密度大于某一阈值时 ,样品在可见区域的吸收系数突然增大 ,这可能是由于硅酸铅玻璃吸收 2 6 6nm激光能量导致局部温度升高而引起玻璃结构改变所致。     

假根羽藻外周天线内能量传递的飞秒光谱研究

在时间相关单光子技术的基础上,对假根羽藻外周天线内叶绿素分子间的能量传递进行研究.采用瞬态吸收与荧光发射谱识别样品内的具有特征光谱组分的分子,得到在叶绿素分子的Q带区主要存在以下六个特征分子：Chlb630,Chlb642,Chla653652,Chla667664,Chla676,680675,Chla683682.630 nm的飞秒脉冲光的激发下,通过对不同特征发射峰出的荧光动力学进行解析得到： 1)Chlb628分子所吸收的能量仅有大约20%被直接传递给其他叶绿素分子,传能时间小于150 fs;2)叶绿素间大部分的能量传递发生在长于76 ps 时间范围内;3)传能时间常量在几百fs及10 ps左右的间接传能可能与具有不同光谱组分特征的叶绿素分子在外周天线内的排列方式以及偶极距的取向有关;4)Chlb654,657652,Chla666664,Chla677,680674和Chla683682以荧光形势耗散能量的时间常量分别为1.41 ns, 1.39 ns, 676 ps, 709 ps,这部分在整个能量耗散中占的比例不超过40%.     

Correlation between burning surface temperature and regression rate for polymethylmethacrylate

Prediction of the regression rate of polymeric fuels is important, especially for the optimal design of solid fuel ramjets or hybrid rocket motors. The burning surface temperature and the surface activation energy in the Arrhenius pyrolysis equation are required for prediction of the regression rate. As a typical polymeric fuel, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was chosen for the present study. The burning surface temperature of PMMA was measured for both end-burning and sandwich-burning experimental devices. In the end-burning experiment, the oxygen flow impinged on the top of the specimen to burn the PMMA. In the sandwich-burning experiment, PMMA sheets were sandwiched between AP pellets. Temperature profiles near the burning surface were measured with a thermocouple embedded in the specimen. Simultaneously, the emergence of the thermocouple from the burning surface was determined with a video camera. The burning surface temperature obtained in the present study was found to be almost independent of the regression rate. The surface activation energy of PMMA was more than 1000 kJ/mol. Our measured surface temperature or the activation energy differs from the values measured with a thermocouple in previous studies. This difference probably is a result of mistaken identification of the burning surface temperature in the previous studies, because it was found that the sudden change or tiny plateau of the slope, in the temperature profile of PMMA, did not signal the burning surface.     

Response of a tissue equivalent proportional counter to neutrons

The absorbed dose as a function of lineal energy was measured at the CERN-EC Reference-field Facility (CERF) using a 512-channel tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC), and neutron dose equivalent response evaluated. Although there are some differences, the measured dose equivalent is in agreement with that measured by the 16-channel HANDI tissue equivalent counter. Comparison of TEPC measurements with those made by a silicon solid-state detector for low linear energy transfer particles produced by the same beam, is presented. The measurements show that about 4% of dose equivalent is delivered by particles heavier than protons generated in the conducting tissue equivalent plastic.     

附面层抽吸对高负荷扩压叶栅流动及负荷的影响

实验研究了低速条件下附面层吸除对某高负荷扩压叶栅流动及负荷的影响,测量得到了出口二次流速度矢量和型面静压分布,并对壁面做了罹迹流动显示.结果表明,抽吸低能流体有效抑制了分离流动,在分离点后采用较大吸气量时效果更好;吸气量越大,角区低能流体的积聚逐渐减弱,叶栅负荷随之增大,且叶展中部负荷的增加程度大于端部.     

Energieverlust von Elektronen in Aluminium im Energiebereich 20 bis 60 MeV

The energy spectrum of nearly monoenergetic electrons (energy width about 0.3%) was measured with a spectrometer of high resolution (about 0.1%) before and after passing through aluminum absorbers of thicknesses between 0.08 and 5.4 g/cm². The experiments were performed with the energy-analysed beam of the Darmstadt linear accelerator; the energy was varied between 20 and 60 MeV. The most probable energy losses agree with the theory ofSternheimer within the error limits (1.5?2%) for thicknesses smaller than 2 g/cm². The half widths are systematically larger than the values calculated byBlunck andWestphal.