Two-dimensional temporal coherence coding for super resolved imaging

In this paper, we present an approach that can be used for transmission of 2D spatial information through space-limited systems capable of transmitting even only a single spatial pixel. The input 2D object is illuminated with temporally incoherent illumination. The axial coherence length is very short and it equals only a few microns. Attached to the input object spatial random phase mask generates different axial shift for every pixel of the input. The temporal delays of the encoding (axial shifts) of every pixel are longer than the coherence length of the illuminating source. Therefore no temporal correlation exists between the various pixels of the input. A lens combines all spatial pixels into one point at its focal plane. Although the various spatial pixels were mixed together, since the random mask provided axial delay which was larger than the coherence length of the light source, the orthogonality between the spatial content of every pixel is preserved. The decoding system includes a lens that is positioned at the output of the resolution reduction system and it converts the output light into a plane wave containing all the spatial information of the original image mixed together in all of its pixels. By interfering this plane wave with the same plane wave after passing through the same random spatial coding mask, the spatial information of every pixel of the input object is recovered.     

Effects of a modified spectral model on the spatial coherence of a laser beam

The influence of a modified (bump) spectrum of refractive index fluctuations on the spatial coherence of an optical wave is studied here and compared with that based on a von Karman spectrum. Analytical expressions are derived for the mutual coherence function (MCF) and wave structure function (WSF) of a lowest-order Gaussian beam wave from which the beam spot size and degree of coherence are deduced. The qualitative behaviour of beam spreading and coherence length is basically the same for both spectral models. Also, when the radius of the Fresnel zone and initial beam radius are of comparable size, the presence of a spectral bump appears to have minimal effect on spatial coherence for all beams. However, the choice of spectral model is important for certain ranges of parameters. In particular, the implied spatial coherence length for a collimated beam based on the modified spectrum is significantly smaller than that based on the von Karman spectrum whenever the Fresnel zone is either much larger or much smaller than the initial beam radius, whereas for a focused beam the predicted coherence length based on the modified spectrum is slightly larger when the Fresnel zone size is much smaller than the initial beam radius.     

Analysis of a collinear holographic storage system: introduction of pixel spread function

Image formation in a collinear holographic storage system was analyzed. The wavefront from each pixel of a spatial light modulator was regarded as a plane wave in the recording medium, and its wave vector was determined by the position of the pixel. The hologram in the recording medium was treated as the summation of all gratings written by all combinations of two plane waves. The image of a data page was formed by diffraction of the reference waves by all gratings. The results of the simulation showed good agreement with experiment. We introduced the pixel spread function to describe the image formation characteristics. Analysis of the pixel spread function reveals that a radial-line pixel pattern for reference waves gave a sharper image than other reference pixel patterns. It is also shown that a random phase modulation applied to each reference pixel improved the image formation.     

Optimization of the low energy electron point source microscope: imaging of macromolecules.

Optimal conditions for low energy electron point source microscopy are investigated by the simulation and numerical reconstruction of holograms of phthalocyaninato polysiloxane, PcPS, a rod-like macromolecule. The effects of the electron energy, width of the electron beam and the detector size on the spatial resolution in the reconstructed images are modeled. We find that for electron energies around 200eV, with the specimen 0.1 microm from the source, a screen recording the image in a cone of at least 15 degrees half angle (7 cm lateral dimension at 10 cm from the source) with at least 512 x 512 pixel and 8-bit resolution will result in near atomic resolution.     

Test of a fine pitch SOI pixel detector with laser beam

A silicon pixel detector with fine pitch size of 19 μm× 19 μm, developed based on SOI(silicon-oninsulator) technology, was tested under the illumination of infrared laser pulses. As an alternative method for particle beam tests, the laser pulses were tuned to very short duration and small transverse profile to simulate the tracks of MIPs(minimum ionization particles) in silicon. Hit cluster sizes were measured with focused laser pulses propagating through the SOI detector perpendicular to its surface and most of the induced charge was found to be collected inside the seed pixel. For the first time, the signal amplitude as a function of the applied bias voltage was measured for this SOI detector, deepening understanding of its depletion characteristics.     

变间隙法布里-珀罗干涉仪光程差线性分析

对于变间隙法布里-珀罗（F-P）干涉式成像光谱仪,空间干涉信息是否按光程差等间隔采样,即光程差与探测器像元位置之间是否是线性变化关系,直接决定了光谱数据处理的难易程度。经分析,变间隙法布里-珀罗干涉式光谱成像系统的光程差是干涉仪分光产生的两艾里斑的中心距离的函数,而两艾里斑中心距与探测器像元位置并非一直保持线性关系,与干涉仪楔角的取值有关。研究了不同楔角条件下光程差与探测器像元位置之间的关系曲线,结果表明,在任意楔角下,光程差与探测器阵列像元位置之间均保持良好的线性关系。长波红外变间隙F-P干涉式光谱成像系统与高精度光谱辐射计测得的特征峰位置重合度达100%。     

高精度滚转角干涉仪

提出了一种基于横向塞曼激光器的新的滚转角测量系统。该系统在已有技术的基础上 ,将测量放大倍率又扩展了 4倍 ,从而大大提高了滚转角的测量精度。系统以横向塞曼激光器出射的正交线偏振光作为测量光 ,首先经 1 /4波片将线偏振光变成微椭圆偏振光 (即进行微椭偏化 ) ,然后测量光通过作为传感器的 1 / 2波片 ,由直角反射镜将光路折回 ,使测量光再次通过作为传感器的 1 / 2波片。由于直角反射镜提供了合理的坐标变换 ,所以使得测量光在两次通过1 / 2波片时 ,偏振方向的改变被叠加了 ,相当于被测量的滚转角放大了 4倍。最后测量光经检偏器合成 ,再用光电探测器接收。由测量光的相位变化可以求出工作台的滚转角变化。在整周期内 ,测量光的相位变化与滚转角成非线性关系 ,但在特定的角度上会出现线性很好的滚转角测量灵敏度倍增区。采用这种方法 ,测量放大倍率可以达到 2 0 0倍 ,能够实现高精度的滚转角测量。使用分辨率为 0 0 0 3°的相位计 ,滚转角的测量分辨率可达到 0 1″。     

相干检测星间跟踪技术方案的优化设计

采用高斯光束近似重构了相干检测星间跟踪技术方案的数学模型, 计算分析了探测器输出的中频电流与光束失配角之间的关系, 减小了以往平面波近似下的计算误差. 同时通过优化选择探测器直径和光束直径之比, 对输出中频电流表达式进行了简化, 提高了运算效率.     

Fractional Fourier-domain random encoding and pixel scrambling technique for double image encryption

A double image encryption method is proposed using fractional Fourier-domain random encoding and pixel scrambling technique. One of the two original images is encoded into the phase function of a synthesized input signal after being scrambled, and the other original image encoded into its amplitude. The phase function serves as phase mask in the input domain, and the synthesized input signal is then encrypted into stationary white noise by utilizing random phase encoding in fractional Fourier domain. The two original images can be retrieved without cross-talk by using the correct keys with fractional orders, the random phase mask and the pixel scrambling operator. Numerical simulations and security analysis have been done to prove the validity and the security of the proposed encryption method.     

Spatial mode cleaning in radically asymmetric strongly focused laser beams

We demonstrate that a femtosecond laser pulse strongly focused in air can produce a highly symmetric damage pattern on glass. This damage pattern contains a series of near-perfect radial rings, with diameters much larger than the predicted focal spot diameter. These rings disappear when the experiment is conducted in vacuum, indicating atmospheric involvement. Surprisingly, the shape and size of the rings seem to be nearly independent of the shape of the generating laser beam, showing dramatic spatial mode cleaning. A “half moon” initial laser mode created by obscuring one side of the round beam produces rings of similar quality to those obtained with the unclipped beam. While spatial mode cleaning has previously been reported in filaments, this is the most dramatic demonstration of the effect that we are aware of. We argue that the effect is due primarily to ionization, in contrast to studies in longer filaments that attribute it to self-focusing.     

Slanted hole array beam profiler (SHArP)-a high-resolution portable beam profiler based on a linear aperture array

We demonstrate a novel high-resolution portable beam profiler based on a slanted linear array of small apertures, termed a slanted hole array beam profiler (SHArP). The apertures are directly fabricated on a metal-coated CMOS imaging sensor. With a single linear scan, the aperture array can establish a virtual grid of sampling points for beam profiling. With our prototype, we demonstrate beam profiling of Gaussian beams over an area of 66.5 microm x 66.5 microm with a resolution of 0.8 microm (compare with the CMOS pixel size of 10 microm). The resolution can be improved into the range of submicrometers by fabricating smaller apertures. The good correspondence between the measured and calculated beam profiles proves the fidelity of our new beam profiling scheme.     

Quantitative x-ray phase-contrast imaging using a single grating of comparable pitch to sample feature size

The ability to quantitatively retrieve transverse phase maps during imaging by using coherent x rays often requires a precise grating or analyzer-crystal-based setup. Imaging of live animals presents further challenges when these methods require multiple exposures for image reconstruction. We present a simple method of single-exposure, single-grating quantitative phase contrast for a regime in which the grating period is much greater than the effective pixel size. A grating is used to create a high-visibility reference pattern incident on the sample, which is distorted according to the complex refractive index and thickness of the sample. The resolution, along a line parallel to the grating, is not restricted by the grating spacing, and the detector resolution becomes the primary determinant of the spatial resolution. We present a method of analysis that maps the displacement of interrogation windows in order to retrieve a quantitative phase map. Application of this analysis to the imaging of known phantoms shows excellent correspondence.     

四能级Tripod-型原子系统中量子相干导致的交叉Kerr非线性效应

计算了四能级Tripod-型原子系统中探针光极化率随其频率失谐量的变化曲线.结果表明,当触发光作用于该系统的一个共振跃迁能级时,可使探针光的吸收和色散在其电磁感应透明(Electromagnetically Induced Transparency,EIT)窗口(由耦合光产生)处发生显著变化.随着触发光Rabi频率的增加,探针光在EIT窗口的吸收显著降低,色散显著增加.这种由触发光引起的探针光极化率的变化对应着三阶Kerr非线性光学效应,这一效应在偏振量子相位门中有着潜在的应用价值.     

探测器像元尺寸对航空光电系统成像性能影响分析

针对航空光电系统成像性能要求,从探测器像元尺寸出发,研究了探测器像元尺寸对探测器动态范围、信噪比、调制传递函数等性能参数的影响,并分析了探测器像元尺寸对光电系统分辨率、信噪比、探测识别作用距离等总体性能参数的影响,最后列举了国外典型航空光电系统参数及其选用的探测器参数。通过分析探测器性能参数与系统总体性能参数之间的关系,给出探测器像元尺寸选型及航空光电系统Fλ/d典型值的建议,即一般情况下航空光电系统为了获得远距离高像质图像,优先选用大像元探测器,并综合权衡探测器像元尺寸与系统Fλ/d之间的关系,将Fλ/d控制在2以内。     

在局域响应的光折变晶体中的相干光放大

理论和实验表明，在由光生伏打电荷迁移为主的局域非线性响应的薄光折变晶体（LiNbO₃∶Fe）中实现弱信号光放大是可能的．光能流从抽运光向信号光不可逆转移的起因是两束入射光与背面反射光之间的四波作用形成互倾斜、彼此有一定空间相移的两组相位栅．当入射抽运光在非布喇格条件下读出由反射光和其衍射光所写入的新光栅时，弱信号便获得相干放大．对理论计算与实验结果进行了比较． 关键词：     

高能伽玛源下碲锌镉探测器的针孔成像

采用新型室温碲锌镉(CdZnTe)辐射探测器,通过厚针孔系统对137Cs高能662 keV伽玛射线辐射源进行成像探测,得到了能谱图和放射源图像。计算分析了高能射线穿透效应对空间分辨力的影响,并对不同偏压下得到的图像进行比较与讨论。实验表明,当放大倍率不大时(小于3),高能射线对准直器材料的穿透效应增大是限制图像空间分辨力的主要因素,探测器像素尺寸的大小对图像空间分辨力的影响并不明显。随偏置电压升高,探测器得到的图像会得到改善,但过大的偏压(大于1 000 V)会使晶体内部的电场不均匀性增大,降低信噪比从而降低图像品质。     

Method for vessel attitude estimation by spatial correlation function for bottom reverberation

Under the assumption that the sea bottom is an almost-flat and randomly rough thin layer, a spatial correlation model for bottom reverberation is constructed. At high signal noise ratio, the phase of the spatial correlation function is the product of sound wave number and the vertical vector between two hydrophones. In a nominally horizontal plane, roll and pitch bring on the vertical vector between the hydrophones. Then an equation including roll, pitch and the phase of the spatial correlation function is found. If a parallelogram can be constructed by 3 hydrophones and the rat ios of its acreage to diagonals are not smaller than half of the wavelength, roll and pitch can be obtained analytically or by optimal method. However, the ranges of roll and pitch are restricted because of the phase ambiguity. Using Fisher information matrix, the Cramer-Rao lower bound is obtained. Results from computer simulation and sea test data prove the feasibility of the method.     

Study of the characteristics of a scintillation array and single pixels for nuclear medicine imaging applications

By using a pixelized Nal(T1) crystal array coupled to a R2486 PSPMT, the characteristics of the array and of a single pixel, such as the light output, energy resolution, peak-to-valley ratio (P/V) and imaging performance of the detector were studied. The pixel size of the NaI(TI) scintillation pixel array is 2 min×2 mm×5 mm. There are in total 484 pixels in a 22～22 matrix. In the pixel spectrum an average peak-to-valley ratio (P/V) of 16 was obtained. In the image of all the pixels, good values for the Peak-to-Valley ratios could be achieved, namely a mean of 17, a maximum of 45 and the average peak FWHM (the average value of intrinsic spatial resolution) of 2.3 mm. However, the PSPMT non-uniform response and the scintillation pixels array inhomogeneities degrade the imaging performance of the detector.     

Analysis and study of the interlaced encoding pixels in Hadamard transform spectral imager based on DMD

The key innovation in Hadamard transform spectral imager (HTSI) introduced recently is the use of digital micro-mirror device (DMD) to encode spectral information. However, because the size of individual micro-mirrors does not match the detector pixel size or for other unavoidable errors in the optical design and the system assembling, an interlaced encoding phenomenon appears on some pixels of the encoded images obtained from the detector. These interlaced encoding pixels are not encoded based on Hadamard transform, so they should be processed specially in spectrum recovery. This paper analyzes the interlaced encoding phenomenon and proposes a positioning method and a decoding method for the interlaced encoding pixels on the encoded images. In our experiment, we direct a beam of laser into our HTSI and fill the entire field of view; by observing the column vector, which is made up of the gray values of a pixel on the encoded images from the detector in sequence, the interlaced encoding pixels can be distinguished easily and a coefficient is obtained simultaneously, which denotes the ratio of the area between the left part and the right part of the interlaced encoding pixel. By substituting the coefficient and the encoded gray values of the interlaced pixel into its encoding equation, we can recover the spectral elements of the interlaced pixel with ease. By comparing the spectral curve of the interlaced encoding pixels recovered by the method mentioned in this paper and the spectral curves of its two adjacent pixels, we find the decoding results are quite effective.     

探测器像素尺寸对PMP测量精度的影响研究

以阶跃型反射率分布为例，分析了像素尺寸对相位测量轮廓术（PMP）测量精度的影响情况。仿真结果表明相位测量误差大小随感光单元覆盖的相位范围增加而增加，即采用高分辨率探测器可以得到高的测量精度；相位测量误差大小与阶跃在感光单元上的位置有关，存在导致最大误差的位置，并且该位置与阶跃相对幅值有关；相位测量误差大小随阶跃相对幅值增大而增大，偏向反射率高的方向。研究结果为PMP测量系统设计中图像探测器选择、测量精度评价提供了依据。