声化学法制备ZnS: Mn纳米晶及其光学性能

以无水氯化锌,四水氯化锰以及硫代乙酰胺为原料,采用声化学法成功制备了锰掺杂的ZnS(ZnS: Mn)纳米晶.采用透射电子显微镜镜(TEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和光致发光谱(PL)对所制得的纳米进行了表征.结果表明:所制备ZnS: Mn为立方闪锌矿结构,纳米粒子的形貌接近于球形.平均晶粒尺寸为10 nm左右.PL光谱分析表明:所制备试样有两个主要的发射峰,分别位于在480 nm和570 nm左右,后者与体材料ZnS: Mn相比发生了明显蓝移,但仍表现为橙黄色发光.Mn2+掺杂浓度对ZnS: Mn的光致发光性能有显著影响,原料中Zn: Mn: S(物质的量比)为3: 1: 4,Mn2+掺杂浓度为2.64 at;时,光致发光光谱发射峰强度达到最大值.     

Ag/ZnS核壳结构纳米棒的制备及其光催化性能分析

在制备的Ag纳米线的基础上,用水热法合成了Ag/ZnS核壳结构纳米棒.使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、紫外-可见双光束分光光度计(UV-vis)、光致发光扫描仪(PL)等检测设备对样品的成分、形貌、微结构及光学性能进行了表征.结果显示,制备的Ag/ZnS复合材料为ZnS纳米颗粒包覆Ag纳米线的核壳结构,其紫外吸收峰位于350 nm处,相对于ZnS纳米颗粒变宽并发生红移,PL发射峰位于462 nm处,相对于ZnS纳米颗粒发生了蓝移,强度明显降低.光催化结果显示,Ag/ZnS核壳结构纳米棒的光催化性能优于ZnS纳米颗粒,分析了光催化反应机理.     

超细Si/SiOx纳米线和纳米花等离子体辅助生长及光致发光

采用等离子体辅助直流弧光放电技术,以Si粉和SiO2粉为反应原料,制备了不同形貌的超细Si/SiOx纳米线和纳米花.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)对Si/SiOx纳米线的形貌和组分进行表征与分析.Si/SiOx纳米线紫外可见吸收光谱证实了样品的光学带隙为4.58 eV.Si/SiOx纳米线光致发光光谱(PL)表明其在305 nm、495 nm处有较强的发光峰,具有良好的发光性能.     

Er掺杂ZnS纳米晶的合成及光致发光性能研究

以巯基乙酸(HSCH2COOH)为稳定剂,采用水热法合成了分散性好的ZnS∶ Er纳米晶,分别利用XRD、TEM,荧光光谱仪对其物相,形貌及光学性能进行了研究.结果表明:ZnS∶ Er纳米晶为闪锌矿ZnS结构,颗粒近似球形,平均粒度为5 ～8 nm.当Er3+掺杂摩尔浓度为6;,稳定剂巯基乙酸添加摩尔分数为2;,合成温度为120℃条件下得到了发光性能较好的Er离子掺杂ZnS纳米晶材料,并对其发光机理进行了探讨.     

稀土掺杂氧化锌纳米粉的制备及其性能研究

本文以Zn(NO3)2和(NH4)2CO3为原料,采用共沉淀法分别制备了La3+和Y3+掺杂的氧化锌纳米粉体,借助于XRD、TEM、荧光光谱仪等测试手段分别对粉体的相组成、形貌及其光致发光性能进行了表征.结果表明:镧掺杂可以促使纳米氧化锌取向连接,而钇掺杂则控制和修饰其沿极性方向的聚集.当钇掺入量由0.2;增至2;原子分数时,引起氧化锌晶体发光强度的改变,且导致粒径减小至10 nm左右,而粒径减小引起的量子尺寸效应使发光峰蓝移.在掺杂量均为1;原子分数的条件下,镧掺杂可以增强纳米氧化锌的黄光发光强度并使其峰位蓝移,钇掺杂则能削弱黄色发光.     

钇掺杂多孔结构氧化锌纳米棒的制备与性能研究

采用两步法在二氧化锡掺氟(SnO2:F,FTO)导电玻璃基板上制备出钇(Y)掺杂多孔结构氧化锌(ZnO)纳米棒,首先利用浸渍-提拉法在FTO导电玻璃基板上制备ZnO晶种层,然后利用水热法在ZnO晶种层上生长Y掺杂ZnO纳米棒.研究了不同浓度Y掺杂ZnO纳米棒的晶相结构、微观形貌、化学组成及光学性能.实验结果表明:所制备的Y掺杂ZnO纳米棒为沿c轴择优取向生长的六方纤锌矿结构,随着Y掺杂浓度的增加,ZnO纳米棒(002)衍射峰强度先增大后减小,纳米棒的平均长度由1.3μm增加到2.6μm.ZnO纳米棒的形貌由锥状结构向柱状结构演化,纳米棒侧面的孔洞分布密度增加.所制备的Y掺杂ZnO纳米棒具有一个较弱的紫外发光峰和一个较强的宽可见发光峰.所制备样品的光学带隙随着Y掺杂浓度的增加而减小,其光学带隙在3.29～3.21 eV之间变化.利用Y掺杂ZnO纳米棒作为量子点敏化太阳能电池的光阳极可极大提高太阳电池的光电转换效率.     

可控形貌纳米氧化锌的制备及光学性能研究

以氯化锌为原料,以不同有机胺(乙胺、二乙胺、三乙胺、乙二胺)作为碱源,在160℃下合成出了不同形貌的纳米氧化锌.采用XRD、SEN、IR等对产物的结构和形貌进行了表征,研究了不同有机胺对纳米氧化锌形貌及发光性能的影响.结果表明:所制备的试样均为结晶良好的六方纤锌矿结构.乙胺和乙二胺在浓度为0.3 mol/L时,制备的氧化锌为棒状;二乙胺和三乙胺的浓度为0.3 mol/L时,制备的氧化锌为颗粒状.纳米氧化锌在424 nm和474 nm波长处呈现出蓝光发光峰,在525 nm波长处呈现出绿光发光峰.且在纳米尺度附近棒状氧化锌的发光强度要强于颗粒状的,当氧化锌的长度增加到微米范围时,发光强度反而降低.     

硫化锌纳米晶的合成及性能表征

采用水热法以油酸和十二烷基硫酸钠(简记为SDS)作为复合型表面活性剂制备ZnS纳米晶,并对制备的ZnS纳米晶进行了表征.通过正交实验考察了油酸用量、SDS用量、反应温度、反应时间及pH值对ZnS发光性能的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件.结果表明,制备的ZnS为闪锌矿结构,单分散,粒径尺寸为6 nm,ZnS纳米晶表面的亲水性得到了有效的改善.所以,复合型表面活性剂的使用既可以提高ZnS纳米晶的发光性能又起到表面改性的作用.     

ZnS:Mn/CdS核壳结构纳米微粒的制备及光学特性

采用微乳液法制备了掺Mn的ZnS纳米微粒并用CdS对其进行了表面修饰,以XRD、紫外吸收和发射光谱对其结构及光学性质进行了表征和研究.制得的纳米微晶粒径为4～6nm,为立方纤锌矿结构.与未经包覆的ZnS:Mn纳米微粒相比,核壳结构的ZnS:Mn/CdS纳米微粒中Mn2+发射峰的强度增强了很多,适当厚度的壳层的修饰可减少其表面态发射和非辐射跃迁,增强了Mn2+离子的4T1-6A1的能量传递和ZnS的带边发射,提高了发光效率;讨论了ZnS核中Mn掺杂浓度对ZnS:Mn/CdS纳米微晶的光学性能的影响,发现当掺Mn浓度为4;时Mn2+发射峰的强度最大.     

反相微乳液法制备CdS/ZnS纳米晶及其表征

用反相微乳液法制备了CdS纳米粒子,以ZnS对其表面进行包裹,得到了核壳结构的CdS/ZnS纳米晶.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)表征其结构、粒度和形貌,紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-VIS)、光致发光光谱(PL)表征其光学特性.制得的CdS纳米微粒近似呈球形,直径约3.6nm;包裹以后颗粒仍为球形,粒径约10nm,以XRD、UV-VIS和PL证实了CdS/ZnS核壳结构的实现.文章还研究了不同Zn/Cd的摩尔比对CdS/ZnS纳米微粒光学性能的影响,UV-VIS谱表明随着壳层厚度的增加CdS/ZnS纳米晶的吸收带边有轻微的红移;PL谱表明壳层ZnS的包覆可减少CdS纳米微粒的表面缺陷,带边直接复合发光几率增大,且具有合适的壳层厚度时,CdS核层的发光效率有较大提高.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.