半浮区液桥振荡对流的微重力实验

利用日本微重力中心８００ｍ落井装置，完成了半浮区液桥振荡对流的微重力实验，对振荡对流的典型物理量诸如内部温度、流场、自由面边缘变化及表面波进行了综合测量。实验结果给出了振荡对流由地球重力环境向微重力环境的过渡，以及不同几何参数半浮区液桥的振荡特征，并首次获得了微重力环境下热毛细对流的表面波位形及边缘振荡特征．     

小Kc数振荡流中圆柱绕流流场结构的数值分析

本文综合Chorin的涡方法、网格涡方法和泊松方程快速解法的优点,采用固定离散涡的数目和位置,随时间变化调整离散涡强度的计算方法,对Kc数在1到5之间,β数在10到1665之间圆柱在振荡流动中的流场结构进行了数值模拟。并与U型振荡水槽中的流场涡结构显示照片比较,计算结果表明,数值解在稳定性和收敛性方面都是比较好的。与显示照片相比,其符合程度也是令人满意的。     

半浮区液桥热毛细振荡流

采用非定常、三维直接数值模拟方法研究大Pr数半浮区液桥热毛细对流从定常流向振荡流的过渡过程．文中详细描述了热毛细振荡流的起振和振荡特征,给出了液桥横截面上振荡流的流场和温度分布．在地面引力场条件下计算的结果与地面实验的结果进行比较,得出液桥水平截面上的流场和温度分布图样以一定的速度旋转,自由表面固定点处流体的环向流速正、负交替变化的一致结论．     

方管内汽油-空气混合气体密闭爆炸和泄爆特性研究

为研究汽油-空气混合气体密闭爆炸和泄爆特性，采用可视化方管进行了两种爆炸模式实验研究，并基于壁面自适应局部涡黏(wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity,WALE)模型和Zimont预混火焰模型进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:（1）泄爆工况超压-时序曲线峰值数量多于密闭爆炸工况，且泄爆工况超压-时序曲线存在剧烈的类似简谐振动的振荡，而密闭爆炸工况的爆炸超压特征参数显著高于泄爆工况；（2）密闭爆炸工况最大火焰传播速度明显小于泄爆工况，但前者在火焰传播初期即达到最大值，而后者在火焰传播末期才达到最大值；（3）密闭爆炸工况出现郁金香形火焰，而泄爆工况出现蘑菇形火焰，郁金香火焰的形成与管道内火焰锋面、流场和流场动压三者之间耦合效应相关，蘑菇形火焰由外部流场湍流和斜压效应的共同作用引起。     

Bénard-Marangoni 对流温度振荡转捩过程实验研究

本文主要是通过实验观测 Bénard-Marangoni 对流中存在的温度振荡现象,研究了温度振荡的起振临界 Ma数,以及初步探讨了温度振荡随 Ma 数增加的转捩过程。实验结果表明不同物性参数的硅油温度振荡临界 Ma 数满足同一临界条件。不同的物性参数的介质表现出不同的温度振荡转捩过程,但同一物性参数不同厚度的介质表现相同的振荡规律。此外,还用粒子迹线法观察了流场结构及转捩过程     

Benard—Marangoni对流温度振荡转捩实验研究

主要通过实验观测Bénard-Marangoni对流中存在的温度振荡现象, 研究了温度 振荡的起振临界Ma数, 以及初步探讨了温度振荡随Ma数增加的转捩过程. 实验结果表明不同物性参数的硅油温度振荡临界Ma数满足同一临界条件. 不同的物 性参数的介质表现出不同的温度振荡转捩过程, 但同一物性参数不同厚度的介质表 现相同的振荡规律. 此外, 还用粒子迹线法观察了流场结构及转捩过程.     

平板湍流边界层整体摩擦阻力的振荡性

本文分别用流场显示和阻力测量两种实验方法,证明了平板整体摩擦阻力存在着振荡性,并得到了其振荡的一些规律和特点。另外,提出了一个与时间相关联的内层速度分布模型。并对其合理性进行了研究,从而导出一个与时间相关联的整体摩擦阻力模型。     

THE INVESTIGATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS JET FLOW TEST IN IMPULSE WIND TUNNEL

报道关于高温燃气自由喷流（热喷流）、燃气喷流／主流干扰流对气动热环境影响的实验研究结果．其意义在于：抽象出高超声速飞行器实际飞行时燃气喷流及其干扰流的物理模型，为高超声速飞行器防热需求提供实验依据．实验主流由脉冲风洞提供，燃气喷流用氢氧燃烧驱动路德维希管的方式产生．利用脉冲风洞驱动段压力信号自动控制热气源的产生以保证风洞主流与燃气喷流同步，利用氢气、氮气和氧气的不同比例实现燃气喷流的热力学相似．实验技术上完成了高温燃气喷流系统的参数采集与系统状态标定；实验内容上开展了压缩拐角平板模型的气动热实验研究，通过实验比较了只有主流流场、只有热喷流流场和既有主流流场又有热喷流流场（即干扰流场）3种工况的热流分布．实验研究发现，热喷流／主流相互干扰会对压缩拐角平板上某一范围内的气动热环境造成显著影响，热流峰值较无喷流流场高出一个量级．     

高温燃气喷流/主流相互干扰实验研究

报道关于高温燃气自由喷流(热喷流)、燃气喷流/主流干扰流对气动热环境影响的实验研究结果. 其意义在于: 抽象出高超声速飞行器实际飞行时燃气喷流及其干扰流的物理模型, 为高超声速飞行器防热需求提供实验依据. 实验主流由脉冲风洞提供,燃气喷流用氢氧燃烧驱动路德维希管的方式产生. 利用脉冲风洞驱动段压力信号自动控制热气源的产生以保证风洞主流与燃气喷流同步, 利用氢气、氮气和氧气的不同比例实现燃气喷流的热力学相似. 实验技术上完成了高温燃气喷流系统的参数采集与系统状态标定; 实验内容上开展了压缩拐角平板模型的气动热实验研究, 通过实验比较了只有主流流场、只有热喷流流场和既有主流流场又有热喷流流场(即干扰流场)3种工况的热流分布. 实验研究发现,热喷流/主流相互干扰会对压缩拐角平板上某一范围内的气动热环境造成显著影响, 热流峰值较无喷流流场高出一个量级.      

用LDA测量U形水槽内的振荡流

本文介绍LDA用于测量U形水槽内的振荡流。水槽直管段为正方形,弯管段内侧弯面及外侧弯面是专门计算设计的。对于水平直管段、竖管段及弯管段共七个截面,测量了边界层外振荡流速的振幅分布。对于水平直管段上底面及下底面各三个截面,测量了边界层內振荡流速的振幅分布及相位分布。测量结果和无限长槽道的理论计算结果作了比较,二者基本符合。     

Experimental study of viscoelastic effectives in a cylinder-plane lubricated contact

This experimental study is related to the flow between a stationary small diameter needle and a moving drum of much larger diameter, seen as a moving plane. Our visualisation experimental set-up adds new results regarding the flow behaviour of a polymer solution. This flow is compared to that of a Newtonian fluid used under the same kinematic conditions. Important differences between Newtonian and polymeric flows concern mainly streamlines, stagnation point positions, and reverse flow. A second experimental set-up enabled us to obtain normal stress profiles along the needle wall and the flow rate through the gap. Reslts related to Newtonian flows are compared to the well-known analytical solutions for a bidimensional laminar flow.     

Factors affecting temperature measurement using phase measurement interferometry in small scale devices

This paper presents full-field temperature measurements of buoyancy opposing mixed convection flow within a miniscale fluidic geometry. The technique used is phase measurement interferometry and a Mach–Zehnder layout is employed. The popular two-dimensional microfluidic geometry of three streams merging at a junction is chosen for this analysis. The apparatus set-up is described and measures taken to limit experimental errors discussed. Also presented, are corresponding flow visualization images for comparison with the interferometric results. The results are compared for similar boundary conditions over the range of Richardson numbers of 0.5–1.7. The results of the interferometric study are presented in the form of full-field temperature maps depicting the type of thermal plume structure present through isotherms and are seen to compare well with the results of the flow visualization study. Some factors affecting the measurement technique at this scale are then discussed. These include the effect of using different transparent materials for sealing the fluidic device and temporal vibrations caused by either varying boundary conditions or by slight pulsations in the flow supplied. Also, due to discrepancies that exist in the literature for the temperature coefficient of the refractive index of the working fluid, thermocouples are embedded in the flow field and used to convert the measured phase change to a corresponding temperature change. The corresponding values of refractive index change with temperature are discussed and compared to published values. Overall, PMI is demonstrated to provide excellent full-field temperature plots that can be used to measure local heat transfer rates from this non-intrusive measurement technique.     

Development of a thixotropic fluid flow in a pipe

This paper deals with the interaction between the modifications of the internal structure of a thixotropic fluid and the flow development along a pipe. The experimental set-up consists of a pipe, where a flow of thixotropic fluid is provided from a large vessel. The axial velocity distribution was determined using particle image velocimetry technique and ultrasonic velocity profile monitor. At the entrance section, the fluid is assumed to be in a homogeneous structural state corresponding to a high shear rate. The experimental results show a progressive flatness of the velocity profiles due to the aggregation of the structural elements of the fluid. The flow evolution is governed essentially by the kinetics of aggregation and segregation since the associated time scales are longer than the relaxation time of the flow. Received: 23 November 2000/Accepted: 20 May 2001     

A comparison between numerical predictions and experimental results for horizontal core-annular flow with a turbulent annulus

An experimental and numerical study has been performed for oil–water core-annular flow in a horizontal pipe, with a special focus on the effect of the presence of the turbulence in the water annulus. An experimental set-up was built and the obtained experimental results were used for the validation of numerical simulations that were carried out as well. The oil density was considerably lower than the water density, which leads to a rather eccentric oil core. The numerical simulations were carried out for different time dependent, fully 3D conditions. Only when a turbulence model is applied (instead of assuming laminar flow) the agreement between the predictions and the experiments is reasonably good.     

Spiral vortices between concentric cylinders

Spiral vortices appearing in Couette-Taylor flows are studied by means of numerical simulation. Transition curves from Couette to spiral vortices for different radius ratios and wavenumbers have been calculated in order to test our technique. Critical Reynolds numbers, angular velocities and slopes of the spirals at the onset of the instability agree with previous results [1]. Non-linear solutions obtained by a pseudospectral collocation method are studied, and they show a weak net axial flow. In order to counteract this effect, which is absent in the usual experimental set-up, an axial pressure gradient has been included. This procedure has proved to be sufficient to make the axial flow negligible. The onset of a quasiperiodic flow for larger Reynolds numbers, corresponding to a secondary bifurcation is also presented.     

Studies on the axisymmetric sphere–sphere interaction problem in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

In this research, experimental studies have been performed on the hydrodynamic interaction between two spheres by using particle image velocimetry and measuring the force between the spheres. To approach the system as a resistance problem, a servo-driving system was set-up by assembling a microstepping motor, a ball screw and a linear motion guide for the particle motion. Glycerin and a dilute solution of polyacrylamide in glycerin were used as Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, respectively. The polymer solution behaves like a Boger fluid when the concentration is 1000 ppm or less. The experimental results were compared with the asymptotic solution of Stokes equation. The result shows that fluid inertia and unsteadiness play important roles in the particle–particle interaction in the Newtonian fluid. This implies that the motion of two particles in suspension is not reversible even in the Newtonian fluid. In the non-Newtonian fluid, in addition to inertial effect, normal stress differences and viscoelasticity play important roles as expected. In dilute solutions weak shear thinning and the migration of polymer molecules in the inhomogeneous flow field also appear to affect the physics of the problem.     

Design and performance of an experiment for the investigation of open capillary channel flows

In this paper we report on the set-up and the performance of an experiment for the investigation of flow-rate limitations in open capillary channels under low-gravity conditions (microgravity). The channels consist of two parallel plates bounded by free liquid surfaces along the open sides. In the case of steady flow the capillary pressure of the free surface balances the differential pressure between the liquid and the surrounding constant-pressure gas phase. A maximum flow rate is achieved when the adjusted volumetric flow rate exceeds a certain limit leading to a collapse of the free surfaces. The flow is convective (inertia) dominated, since the viscous forces are negligibly small compared to the convective forces. In order to investigate this type of flow an experiment aboard the sounding rocket TEXUS-41 was performed. The aim of the investigation was to achieve the profiles of the free liquid surfaces and to determine the maximum flow rate of the steady flow. For this purpose a new approach to the critical flow condition by enlarging the channel length was applied. The paper is focussed on the technical details of the experiment and gives a review of the set-up, the preparation of the flight procedures and the performance. Additionally the typical appearance of the flow indicated by the surface profiles is presented as a basis for a separate continuative discussion of the experimental results.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of chordwise flexibility on the aerodynamics of flapping wings in hovering flight

Ornithopters or mechanical birds produce aerodynamic lift and thrust through the flapping motion of their wings. Here, we use an experimental apparatus to investigate the effects of a wing's twisting stiffness on the generated thrust force and the power required at different flapping frequencies. A flapping wing system and an experimental set-up were designed to measure the unsteady aerodynamic and inertial forces, power usage and angular speed of the flapping wing motion. A data acquisition system was set-up to record important data with the appropriate sampling frequency. The aerodynamic performance of the vehicle under hovering (i.e., no wind) conditions was investigated. The lift and thrust that were produced were measured for different flapping frequencies and for various wings with different chordwise flexibilities. The results show the manner in which the elastic deformation and inertial flapping forces affect the dynamical behavior of the wing. It is shown that the generalization of the actuator disk theory is, at most, only valid for rigid wings, and for flexible wings, the power P varies by a power of about 1.0  of the thrust T. This aerodynamic information can also be used as benchmark data for unsteady flow solvers.     

A novel system for measuring liquid flow rates with nanoliter per minute resolution

An experimental system for liquid flow-rate measurements of pressure-driven flow through microchannels is described. The displacement of a meniscus is tracked in a precision borehole using a laser distance meter mounted on a feed-back controlled traversing stage. Successful measurements of flow rates as small as 30 pl/s are reported when using non-evaporative hexadecane, and evaporative fluids such as ethanol are measured at flow rates of 0.1 nl/s. The set-up can also be used for measurements in time-dependent flows. Finally, a discussion of the influence of dissolved nitrogen on the measured flow rates is given.