基于FGM的旋流预混燃烧室超大涡模拟

针对航空发动机燃烧室等复杂工程中的预混燃烧问题发展高精度、高效的数值预测方法,本研究发展了火焰面生成流型(FGM)详细化学反应建表方法结合超大涡模拟方法(VLES),对工程中的GE LM6000预混旋流燃烧室燃烧开展了高精度数值研究,并与实验结果进行了比较。计算结果表明,VLES-FGM方法可以较准确地预测出旋流预混燃烧室内的流场及温度场分布。为了进一步模拟航空发动机真实的燃烧工况,对原始单头部燃烧室使用周期性边界条件来类比全环燃烧室。计算结果表明,VLES-FGM方法计算得到的周期性燃烧室流场回流区相比较固壁边界燃烧室较小,并且固壁边界燃烧室温度场具有明显的颈部结构,燃烧室下游的高温区分布更为均匀。本文计算结果表明基于FGM燃烧模型的自适应湍流模拟方法VLES对于模拟复杂航空发动机相关的旋流预混燃烧具有很大的应用潜力。     

受限湍流射流扩散火焰的PDF模拟

采用k-ε双方程模型和概率密度函数(PDF)相结合的办法,研究受限条件下的湍流射流扩散火焰,着重考虑受限条件下固体壁面、压力梯度等因素对速度场和标量场求解的影响,并在此基础上对两个不同尺寸的受限湍流燃烧场进行计算,分别研究了受限湍流射流扩散火焰的流场结构、火焰结构和火焰形状.最后给出结果,定性分析,并得出结论.     

湍流扩散火焰的非稳态火焰面模拟

采用稳态的和非稳态的火焰面模型同时对一个湍流甲烷射流扩散火焰进行了数值模拟,比较了两者对湍流平均火焰结构、活性自由基和污染物(氮氧化物)排放的模拟效果。速度场采用κ-ε模型计算,守恒标量混合物分数的分布通过其概率密度函数(PDF)输运方程的求解得到。稳态的火焰面结构由查询火焰面数据库得到,而非稳态的火焰面结构由火焰面方程和流场方程耦合求解来计算。采用详细的GRI—Mech 3.0机理描述甲烷的氧化和氮氧化物的形成。数值模拟结果和实验数据作了广泛的对比,验证了火焰面模型对湍流扩散燃烧的定量模拟能力。     

湍流射流与扩散火焰大涡拟序结构的波动特性研究

１前言湍流射流扩散燃烧方式提供了射流火焰与涡团相互作用的最基本形式,对研究在湍流射流剪切边界层内的反应物的卷吸混合、热量及动量的输运及湍流射流结构方面具有其特殊的意义。Ｋａｔｔａ［１］利用浮力与单步反应机理模型对Ｎ２－Ｈ２射流扩散火焰进行了直接数值模...     

H_2/N_2/O_2射流扩散火焰的直接数值模拟

直接数值模拟(DNS),大涡模拟(LES)与雷诺时均模拟(RANS)是数值模拟燃烧流动的三大主要方法,而射流扩散火焰在燃烧理论,实验研究与数值模拟中都扮演着十分重要的角色,本文采用完全可压缩的Naive-Stokes方程,对喷口直径为D=1 mm,Re=2000的射流扩散火焰进行了直接数值模拟.本文首先分析了冷态时H_2,O_2的混合,发现燃料与氧气在流向长度大于6D后的区域混合得十分充分.随后本文分析了燃烧后的统计特性,主要包括速度场,密度,温度以及主要组分与混合分数的分布,并将DNS结果与实验结果进行对比分析.     

甲烷平面射流扩散火焰的大涡模拟

本文对甲烷-空气平面自由射流扩散火焰进行了大涡模拟,采用分步投影法求解动量方程,湍流亚格子项采用动态模式模拟,化学反应速率亚格子项采用动态相似模式模拟,压力泊松方程采用修正的循环消去法快速求解,空间方向采用二阶精度的差分格式,在时间方向上采用二阶精度的显式差分格式。模拟结果给出了湍流扩散火焰的瞬态发展变化过程,表明射流扩散火焰的发展过程存在着“湍流控制”和“化学反应控制”两个不同阶段。 “湍流控制”阶段仅存在于火焰发展初期的极短时间内。     

预混火焰拉伸和曲率效率的物理分析

湍流燃烧的基本火焰结构是拉伸的曲面涡管;拉伸流场中的管形火焰模拟了湍流燃烧的细微结构。本文对平面预混火焰、拉伸预混火焰和管形拉伸预混火焰进行了质量、能量和组分的守恒分析。通过对比这几种火焰,揭示了火焰拉伸效果是通过优先扩散改变火焰温度和熄火极限;而火焰曲率通过增强或削弱这种优先扩散效果来影响火焰温度,影响的大小和火焰厚度与火焰半径的比值呈正比。     

超音速氢气燃烧火焰结构特性的直接数值模拟

在课题组前期工作的基础上,对一马赫数为1.2的三维超音速氢气射流抬升火焰进行了直接数值模拟研究,其中空间离散采用波带优化的四阶WENO格式,时间积分采用带有TVD性质的三步三阶龙格库塔格式,边界条件采用了无反射特征边界条件,总的计算网格数达到9.75亿。结果表明:超音速射流氢气燃烧火焰可分为根部层流状的高温高热量释放率稳燃区、高度褶皱的湍流剧烈混合区和远场燃烧区。火焰自燃稳燃点出现在喷口附近的x/D=0.86处,对应着最易反应混合分数。在此下游,预混燃烧和扩散燃烧两种模式同时存在,其中在剧烈混合区和远场区火焰以扩散燃烧为主,但在火焰根部的局部区域预混燃烧热量释放率达到35%左右。     

湍流对多孔介质内预混火焰影响的初步研究

当气流速度较大时,多孔介质内预混燃烧的模拟需要考虑湍流的影响,本文利用简化的k-ε双方程湍流反应流模型对多孔介质内的预混火焰进行了数值模拟.结果表明,湍流大大加强了气流的组分和能世扩散,计算得到的火焰传播速度、CO及NO的排放量都与实验值符合得比较好,与层流模型相比,湍流模型能够改善计算结果.     

数值研究Sanida火焰D中辐射热的影响

为了考察湍流燃烧过程中的辐射热影响,数值模拟了Sanida火焰D,其中湍流流动采用多时间尺度(MTS)k-ε湍流模型模拟,燃烧过程采用概率密度函数(PDF)方法和拉格朗日火焰面模型(LFM)以及详细化学反应机理GRI3．0联合的方法模拟,辐射换热采用有限体积(FVM)联合关联k分布模型模拟。计算结果和实验数据的比较发现虽然相对于燃烧热,辐射热是一个小量,但是考虑了辐射热影响以后,模拟结果大有改进。针对该现象,我们给出的解释是由于在湍流燃烧过程中,湍流过程,燃烧过程以及辐射换热过程三者是强耦合的,湍流作用很可能会将辐射换热作用放大,因此,对于燃烧过程的详细数值模拟,建议考虑辐射换热的影响。     

Planar laser-fluorescence imaging of combustion gases

An overview is provided of the planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) method, which currently allows simultaneous combustion measurements at more than 10⁵ flowfield points. Important advantages of the method include its relatively high signal strength, ease of interpretation, and applicability for determining several flowfield variables (including concentration, temperature, velocity, pressure and density). Example results are shown for a turbulent non-premixed flame, a spray flame, a rod-stabilized premixed flame, and a diffusion flame from a fuel jet in cross-flow.     

Numerical study of influence of molecular diffusion in the Mild combustion regime

In this paper, the importance of molecular diffusion versus turbulent transport in the moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (Mild) combustion mode has been numerically studied. The experimental conditions of Dally et al. [Proc. Combust. Inst. 29 (2002) 1147–1154] were used for modelling. The EDC model was used to describe the turbulence–chemistry interaction. The DRM-22 reduced mechanism and the GRI 2.11 full mechanism were used to represent the chemical reactions of an H₂/methane jet flame. The importance of molecular diffusion for various O₂ levels, jet Reynolds numbers and H₂ fuel contents was investigated. Results show that the molecular diffusion in Mild combustion cannot be ignored in comparison with the turbulent transport. Also, the method of inclusion of molecular diffusion in combustion modelling has a considerable effect on the accuracy of numerical modelling of Mild combustion. By decreasing the jet Reynolds number, decreasing the oxygen concentration in the airflow or increasing H₂ in the fuel mixture, the influence of molecular diffusion on Mild combustion increases.     

Combustion of a high-velocity hydrogen microjet effluxing in air

This study is devoted to experimental investigation of hydrogen-combustion modes and the structure of a diffusion flame formed at a high-velocity efflux of hydrogen in air through round apertures of various diameters. The efflux-velocity range of the hydrogen jet and the diameters of nozzle apertures at which the flame is divided in two zones with laminar and turbulent flow are found. The zone with the laminar flow is a stabilizer of combustion of the flame as a whole, and in the zone with the turbulent flow the intense mixing of fuel with an oxidizer takes place. Combustion in these two zones can occur independently from each other, but the steadiest mode is observed only at the existence of the flame in the laminar-flow zone. The knowledge obtained makes it possible to understand more deeply the features of modes of microjet combustion of hydrogen promising for various combustion devices.     

Studies of the flow and turbulence fields in a turbulent pulsed jet flame using LES/PDF

A turbulent piloted jet flame subject to a rapid velocity pulse in its fuel jet inflow is proposed as a new benchmark case for the study of turbulent combustion models. In this work, we perform modelling studies of this turbulent pulsed jet flame and focus on the predictions of its flow and turbulence fields. An advanced modelling strategy combining the large eddy simulation (LES) and the probability density function (PDF) methods is employed to model the turbulent pulsed jet flame. Characteristics of the velocity measurements are analysed to produce a time-dependent inflow condition that can be fed into the simulations. The effect of the uncertainty in the inflow turbulence intensity is investigated and is found to be very small. A method of specifying the inflow turbulence boundary condition for the simulations of the pulsed jet flame is assessed. The strategies for validating LES of statistically transient flames are discussed, and a new framework is developed consisting of different averaging strategies and a bootstrap method for constructing confidence intervals. Parametric studies are performed to examine the sensitivity of the predictions of the flow and turbulence fields to model and numerical parameters. A direct comparison of the predicted and measured time series of the axial velocity demonstrates a satisfactory prediction of the flow and turbulence fields of the pulsed jet flame by the employed modelling methods.     

A numerical study on the formation of diffusion flame islands in a turbulent hydrogen jet lifted flame

This paper presents a numerical study on the formation of diffusion flame islands in a hydrogen jet lifted flame. A real size hydrogen jet lifted flame is numerically simulated by the DNS approach over a period of about 0.5 ms. The diameter of hydrogen injector is 2 mm, and the injection velocity is 680 m/s. The lifted flame is composed of a stable leading edge flame, a vigorously turbulent inner rich premixed flame, and a number of outer diffusion flame islands. The relatively long-term observation makes it possible to understand in detail the time-dependent flame behavior in rather large time scales, which are as large as the time scale of the leading edge flame unsteadiness. From the observation, the following three findings are obtained concerning the formation of diffusion flame islands. (1) A thin oxygen diffusion layer is developed along the outer boundary of the lifted flame, where the diffusion flame islands burn in a rather flat shape. (2) When a diffusion flame island comes into contact with the fluctuating inner rich premixed flame, combustion is intensified due to an increase in the hydrogen supply by molecular diffusion. This process also works for the production of the diffusion flame islands in the oxygen diffusion layer. (3) When a large unburned gas volume penetrates into the leading edge flame, the structure of the leading edge flame changes. In this transformation process, a diffusion flame island comes near the leading edge flame. The local deficiency of oxygen plays an important role in this production process.     

Modelling of turbulent lifted jet flames using flamelets: a priori assessment and a posteriori validation

This study focuses on the modelling of turbulent lifted jet flames using flamelets and a presumed Probability Density Function (PDF) approach with interest in both flame lift-off height and flame brush structure. First, flamelet models used to capture contributions from premixed and non-premixed modes of the partially premixed combustion in the lifted jet flame are assessed using a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data for a turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame. The joint PDFs of mixture fraction Z and progress variable c, including their statistical correlation, are obtained using a copula method, which is also validated using the DNS data. The statistically independent PDFs are found to be generally inadequate to represent the joint PDFs from the DNS data. The effects of Z–c correlation and the contribution from the non-premixed combustion mode on the flame lift-off height are studied systematically by including one effect at a time in the simulations used for a posteriori validation. A simple model including the effects of chemical kinetics and scalar dissipation rate is suggested and used for non-premixed combustion contributions. The results clearly show that both Z–c correlation and non-premixed combustion effects are required in the premixed flamelets approach to get good agreement with the measured flame lift-off heights as a function of jet velocity. The flame brush structure reported in earlier experimental studies is also captured reasonably well for various axial positions. It seems that flame stabilisation is influenced by both premixed and non-premixed combustion modes, and their mutual influences.     

Conditional moment closure and transient flamelet modelling for detailed structure and NO x formation characteristics of turbulent nonpremixed jet and recirculating flames

This study has been mainly motivated to assess computationally and theoretically the conditional moment closure (CMC) model and the transient flamelet model for the simulation of turbulent nonpremixed flames. These two turbulent combustion models are implemented into the unstructured grid finite volume method that efficiently handles physically and geometrically complex turbulent reacting flows. Moreover, the parallel algorithm has been implemented to improve computational efficiency as well as to reduce the memory load of the CMC procedure. Example cases include two turbulent CO/H₂/N₂ jet flames having different flow timescales and the turbulent nonpremixed H₂/CO flame stabilized on an axisymmetric bluff-body burner. The Lagrangian flamelet model and the simplified CMC formulation are applied to the strongly parabolic jet flame calculation. On the other hand, the Eulerian particle flamelet model and full conservative CMC formulation are employed for the bluff-body flame with flow recirculation. Based on the numerical results, a detailed discussion is given for the comparative performances of the two combustion models in terms of the flame structure and NO _x formation characteristics.     

Autoignition-controlled flame initiation and flame stabilization in a reacting jet in crossflow

This paper describes an analysis of the mechanisms of autoignition-controlled flame initiation and flame stabilization in a nonpremixed jet in crossflows, using simultaneous high-speed (10 kHz) tomographic particle image velocimetry, OH-PLIF and line-of-sight flame emissions. Measurements are conducted on a turbulent, transverse, reacting propane jet issued into a crossflow generated by combustion of natural gas at an equivalence ratio of 0.4 with the crossflow velocity of 10 m/s, the crossflow temperature of 1350 K and the jet momentum flux ratio of 41. While several prior studies have analyzed the lifted character of the flame in similar configurations, we show that several dynamic processes precede the leading edge of the lifted diffusion flame, including formation and evolution of “autoignition kernels”, “flame kernels” and “flame fragments”. “Autoignition kernels”, i.e., discrete compact reaction zones with the peak hydroxyl (OH) fluorescence intensity below that of the diffusion flame, initiate preferably at bulges along the jet periphery where the strain rates and the scalar dissipation rates are lower. The autoignition kernel grows in both size and the OH-fluorescence intensity as it convects downstream. An autoignition kernel transitions into a propagating flame kernel, which quickly gets distorted and elongated in the direction of the principal expansion strain rate to form a flame fragment. Neighboring flame fragments merge with each other and with the downstream diffusion flame via edge-flame propagation. Merging of upstream flame fragments with the downstream diffusion flame results in an upstream advancement of the diffusion-flame front. The diffusion flame front is intrinsically unsteady because of the rather random formation and evolution of autoignition kernels, flame kernels and flame fragments, presumably due to the stochastic velocity, the strain rate and mixture-fraction oscillations.