The effects of vortex breakdown bubbles on the mixing environment inside a base driven bioreactor

The bubble-type vortex breakdown inside a cylinder with flow driven by rotation of the base, has applications in mixing. We investigate this phenomena and its effect on the environment inside an open cylinder, with potential application as a tissue-engineering bioreactor, with tissue-scaffolds of two different geometries immersed in the fluid. Addition of scaffolds induces a blockage effect, hindering the flow in the central vortex core returning to the rotating base. This promotes early onset of vortex breakdown and alters the final shape of vortex breakdown bubbles. Placement of the scaffolds centrally on the cylinder axis yields almost identical levels and distributions of shear stress between the upper and lower surfaces of scaffolds. A change from a disk shaped to an ellipsoidal scaffold, of the same size, reduces the intensity of the maximum shear stresses at the scaffold surface by up to 50%. There is a range of Reynolds numbers where increasing Reynolds number, and hence possibly increasing mixing efficiency, leads to a decrease in the maximum levels of fluid forces at the scaffold surfaces. This is an important conclusion for scaffold based tissue engineering where improved mixing is sought, but often sacrificed in favor of minimizing fluid forces.     

Study of vortex breakdown in a stratified fluid

An analysis shows that nonsmooth solutions have to be considered. Weak solutions to the Euler equations describing an incompressible stratified fluid under gravity are defined and studied. The study makes use of a wave energy functional proposed for the nonlinear equations. It is shown that the Euler equations are insufficient for stating a well-posed generalized problem. Additional conditions based on physical considerations are proposed. One condition is energy conservation, and the other is a constraint imposed on the density, which is required for stability. A numerical method is developed that is used to analyze how wave breakdown in a stratified fluid depends on stratification. The numerical results are in satisfactory agreement with experiments.     

Vortex breakdown as a fundamental element of vortex dynamics

Summary Keller et al. (1985) have shown that, in analogy to the theory of gravity currents, there exist two types of force-free transitions (i.e. vortex breakdown phenomena) between axisymmetric vortex-flow states in tubes.This paper presents an extension of our earlier analysis, which is based on a variational principle and does not account for viscous effects and shear layer instabilities, to axisymmetric vortex flows in tubes with varying cross-sectional area.A broad investigation into the properties of steady axisymmetric vortex flows is given, in so far as they can be represented by perfect-fluid theory and simple extensions of it. It is argued that the basic physics of such flows, including vortex breakdown phenomena, can be explained with the help of the relatively simple theoretical concepts proposed. Numerical results are presented which show complete flow fields of loss-free transition in diffusers for various types of vortex flows. LDA-measurements and flow visualization experiments proove the existence of two types of transitions, as proposed by the analysis, and show the significance of critical cross-sections in the flow.

---

Zusammenfassung Keller et al. (1985) haben gezeigt, daß in Analogie zur Theorie der Schwereströmungen zwei Arten von impulserhaltenden Übergängen (i.e. Vortex-Breakdown-Phänornene) zwischen axisymmetrischen Wirbelströmungszuständen existieren.Diese frühere Theorie, die auf einem einfachen Variationsprinzip basiert und Reibungseffekte sowie Scherschichtsinstabilitäten nicht berücksichtigt, wird in dieser Arbeit auf axisymmetrische Wirbelströmungen in Rohren mit veränderlicher Querschnittsfläche erweitert. Die Eigenschaften axisymmetrischer Wirbelströmungen werden in ihrer vollen Breite untersucht, soweit sie der Theorie der idealen Strömungen und ihren einfachsten Verallgemeinerungen zugänglich sind. Wie es scheint, kann mit hinreichender Rechtfertigung festgestellt werden, daß die grundlegende Physik solcher Strömungen (einschließlich der Vortex-Breakdown-Phänome) mit den relativ einfachen theoretischen Konzepten erklärt werden kann, die in dieser Arbeit diskutiert werden. Es werden numerische Ergebnisse gezeigt, welche die vollständigen Strömungsfelder verlustfreier Übergänge in Diffusoren für verschiedenartige Wirbelströmungen beinhalten. LDA-Messungen und Strömungsbeobachtungen beweisen die Existenz der von der Theorie vorausgesagten übergangsarten und zeigen die zentrale Bedeutung der kritischen Strömungsquerschnitte.

     

The minimization of the total pressure loss accompanying the breakdown of a supersonic flow

The problem of minimizing the total pressure loss accompanying the breakdown of a supersonic flow to subsonic velocities through a system of successively ordered shock waves is considered. By changing to the corresponding problem of non-linear programming with non-linear constraints in the form of inequalities, a point which is suspected of being an extremum is determined and it is proved that it is the point of a strict local minimum. It is noted that, when the number of shock waves increases to infinity, the optimal shock wave system changes into an isoentropic wave.     

Radiation effects on the MHD flow near the stagnation point of a stretching sheet

The radiation effects using the Rosseland approximation on the flow of an incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid over a stretching sheet near the stagnation point in the presence of uniform transverse magnetic field is studied. The governing equations transform to ordinary differential equation by using suitable similarity transformation and then by a perturbation technique the numerical results for temperature distribution were obtained and discussed graphically.     

Radiation effects on the MHD flow near the stagnation point of a stretching sheet: revisited

This paper considers the effects of radiation on the flow near the two-dimensional stagnation point of a stretching sheet immersed in a viscous and incompressible electrically conducting fluid in the presence of an applied constant magnetic field. The external velocity and the stretching velocity of the sheet are assumed to vary linearly with the distance from the stagnation point. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using a similarity transformation, before being solved numerically by the Keller-box method. The features of the heat transfer characteristics for different values of the governing parameters are analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that the heat transfer rate at the surface decreases in the presence of radiation.     

Radiation effects on the MHD flow near the stagnation point of a stretching sheet: revisited

This paper considers the effects of radiation on the flow near the two-dimensional stagnation point of a stretching sheet immersed in a viscous and incompressible electrically conducting fluid in the presence of an applied constant magnetic field. The external velocity and the stretching velocity of the sheet are assumed to vary linearly with the distance from the stagnation point. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using a similarity transformation, before being solved numerically by the Keller-box method. The features of the heat transfer characteristics for different values of the governing parameters are analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that the heat transfer rate at the surface decreases in the presence of radiation.     

The dynamics of a non-uniform spheroid on a horizontal plane

The dynamics of a spheroid with a displaced mass centre on a horizontal plane with friction is considered. It is assumed that the mass centre of the spheroid lies on its dynamic symmetry axis. The steady motions of the spheroid are investigated using the general theory of invariant sets of mechanical systems with symmetry, and a geometrical interpretation of the results is given using generalized Smale diagrams.     

The flow of a non-Newtonian liquid near a stagnation point

Zusammenfassung Die Bewegungsgleichungen für die Strömung einer nicht-Newtonschen Flüssigkeit nahe einem Staupunkt sind integriert worden nach der Kármán-Pohlhausen-Methode. Es ist gefunden worden, dass der Effekt der Querviskosität von einem dimensionslosen ParameterK=_c a/u abhängt. Die Grenzschichtdicke nimmt ab vonK=0 zuK=0,15 und wächst dann mitK, Die Wand-Scherbeanspruchung nimmt ab mit zunehmendemK, während die Normalkraft an der Wand unabhängig ist von Viskosität und Querviskosität.     

The critical cross-section of a vortex

Summary This paper discusses the problem of critical-flow cross-sections in vortex flows. It is shown that there are two different types of vortex flows, A-type and B-type vortices (say). An A-type vortex approaches its critical flow state as its cross-sectional area increases and departs from the critical state as the cross-sectional area is decreased. This property is associated with the particular dependence of total pressure and circulation on the stream function, and it holds for both subcritical and supercritical A-type vortices. On the other hand, both subcritical and supercritical B-type vortices approach their critical flow states as their cross-sectional areas are decreased and depart from their critical states for increasing cross-sectional area. As was shown by Benjamin, setting the first variation of the flow force with respect to the stream function equal to zero leads to Euler's equation of motion. The second variation also vanishes if the corresponding flow state is critical. In this case the sign of the third variation decides whether the flow is an A-type or a B-type vortex. Within the framework of inviscid-fluid flow theory the type of a vortex is preserved unless vortex breakdown occurs. Making use of the knowledge that vortex flows are controlled by two different types of critical-flow cross-sections a variety of vortex flow phenomena are investigated, including the two types of inlet vortices that are observed upstream of jet engines, the behavior of vortex valves, the flow characteristics of liquid-fuel atomizers and the bath tub vortex.     

The rolling-up of a vortex sheet

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen befassen sich mit dem Problem der zweidimensionalen zeitabhängigen Strömung, welche mit dem Abrollen einer semiunendlichen Wirbelfläche verbunden ist. Obwohl bereits vorliegende analytische Untersuchungen an diesem Problem Näherungslösungen für die Spiralform der aufgerollten Wirbelfläche ergeben, so dürfte es doch schwierig sein, aus diesen Ergebnissen das zugehörige Strömungsfeld zu erhalten. In dieser Arbeit werden Differentialgleichungen für den Mittelwert und den Sprung des komplexen Potentials abgeleitet, welche zur Beschreibung des Strömungsfeldes über die gesamte Ebene benutzt werden können. Für den Spiralkern stimmt die hier angegebene Lösung mit der vonKaden überein.     

The motion of a non-uniform hydromagnetic shock wave

Sommaire Nous considérons un écoulement, unidimensionnel, non stationaire, non isentropique, d'un fluide parfait, parfaitement conducteur de l'électricité, soumis à l'action d'un champ magnétique pour une orientation transversale du champ et le mouvement non continu d'une onde de choc magnetohydrodynamique.

---

---

This research was supported by a National Aeronautics and Space Administration general research grant to the University of Wisconsin.     

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the density of various plastics

It is shown that application of hydrostatic pressure causes an increase in the density of ebonite but practically no change in the density of polyethylene, kapron (nylon-6), PVC, plexiglas, and FKP-1. Uniaxial compression of some materials first increases their mean density, then, at fairly high strain, causes the density to decrease. For the majority of the materials examined, the rate of this reduction in density decreases in the simultaneous presence of hydrostatic pressure.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 355–358, 1966     

The Gibbs ensemble of a vortex filament

 We introduce a statistical ensemble for a single vortex filament of a three dimensional incompressible fluid. The core of the vortex is modeled by a quite generic stochastic process. We prove the existence of the partition function for both positive and a limited range of negative temperatures. Received: 31 July 2000 / Revised version: 6 March 2001 / Published online: 20 December 2001     

The vibration of a rotating heavy non-uniform thread and its stability

The linear vibration of a heavy non-uniform thread is investigated for different boundary conditions at the ends and taking an arbitrary additional tension into account. The thread is assumed to be ideal and inextensible and the motion takes place in a plane which may rotate about the vertical axis at constant angular velocity. A general scheme for solving the initial- and boundary value problem is proposed. Attention is focused mainly on the effective computation of the natural frequencies and mode of vibration. Given specific parametric types of mass distribution for the thread, sufficiently complete families of solutions describing the principal modes of vibration are constructed. Based on these families, stability and instability domains are constructed effectively, in terms of the system parameters, for a plane vibration of a rotating heavy thread subject to concentrated tension. New mechanical effects, of possible interest in practice, are observed and discussed.     

Note on static and dynamic instability of a non-uniform beam

The instability of a non-uniform beam analyzed by Lee and Reissner from a static point of view is reanalyzed by a dynamic approach. The beam is loaded by a parallel or tangential compressive force respectively. As expected the load causing static instability, obtained by both approaches, is exactly the same. A peculiar behaviour of the frequency for both cases of loading is revealed by the dynamic method. The tangential load causing dynamic instability is obtained.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Instabilität eines Stabes mit konstantem Querschnitt, welche durch Lee und Reissner vom statischen Standpunkt aus untersucht worden ist, wird einer dynamischen Analyse unterzogen. Der Stab steht unter einer axialen bzw. tangentialen Drucklast. Wie erwartet, ist die Belastung, welche statische Instabilität erzeugt, bei beiden Untersuchungsmethoden dieselbe. Ein besonderes Verhalten der Frequenz für beide Lastfälle wird durch die dynamische Methode aufgezeigt, und es wird die tangentiale Last erhalten, welche dynamische Instabilität erzeugt.

---

---

Preparation of this note has been supported by Sherutei Teuffa, Ltd., Haifa, Israel.     

The influence of turbulence on a columnar vortex with axial flow

The interaction between a columnar vortex and external turbulence is investigated numerically. A q -vortex is immersed in an initially isotropic homogeneous turbulence field, which itself is produced numerically by a direct numerical simulation of decaying turbulence. The formation of turbulent eddies around the columnar vortex and the vortex-core deformations are studied in detail by visualizing the flow field. In the less-stable case with q = –1.5, small thin spiral structures are formed inside the vortex core. In the unstable case with q = –0.45, the linear unstable modes grow until the columnar vortex make one turn. Its growth rate agrees with that of the linear analysis of Mayer and Powell[1]. After two turns of the vortex, the secondary instability is excited, which causes collapse of the columnar q -vortex and the sudden appearance of many fine scale vortices. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Streamwise oscillations of a cylinder beneath a free surface: Free surface effects on vortex formation modes

A computational study of a viscous incompressible two-fluid model with an oscillating cylinder is investigated at a Reynolds number of 200 and at a dimensionless displacement amplitude of A=0.13 and for the dimensionless forcing cylinder oscillation frequency-to-natural vortex shedding frequency ratios, f/f₀=1.5,2.5,3.5. Specifically, two-dimensional flow past a circular cylinder subject to forced in-line oscillations beneath a free surface is considered. The method is based on a finite volume discretization of the two-dimensional continuity and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations (when a solid body is present) on a fixed Cartesian grid. Two-fluid model based on improved volume-of-fluid method is used to discretize the free surface interface. The study focuses on the laminar asymmetric flow structure in the near wake region and lock-on phenomena at a Froude number of 0.2 and for the dimensionless cylinder submergence depths, h=0.25, 0.5 and 0.75. The equivorticity patterns and pressure distribution contours are used for the numerical flow visualization. The code validations in special cases show good comparisons with previous numerical results.     

The inviscid stability of a trailing line vortex

Summary A finite difference method has been developed to study the inviscid stability of swirling flows to small non-axisymmetric disturbances. We apply the method to Batchelor's trailing line vortex solution [3]. The method appears to be more efficient, and simpler to implement for this class of problem, than previously reported methods.

---

Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung der Stabilität von Wirbelströmungen bei nichtaxisymmetrischen kleinen Störungen ist eine Differenzemethode entwickelt worden. Sie wird auf Batchelor's Lösung für die abgehende Wirbellinie angewendet. Die Methode erscheint für diese Art von Problemen gut geeignet und einfach in der Anwendung.

     

On the breakdown of the continuity in the motion of a compressible fluid with variable density in an ambient medium

Zusammenfassung Die Bildung von Diskontinuitäten durch Wellen in einem kompressiblen Medium mit veränderlicher Dichte wird untersucht. Man findet, dass eine Abnahme der Dichte (im Gleichgewichtszustand) in Richtung der Ausbreitung einer Verdichtungswelle auf die Bildung von Stosswellen hindernd wirkt.