Methods of improving the initial Coulombic efficiency and rate performance of both anode and cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) have gained more scientists’ interest, owing to some facts such as the natural abundance of Na, the similarities of physicochemical characteristics between Li and Na. The irreversible Na+ions consumption during the first cycle of charge/discharge process(due to the formation of the solid electrolyte interface(SEI) on the electrode surface and other irreversible reactions) is the factor that determines high performance SIBs and largely reduces the capacity of the full c...     

In-situ FTIR investigations on the reduction of vinylene electrolyte additives suitable for use in lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries operate beyond the thermodynamic stability of the aprotic organic electrolyte used and electrolyte decomposition occurs at both electrodes. The electrolyte must therefore be composed in a way that its decomposition products form a film on the electrodes which stops the decomposition reactions but is still permeable to the Li(+) cations which are the charge carriers. At the graphite anode, this film is commonly referred to as a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Aprotic organic compounds containing vinylene groups can form an effective SEI on a graphitic anode. As examples, vinyl acetate (VA) and acrylonitrile (AN) have been investigated by in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in a specially developed IR cell. The measurements focus on electrolyte decomposition and the mechanism of SEI formation in the presence of VA and AN. We conclude that cathodic reduction of the vinylene groups (i.e., via reduction of the double bond) in the electrolyte additives is the initiating and thus a most important step of the SEI-formation process, even in an electrolyte which contains only a few percent (i.e. electrolyte additive amounts) of the compound. The possibility of electropolymerization of the vinylene monomers in the battery electrolytes used is critically discussed on the basis of the IR data obtained.     

Boosting the cycling stability of hard carbon with NaODFB-based electrolyte at high temperature

The optimization of electrolyte formulation and the resulting change in the properties of the solid electrolyte interfacial film (SEI) are the key to affecting the cycle stability of sodium ion batteries at high temperatures. Traditional sodium ion electrolytes are prone to decomposition at high temperatures, which leads to a rapid decline in battery performance. Herein, we use an effective strategy to construct a SEI film on hard carbon anodes by introducing self-developed synthetic sodium-difluoro(oxalate)borate (NaODFB)-based ethers electrolyte. This study aims to analyze the compatibility between NaODFB-based electrolyte and hard carbon by theoretical calculations and experimental analysis including Na/Cu cells,In-suit EIS and cyclic voltammetry curves at different scan rates. The results indicate that the Na/HC cells with NaODFB-based electrolyte has excellent cycling stability at 55 °C. The battery delivers a high reversible capacity of 249.9 mAh/g at 100 mA/g due to the stable SEI riched in inorganic substances. This work provides guidance and ideas for the design of sodium-ion battery electrolyte at high temperatures in the future.     

Carbon and Carbon Hybrid Materials as Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted much attention for application in large‐scale grid energy storage owing to the abundance and low cost of sodium sources. However, low energy density and poor cycling life hinder practical application of SIBs. Recently, substantial efforts have been made to develop electrode materials to push forward large‐scale practical applications. Carbon materials can be directly used as anode materials, and they show excellent sodium storage performance. Additionally, designing and constructing carbon hybrid materials is an effective strategy to obtain high‐performance anodes for SIBs. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on carbon and carbon hybrid materials as anodes for SIBs. Nanostructural design to enhance the sodium storage performance of anode materials is discussed, and we offer some insight into the potential directions of and future high‐performance anode materials for SIBs.     

Studies on the Anode/Electrolyte Interfacein Lithium Ion Batteries

Summary.  Rechargeable lithium ion cells operate at voltages of 3.5–4.5 V, which is far beyond the thermodynamic stability window of the battery electrolyte. Strong electrolyte reduction and anode corrosion has to be anticipated, leading to irreversible loss of electroactive material and electrolyte and thus strongly deteriorating cell performance. To minimize these reactions, anode and electrolyte components have to be combined that induce the electrolyte reduction products to form an effectively protecting film at the anode/electrolyte interface, which hinders further electrolyte decomposition reactions, but acts as membrane for the lithium cations, i.e. behaving as a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This paper focuses on important aspects of the SEI. By using key examples, the effects of film forming electrolyte additives and the change of the active anode material from carbons to lithium storage alloys are highlighted. Received May 30, 2000. Accepted June 14, 2000     

Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Electrostatic Self-Assembled Nano-Silicon@N-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanofibers Composite as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Silicon-carbon nanocomposite materials are widely adopted in the anode of lithium-ion batteries (LIB). However, the lithium ion (Li⁺) transportation is hampered due to the significant accumulation of silicon nanoparticles (Si) and the change in their volume, which leads to decreased battery performance. In an attempt to optimize the electrode structure, we report on a self-assembly synthesis of silicon nanoparticles@nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanofiber (Si@N-doped rGO/CNF) composites as potential high-performance anodes for LIB through electrostatic attraction. A large number of vacancies or defects on the graphite plane are generated by N atoms, thus providing transmission channels for Li⁺ and improving the conductivity of the electrode. CNF can maintain the stability of the electrode structure and prevent Si from falling off the electrode. The three-dimensional composite structure of Si, N-doped rGO, and CNF can effectively buffer the volume changes of Si, form a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and shorten the transmission distance of Li⁺ and the electrons, while also providing high conductivity and mechanical stability to the electrode. The Si@N-doped rGO/CNF electrode outperforms the Si@N-doped rGO and Si/rGO/CNF electrodes in cycle performance and rate capability, with a reversible specific capacity reaching 1276.8 mAh/g after 100 cycles and a Coulomb efficiency of 99%.     

钠离子电池关键材料研究及应用进展

钠离子资源丰富,分布广泛,价格低廉,因而钠离子电池被认为是下一代大规模储能技术的理想选择之一. 然而,钠离子较大的半径和质量不利于它与电极材料的可逆反应. 开发能够快速、稳定储钠的基质材料是提升钠离子电池性能的关键之一. 此外,如何合理地优化电解质,匹配正负极材料,以实现高性能、高安全、低成本钠离子全电池的构建,切实将其推向市场,也是亟待解决的问题. 本文综述了国内外钠离子电池关键材料（包括正极材料、负极材料和电解质）的研究进展,介绍了一些具有代表性的钠离子全电池实例. 对钠离子电池的基础研究和实际应用具有一定参考价值和借鉴意义.     

锂离子电池低温性能改善研究进展

锂离子电池因其能量密度高,循环寿命长等优点已成为新型动力电池领域的研究热点,但其温度特性尤其是低温性能较差制约着锂离子电池的进一步使用. 本文综述了锂离子电池低温性能的研究进展,系统地分析了锂离子电池低温性能的主要限制因素. 从正极、电解液、负极三个方面讨论了近年来研究者们提高电池低温性能的改性方法. 并对提高锂离子电池低温性能的发展方向进行了展望.     

多孔纳米立方FeSe2/石墨烯复合材料的可控构建及在钠离子电池中的应用

设计具有较高比容量和循环稳定性的负极材料对于钠离子电池的发展至关重要。过渡金属硒化物因其具有较高的理论容量而成为潜在的负极材料。但是,硒化物电导率低下且在钠离子嵌入/脱出的过程中会发生较大程度的体积膨胀,导致比容量快速下降。因此,结构调控显得尤为重要。通过常规水热法在二维还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）上原位生长多孔纳米立方体FeSe₂,制备了具有更多活性位点和结构更加稳定的FeSe₂/rGO复合材料。当用作钠离子电池的负极时,复合材料FeSe₂/rGO在0.2 A/g时比容量为694.6 mA?h/g,在2.0 A/g电流密度下,循环300圈后比容量为300 mA?h/g。     

Electrolyte Chemistry Enables Simultaneous Stabilization of Potassium Metal and Alloying Anode for Potassium‐Ion Batteries

Alloying anodes are promising high‐capacity electrode materials for K‐ion batteries (KIBs). However, KIBs based on alloying anodes suffer from rapid capacity decay due to the instability of K metal and large volume expansion of alloying anodes. Herein, the effects of salts and solvents on the cycling stability of KIBs based on a typical alloying anode such as amorphous red phosphorus (RP) are investigated, and the potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) salt‐based carbonate electrolyte is versatile to achieve simultaneous stabilization of K metal and RP electrodes for highly stable KIBs. This salt‐solvent complex with a moderate solvation energy can alleviate side reactions between K metal and the electrolyte and facilitate K⁺ ion diffusion/desolvation. Moreover, robust SEI layers that form on K metal and RP electrodes can suppress K dendrite growth and resist RP volume change. This strategy of electrolyte regulation can be applicable to other alloying anodes for high‐performance KIBs.     

Switching between Local and Global Aromaticity in a Conjugated Macrocycle for High‐Performance Organic Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Aromatic organic compounds can be used as electrode materials in rechargeable batteries and are expected to advance the development of both anode and cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, most aromatic organic compounds assessed as anode materials in SIBs to date exhibit significant degradation issues under fast‐charge/discharge conditions and unsatisfying long‐term cycling performance. Now, a molecular design concept is presented for improving the stability of organic compounds for battery electrodes. The molecular design of the investigated compound, [2.2.2.2]paracyclophane‐1,9,17,25‐tetraene (PCT), can stabilize the neutral state by local aromaticity and the doubly reduced state by global aromaticity, resulting in an anode material with extraordinarily stable cycling performance and outstanding performance under fast‐charge/discharge conditions, demonstrating an exciting new path for the development of electrode materials for SIBs and other types of batteries.     

力曲线用于硅负极材料表面膜的研究

利用原子力显微镜（AFM）力曲线模式来研究锂离子电池硅负极材料在含碳酸亚乙烯酯添加剂（VC）电解质首周循环时固态电解质相表面膜（SEI膜）的三维结构. 测试表明SEI膜具有多层结构,同时得到SEI膜厚度、杨氏模量以及覆盖度在首周循环过程中的变化,采用三维图呈现了硅材料表面膜的分布.     

锂离子电池中固体电解质界面膜(SEI)研究进展

本文综述了锂离子电池中固体电解质界面膜(SEI膜)的研究进展.在总结SEI膜的形成机理及模型的基础上,讨论了对SEI膜可能的影响因素及其改性方法,以及各种表征技术、特别是原位分析技术在SEI膜研究中的实际应用.指出在今后的研究中,正极表面与电解液间的界面膜,以及引入水溶性粘合剂体系后正负极表面与电解液间的相互作用将成为人们关注的热点。     

Effects of solid polymer electrolyte coating on the composition and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase on Sn anodes

In order to discuss the effect of polymer coating layer on the Sn anode, the composition and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the surface of Sn and Sn@PEO anode materials have been investigated. Compared with the bare cycled Sn electrode, the SEI on the surface of cycled Sn@PEO electrode is thinner, smoother, and more stable. Therefore, the Sn@PEO nanoparticles can basically keep the original appearance during cycling. Based on the results obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the SEI formed on the Sn@PEO electrode is characterized by inorganic components (Li₂CO₃)-rich outer layer and organic components-rich inner which could make the SEI more stable and inhibit the electrolyte immerging into the active materials. In particular, the elastic ion-conductive polyethylene oxide (PEO) coating could increase the toughness of SEI and allow the SEI to endure the stress variation in repetitive lithium insertion and extraction process. As a result, the Sn@PEO electrodes show significantly better capacity retention than bare Sn electrodes. The findings can serve as the theoretical foundation for the design of lithium-ion battery electrode with high energy density and long cycle life.     

含FEC电解液的锂离子电池低温性能研究

研究含FEC溶剂电解液(FEC+EMC,EC,PC)的低温性能及其与磷酸铁锂正极或中间相碳微球(MCMB)负极的匹配.该电解液具有较高的低温电导率,FEC可在1.6 V与负极反应成膜,有效地提高负极稳定性.红外测试发现,FEC可抑制其它电解液溶剂在负极成膜过程中的分解,在常温(20℃)和低温(-20℃)下形成的SEI膜阻抗均较低.电化学测试表明,以该电解液装配的锂离子电池(电极)具有较高的低温放电容量和倍率性能.     

Studies on the effects of coated Li2CO3 on lithium electrode

Although a lithium metal anode has a high energy density compared with a carbon insertion anode, the poor rechargeability prevents the practical use of anode materials. A lithium electrode coated with Li₂CO₃ was prepared as a negative electrode to enhance cycleability through the control of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer formation in Li secondary batteries. The electrochemical characteristics of the SEI layer were examined using chronopotentiometry (CP) and impedance spectroscopy. The Li₂CO₃-SEI layer prevents electrolyte decomposition reaction and has low interface resistance. In addition, the lithium ion diffusion in the SEI layer of the uncoated and the Li₂CO₃-coated electrode was evaluated using chronoamperometry (CA).     

粘结剂对形貌各异的石墨负极电化学性能的影响

As an important component in electrodes, the choice of an appropriate binder is significant when fabricating lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with good cycle stability and rate capability, which are used in numerous applications, especially portable electronics and eco-friendly electric vehicles (EVs). Semi-crystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), which is a traditional and widely used binder, cannot efficiently accommodate the volume changes observed in the anode during the charge-discharge process while binding all the components in the electrode together, which results in increased internal cell resistance, detachment of the electrode components, and capacity fading. Herein, we have investigated a highly polar and elastomeric polyacrylonitrile-butadiene (NBR) rubber for use as a binder in LIBs, which can accommodate graphite particles of different shapes compared to semi-crystalline PVDF. Prior to our electrochemical tests, NBR was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), showing good thermal stability and an amorphous morphology. NBR is more conformable to irregular surfaces, which results in the formation of a homogeneous passivation layer on both spherical and flaky graphite particles to effectively suppress any electrolyte side reactions, further allowing more uniform and fast Li ion diffusion at the electrolyte/electrolyte interface. As a result, the electrochemical performance of both spherical and flaky shape graphite electrodes was significantly improved in terms of their first cycle Coulombic efficiency (CE) and cycle stability. With comparative specific capacity, the first cycle CE of the NBR-based spherical and flaky graphite electrodes were 87.0% and 85.5%, compared to 85.3% and 82.6% observed for their corresponding PVDF-based electrodes, respectively. After 1000 discharge-charge cycles at 1C, the capacity retention of the NBR-based graphite electrodes was significantly higher than that of PVDF-based electrodes. This was attributed to the good stability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on the graphite electrodes and the high stretching ability of the elastomeric NBR binder, which help to accommodate the repeated volume fluctuation of graphite observed during long-term charge-discharge cycling. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and microscopic analysis (SEM and TEM) were carried out to investigate the formation and evolution of the SEI layers formed on the spherical and flaky graphite electrodes. The results show that thin, homogeneous, and stable SEI layers are formed on the surface of both spherical and flaky graphite electrodes prepared using the NBR binder. When compared to the PVDF-based graphite electrodes, the graphite electrodes constructed using NBR showed decreased resistance in the SEI layer and faster charge transfer, thus enhancing the electrode kinetics for Li ion intercalation/deintercalation. Our study shows that the electrochemical performance of spherical and flaky graphite electrodes prepared using the NBR binder is significantly improved, demonstrating that NBR is a promising binder for these electrodes in LIBs.     

Fluoroethylene Carbonate Enabling a Robust LiF‐rich Solid Electrolyte Interphase to Enhance the Stability of the MoS2 Anode for Lithium‐Ion Storage

As a high‐capacity anode for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), MoS₂ suffers from short lifespan that is due in part to its unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The cycle life of MoS₂ can be greatly extended by manipulating the SEI with a fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive. The capacity of MoS₂ in the electrolyte with 10 wt % FEC stabilizes at about 770 mAh g^?1 for 200 cycles at 1 A g^?1, which far surpasses the FEC‐free counterpart (ca. 40 mAh g^?1 after 150 cycles). The presence of FEC enables a robust LiF‐rich SEI that can effectively inhibit the continual electrolyte decomposition. A full cell with a LiNi_0.5Co_0.3Mn_0.2O₂ cathode also gains improved performance in the FEC‐containing electrolyte. These findings reveal the importance of controlling SEI formation on MoS₂ toward promoted lithium storage, opening a new avenue for developing metal sulfides as high‐capacity electrodes for LIBs.     

钠离子电池正极材料研究进展

近年来,钠离子电池由于资源丰富、价格低廉等特点,逐渐成为储能领域的研究热点。然而,钠离子具有较大的离子半径和较慢的动力学速率,成为制约储钠材料发展的主要因素,而发展高性能的嵌钠正极材料是提高钠离子电池比能量和推进其应用的关键。本文详细综述了目前钠离子电池研究的正极材料体系,包括过渡金属氧化物、聚阴离子类材料、普鲁士蓝类化合物、有机分子和聚合物、非晶材料等,并结合这几年我们课题组在正极方面的研究工作,探讨了材料的结构和电化学性能的关系,分析了提高正极材料可逆容量、电压、结构稳定性的可能途径,为钠离子电池电极材料的发展提供参考。     

Bismuth Nanoparticles Embedded in Carbon Spheres as Anode Materials for Sodium/Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as an attractive alternative to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for large‐scale commercial applications, because of the abundant terrestrial reserves of sodium. Exporting suitable anode materials is the key to the development of SIBs and LIBs. In this contribution, we report on the fabrication of Bi@C microspheres using aerosol spray pyrolysis technique. When used as SIBs anode materials, the Bi@C microsphere delivered a high capacity of 123.5 mAh g^?1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g^?1. The rate performance is also impressive (specific capacities of 299, 252, 192, 141, and 90 mAh g^?1 are obtained under current densities of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 A g^?1, respectively). Furthermore, the Bi@C microsphere also proved to be suitable LIB anode materials. The excellent electrochemical performance for both SIBs and LIBs can attributed to the Bi@C microsphere structure with Bi nanoparticles uniformly dispersed in carbon spheres.