低强度飞秒激光激发下CdTe和CdTe/CdS核壳量子点的荧光上转换研究

利用400 nm和800 nm不同波长的低强度飞秒激光,对CdTe和CdTe/CdS核壳量子点溶胶进行激发,研究其稳态和时间分辨荧光性质.800 nm飞秒激光激发下,CdTe和CdTe/CdS核壳量子点产生上转换发光现象,上转换荧光峰与400 nm激发下的荧光峰相比蓝移最多达15 nm,而且蓝移值与荧光量子产率有关.变功率激发确认激发光功率与上转换荧光强度间满足二次方关系,时间分辨荧光的研究表明荧光动力学曲线服从双e指数衰减.提出表面态辅助的双光子吸收模型是低激发强度上转换发光的主要机理.CdTe和CdT 关键词： CdTe量子点 CdTe/CdS核壳量子点 时间分辨荧光 上转换荧光     

Upconversion luminescence of CdTe nanocrystals by use of near-infrared femtosecond laser excitation

We study the steady-state and time-resolved luminescent properties of CdTe nanocrystals by one- and two-photon excitation with a femtosecond laser. We observe that 1208 nm excitation causes a shift of the emission peak of about 20 nm to the infrared compared with 400 nm laser excitation. It is found that upconversion luminescence is composed of a photoinduced trapping and a band edge excitonic state and produces the observation of biexponential decay kinetics. We conclude that the redshift of the emission peak is caused by the relative change in luminescence intensity between excitonic and trapping states.     

The third-order optical nonlinearity and upconversion luminescence of CdTe quantum dots under femtosecond laser excitation

The aqueous CdTe quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized by the electrostatic reaction method. The optical properties of CdTe QDs were investigated by femtosecond Z-scan and time-resolved luminescence technique in nonresonant spectral region. The nonlinear absorption and refraction are ascribed to two-photon absorption, and time-resolved upconversion photoluminescence produces biexponential decay pattern at infrared femtosecond laser excitation. Upconversion luminescence is composed of a band-edge excitonic state and a photoinduced trapping state. The short-lived band-edge excitonic emission is independent of the detection wavelengths, and long-lived species becomes even longer with the increase of detection wavelengths, which indicates the size dependence of surface excitonic emission. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

水溶性CdTe量子点的稳态和纳秒时间分辨光致发光光谱

报道了以飞秒脉冲激光为激发光源的水溶性CdTe量子点(QDs)的稳态荧光光谱和纳秒时间分辨荧光光谱.实验发现CdTe量子点的荧光光谱峰值位置随激发波长变化发生明显移动，激发脉冲波长越长，荧光峰位红移越大.荧光动力学实验数据显示，在400nm和800nm脉冲激光激发下，水溶性CdTe量子点的荧光光谱中均含有激子态和诱捕态两个衰减成分，两者的发射峰相距很近，诱捕态的发射峰波长较长.在800nm脉冲激光激发下的诱捕态成分占总荧光强度的比重比400nm激发下的约高3倍，其相对强度的这种变化导致了稳态荧光发射峰位的红移. 关键词： CdTe 量子点 时间分辨 荧光光谱 上转换荧光     

Upconversion dynamics in Er-doped YAG

Green, blue, violet and ultraviolet upconversion luminescence is reported at room temperature in a YAG: 10.5%Er³⁺ crystal pumped by one-colour (647 nm) and two-colour (647+618 nm) laser excitation. The upconversion mechanism was studied by means of time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy and the energy flow pathways are described. Based on the results it appears that energy transfer upconversion is the dominant contribution to the upconverted luminescence upon 647 nm excitation, and excited state absorption is the dominating mechanism upon 647+618 nm excitation.     

Measurement of infrared level lifetime by upconversion luminescence

Based on repetition frequency-dependent excited state absorption (ESA) upconversion (UC) luminescence, a method to measure the lifetime of an IR intermediate level is proposed so long as ESA UC luminescence can occur in the rare earth ions. The feasibility of this idea is demonstrated via a theoretical simulation. A Er(3+):LiNbO? crystal ESA UC luminescence under femtosecond laser excitation is used to illustrate this measurement method, and the obtained 1.5 μm lifetime of 2.31 ms is shorter than previous reported values. This method can obviate the influence of radiation trapping effect on lifetime measurement, which is crucial in the traditional pulse sampling technique.     

Ultraviolet and visible upconversion dynamics in Er^3＋：YAlO3 under ^2H11/2 excitation

The luminescence of Er^3＋：YAlO3 in ultraviolet visible and infrared ranges under the 518 nm excitation of the multiples ^2H11/2 have been investigated. Ultraviolet （275 nm and 318 nm）, violet （405 nm and 413 nm） and blue （474 nm） upconversion and infrared downconversion luminescence has been observed. By means of measuring the fluorescence decay curves and using the theory of rate equations, the luminescence kinetics was studied in detail and the processes of energy transfer upconversion （ETU） and excitation state absorption （ESA） were proposed to explain the upconversion phenomena.     

Optimal spectral phase control of femtosecond laser-induced up-conversion luminescence in Sm3+:NaYF4 glass

The spectral phase of the femtosecond laser field is an important parameter that affects the up-conversion(UC)luminescence efficiency of dopant lanthanide ions.In this work,we report an experi-mental study on controlling the UC lmiiinescence efficiency in Sm^3+:NaYF4 glass by 800-nm femtosec-ond laser pulse shaping using spectral phase modulation.The optimal phase control strategy efficiently enhances or suppresses the UC luminescence intensity.Based on the laser-power dependence of the UC luminescence intensity and its comparison with the luminescence spectrum under direct 266-nm fem-tosecond lciser irradiation,we propose herein an excitation model combining non-resonant two-photon absorption with resonance-media ted three-photon absorption to explain the experimental observations.     

Different processes responsible for blue pumped, ultraviolet and violet luminescence in high-concentrated Er:YAG and low-concentrated Er:YAP crystals

Ultraviolet and violet upconverted luminescence in high-concentrated (8.4 at%) Er³⁺:YAG and low-concentrated (1 at%) Er³⁺:YAP crystals has been investigated under blue laser excitation of the ⁴F_7/2 multiplet. The upconversion mechanisms were studied in detail based on upconversion luminescence intensity dependence and decay curves. Upconversion luminescence was attributed to energy transfer processes in Er³⁺:YAG and excited state absorption processes in Er³⁺:YAP, respectively.     

紫外激发Ba_2SiO_4∶Gd~(3+),Tb~(3+)的发光性能

采用高温固相法合成了可被紫外光激发的Ba_2SiO_4∶Gd~(3+),Tb~(3+)荧光粉。考察了激活离子掺杂量等因素对发光性能的影响。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、荧光(FL)光谱和荧光寿命曲线对所合成样品的结构和发光性能进行表征,研究了Gd~(3+)和Tb~(3+)的特征吸收波长激发Ba_2SiO_4∶Gd~(3+),Tb~(3+)的发光性能。在275 nm(Gd~(3+):8S7/2→6IJ)激发下,检测到了Tb~(3+)的特征发射。通过对比不同Tb~(3+)掺杂量下Gd~(3+):~6P_(7/2)能级的衰减曲线,发现随着Tb~(3+)掺杂浓度的增加,该能级的荧光寿命不断缩短,表明样品中存在Gd~(3+)→Tb~(3+)的能量传递,传递方式为无辐射共振能量传递。在244 nm(Tb~(3+):4f~8→4f~75d~1)激发下,Gd~(3+)的掺入使得Tb~(3+)的~5D_3能级的发射逐渐减弱,5D4能级的发射增强。Gd~(3+)的掺入使得544 nm(~5D_4→~7F_5)处的特征发射增强了59%~128%,结合荧光衰减曲线得出Gd~(3+)的掺入对Tb~(3+)能级中~5D_3→~5D_4与~7F_6→~7F_0交叉驰豫有促进作用。     

Time-resolved spectroscopy of soantaneous luminescence of CdSSe1−x quantum dots

Picosecond time-resolved spectroscopy of the edge luminescence band of CdS _x Se_1–x quantum dots with crystallite diameters as small as a few nanometers under band-to-band excitation reveals strong enhancement of the radiative recombination rate compared to bulk CdS owing to quantum confinement. The splitting of the luminescence band into two lines originates from near-band-gap absorption. Analysis of the temperature as well as the spectral dependence of the decay time (leading to a red shift of the luminescence with increasing time) and of the total-light-decay law result in a new model for the dominant radiative recombination channel: donor-acceptor pair recombination instead of an excitonic mechanism as claimed in previous publications.Dedicated to H.-J. Queisser on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Tm3+/Yb3+共掺碲酸盐玻璃的近红外发光及能量传递机理

采用高温熔融法制备了组分为TeO2-ZnO-Na2O的Tm3+离子单掺和Tm3+/Yb3+共掺碲酸盐玻璃,应用Judd-Ofelt理论计算分析了玻璃样品的强度参量Ωt(t=2,4,6),自发辐射跃迁几率A,荧光分支比β和荧光辐射寿命τrad等光谱参量,测量得到了不同Yb3+离子掺杂浓度下玻璃样品的Tm3+离子上转换发光谱.结果显示,在980nm泵浦光激励下玻璃样品发射出强烈的近红外上转换荧光.对Tm3+离子上转换发光分析表明,强烈的Tm3+离子近红外上转换发光主要来自于Yb3+/Yb3+离子间的共振能量传递以及基于单声子和双声子辅助的Yb3+/Tm3+离子间的非共振能量传递过程,并进一步计算得到了声子贡献比和能量传递系数.最后,计算分析了Tm3+∶3 F4→3 H6能级间跃迁的1.8μm波段吸收截面、受激发射截面和增益系数.研究表明,Yb3+/Tm3+共掺TeO2-ZnO-Na2O玻璃可以作为近红外波段固体激光器的潜在增益基质.     

Optical studies on the red luminescence of InGaN epilayers

Photoluminescence, photoluminescence excitation and time-resolved photoluminescence studies were performed in a partially relaxed InGaN epilayer, and exhibiting a 3D growth mode at the surface. Two emission bands, a red (centred at 1.88 eV) and a blue (centred at 2.58 eV) were observed. In order to investigate their origin and their relation with the strain relaxation along the growth direction, the sample was etched. After etching, only an asymmetrical broad emission band centred at 2.15 eV was observed.The decrease of decay time and the increase of the band edge absorption energy with increasing monitored photon energy, along the red emission, are assigned to the effect of localization of excitons at potential minima, originated in compositional and strain inhomogeneities of the sample. Therefore, the blue shift observed on this band with an increase in temperature, is caused by the population of higher energy states. The large difference between the luminescence intensities, decay times and the thermal quenching of the red and blue (centred at 2.58 eV) band is also accounted for by the localization model. It is demonstrated that the luminescence observed after etching is a superposition of two bands, one originated from the InGaN film, and the other from the GaN underlayer. The large difference between absorption and emission energies, compared with those measured in the as-grown sample, within the same spectral region, indicates that this emission has a different origin. It is suggested that deep levels might be responsible for the luminescence observed after etching.     

Influence of Yb~(3+) concentration on the upconversion luminescence of oxyfluoride material doped with Er~(3+)

In this paper,a new upconversion luminescent material co-doped with Erbium and Ytterbium is reported. The upconversion luminescence transition routes and related properties are studied. The results show that the absorption and emission intensities under excitation of 980 nm laser increase with the increase of the Yb3+ concentration. The red emission is stronger than the green emission. The energy transfer process plays an important role in the upconversion mechanism.     

Tunneling recombination luminescence under excitation of PbWO4:Mo crystals in the defect-related absorption region

Time-resolved emission and excitation spectra and luminescence decay kinetics were studied at 150-300 K for the green emission of PbWO₄:Mo crystals. It was found that the slow (μs-ms) decay component observed under excitation in the defect-related absorption region (around 3.8-3.9 eV) arises from the G(II) emission which appears at the tunneling recombination of optically created electron and hole centers. The study of the emission decay kinetics at different temperatures and excitation intensities allowed concluding that both the monomolecular and the bimolecular tunneling recombination process can be stimulated in the mentioned energy range. The monomolecular process takes place in the isolated spatially correlated pairs of electron and hole centers produced without release of electrons into the conduction band. The bimolecular process takes place in the pairs of randomly distributed centers created at the trapping of free electrons from the conduction band. The formation of electron centers under irradiation in the defect-related absorption region was investigated by the electron spin resonance (ESR) and thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) methods. The possibility of various photo-thermally stimulated defects creation processes, which take place with and without release of free electrons into the conduction band, was confirmed.     

Blue Cooperative Luminescence In Yb3+-Doped Barium Gallogermanate Glass Excited At 976 nm

The Yb³⁺-doped barium gallogermanate glass has been prepared via the conventional melt method. The absorption spectra, the near infrared emission spectra, the upconversion emission spectra and the differential scanning calorimetry have been measured. Bright blue upconversion emission centered at 476 nm has been observed under the 976 nm laser diode excitation at room temperature. The blue upconversion emission mechanism has been discussed on the blue emission intensity and the measured lifetime. The slope of the log-log plot of the blue emission intensity versus the pump power is equal to 1.98, and the blue luminescence decay time is half of the near infrared fluorescence decay time, confirming that the blue emission comes from Yb³⁺-Yb³⁺ pairs cooperative upconversion mechanism. The result of differential scanning calorimetry suggests that this type of glass is suitable as a potential candidate for fiber drawing.     

Upconversion Luminescence of SrTiO3:Er3+ Ultrafine Powders Produced by 785 nm Laser

以NaCl熔盐法制备了Er3+掺杂的SrTiO3超细粉末. 用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电镜和傅立叶红外光谱研究了SrTiO3:Er3+的结构性质. 测量了514.5 nm激光激发下样品的Stokes荧光谱. 在785 nm激光激发下,观测到很强的绿色和红色上转换发光. 通过研究上转换发光的激发光功率依赖关系、Er3+浓度依赖关系,研究了上转换发光机理. 指出了可能的激发态吸收过程和能量传递过程. 上转换发光性质表明SrTiO3:Er3+超细粉末可用做上转换荧光粉.     

Influence of MgO codoping on the optical properties of Er3+-doped near-stoichiometric LiNbO3

Four near-stoichiometric lithium niobate (NSLN) crystals codoped with Er³⁺ (1 mol%) and MgO (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mol%) were grown from K₂O-based flux in air using top seeded solution growth technique. The [Li]/[Nb] ratio, estimated from the blueshift of ultraviolet absorption edge, is 97.2% in NSLN:Er. MgO; codoping can increase the segregation coefficient of Er³⁺ in NSLN:Er:MgO crystal. The photorefractive damage threshold is enhanced by three orders of magnitude for NSLN:Er codoped with 1 mol% MgO, it coincides with the peak shift of OH⁻ absorption spectrum from 3481 to 3535 cm⁻¹. Judd–Ofelt theory based on absorption spectra is used to analyze the influence of MgO concentration on the Judd–Ofelt intensity parameter, transition strength, fluorescence branching ratio, and stimulated emission cross section. From the time-resolved emission spectra and the comparison among emission spectra, two Er³⁺ crystal-field sites are ascertained in NSLN:Er codoped with 2 mol% MgO, this coincides with the bimodal structure in X-ray photoelectron spectrometry spectra. The upconversion processes under pulse excitation is proposed based on the pump energy dependence and decay kinetics. The distribution of Er³⁺-clustered sites in NSLN:Er:MgO series is discussed based on the nonexponential decay curves monitored at 550 nm under two-photon excitation.     

高浓度敏化剂掺杂的NaYF4∶Yb3+,Er3+纳米材料的合成及发光性能研究

为了探究泵浦功率对不同浓度敏化剂离子掺杂的上转换材料发光特性的影响,采用溶剂热法,成功制备了不同浓度敏化剂Yb3+掺杂的NaYF₄∶Yb3+, Er3+上转换纳米颗粒。首先对这种纳米晶体的结构和形貌进行了详细的分析,使用X射线粉末衍射仪和透射电子显微镜测试了制备的纳米晶体的结构和形貌。表征结果证明了制备的纳米颗粒均为结晶性良好、形状规则的六方相纳米晶体,随着Yb3+掺杂浓度的提高,纳米晶体的粒径有所增加。在此基础上,通过控制泵浦功率对不同浓度敏化剂Yb3+掺杂的NaYF₄∶Yb3+, Er3+上转换纳米颗粒在980 nm激发光下的光致发光特性做了详细的研究。对于不同浓度敏化剂掺杂的样品,随着泵浦功率的提高,上转换发光的强度增强,这可以归因于高泵浦功率促进材料对激发光的吸收。上转换发光的红绿比也得到了提高, 值得注意的是, 在不同浓度敏化剂Yb3+掺杂的样品中,发光的红绿比改变的程度和可调谐的范围有所不同。为了深入的了解上转换发光机制,对不同浓度样品中可能发生的电子能量传递机制进行了讨论并提出假设,认为上转换发光过程中,不同浓度样品中红绿比变化程度的不同是发光离子组合之间的平均距离和包括多声子弛豫、交叉弛豫和反向能量传递的非弛豫过程的综合作用。在低浓度敏化剂掺杂的样品中,由于掺杂浓度导致Yb3+和Er3+之间的平均距离较大,反向能量传递过程比较微弱。在非弛豫过程中,发生在同一发光中心Er3+上的多声子弛豫和相邻发光中心Er3+之间的交叉弛豫为主要过程。随着泵浦功率的提高,高能级的布居速率增加减弱了非辐射弛豫对发光的影响,材料的红绿比只有微弱的提高,绿光是上转换发光中的主要成分。随着掺杂浓度的提高,敏化剂离子Yb3+和激活剂离子Er3+之间的平均间距减小,反向能量传递过程得到增强,成为非辐射弛豫过程中的主要部分。由于泵浦功率增强而提高的高能级对上转换发光的贡献,通过相邻敏化剂和激活剂离子之间的反向能量传递过程得到迅速的衰减,使红光成为上转换发光中的主要成分。在980 nm的近红外光激发下,在不同浓度Yb3+掺杂的样品中存在不同侧重的非辐射弛豫过程, 由于多声子弛豫、交叉弛豫和反向能量传递共同作用,红绿比随着泵浦功率提高而增加。这种发光特性不但使得我们得到红光性能更好的上转换荧光材料,而且可以通过测定材料的红绿比来判定材料的掺杂浓度。经过进一步的设计和修饰,这种纳米材料很有潜力作为一种多功能光动力治疗纳米平台在生物检测领域中得到应用。不同浓度样品中可能发生的电子能量转移过程的提出,有利于对上转换发光机理的了解和稀土发光离子组合的设计和优化。     

PbWO<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystal for laser energy accumulation and transformation

The picosecond interband two-photon laser excitation of PbWO₄ crystals at a temperature of 10 K leads to electronic excitation energy accumulation, which results in almost 100% induced absorption in the 450–750 nm spectral range. The relaxation time of this induced absorption exceeds 100 min. The electronic excitation energy accumulated in the PbWO₄ crystal at T = 10 K excites the intrinsic luminescence with a decay time longer than 45 min. The decay kinetics and the spectra of the intrinsic luminescence of the PbWO₄ crystal at a temperature of 10 K were measured under two-photon and single-photon excitation. The luminescence under two-photon and single-photon excitation revealed a difference in the structure of the spectra.