Heteronuclear bipyrimidine-bridged Ru-Ln and Os-Ln dyads: low-energy 3MLCT states as energy-donors to Yb(III) and Nd(III)

The complexes [Ru((t)Bu(2)bipy)(bpym)X(2)] (X = Cl, NCS) and [M((t)Bu(2)bipy)(2)(bpym)][PF(6)](2) (M = Ru, Os) all have a low-energy LUMO arising from the presence of a 2,2'-bipyrimidine ligand, and consequently have lower-energy (1)MLCT and (3)MLCT states than analogous complexes of bipyridine. The vacant site of the bpym ligand provides a site at which [Ln(diketonate)(3)] units can bind to afford bipyrimidine-bridged dinuclear Ru-Ln and Os-Ln dyads; four such complexes have been structurally characterised. UV/Vis and luminescence spectroscopic studies show that binding of the Ln(III) fragment at the second site of the bpym ligand reduces the (3)MLCT energy of the Ru or Os fragment still further. The result is that in the dyads [Ru((t)Bu(2)bipy)X(2)(mu-bpym)Ln(diketonate)(3)] (X = Cl, NCS) and [Os((t)Bu(2)bipy)(2)(mu-bpym)Ln(diketonate)(3)][PF(6)](2) the (3)MLCT is too low to sensitise the luminescent f-f states of Nd(III) and Yb(III), but in [Ru((t)Bu(2)bipy)(2)(mu-bpym)Ln(diketonate)(3)][PF(6)](2) the (3)MLCT energy of 13,500 cm(-1) permits energy transfer to Yb(III) and Nd(III) resulting in sensitised near-infrared luminescence on the microsecond timescale.     

Sensitised near-infrared luminescence from lanthanide(III) centres using Re(I) and Pt(II) diimine complexes as energy donors in d-f dinuclear complexes based on 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine

The luminescent transition metal complexes [Re(CO)(3)Cl(bppz)] and [Pt(CC-C(6)H(4)CF(3))(2)(bppz)] [bppz = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine], in which one of the diimine binding sites of the potentially bridging ligand bppz is vacant, have been used as 'complex ligands' to make heterodinuclear d-f complexes by attachment of a {Ln(dik)(3)} fragment (dik = a 1,3-diketonate) at the vacant site. When Ln = Pr, Nd, Er or Yb the lanthanide centre has low-energy f-f excited states capable of accepting energy from the (3)MLCT excited state of the Pt(II) or Re(I) centre, quenching the (3)MLCT luminescence and affording sensitised lanthanide(III)-based luminescence in the near-IR region. UV/Vis and luminescence spectroscopic titrations allowed measurement of (i) the association constants for binding of the {Ln(dik)(3)} fragment at the vacant diimine site of [Re(CO)(3)Cl(bppz)] or [Pt(CC-C(6)H(4)CF(3))(2)(bppz)], and (ii) the degree of quenching of the (3)MLCT luminescence according to the nature of the Ln(III) centre. In all cases Nd(III) was found to be the most effective of the series at quenching the (3)MLCT luminescence of the d-block component because the high density of f-f excited states of the appropriate energy make it a particularly effective energy-acceptor.     

Syntheses and crystal structures of dinuclear complexes containing d-block and f-block luminophores. Sensitization of NIR luminescence from Yb(III), Nd(III), and Er(III) centers by energy transfer from Re(I)- and Pt(II)-bipyrimidine metal centers

Mononuclear complexes [Re(bpym)(CO)(3)Cl] and [Pt(bpym)(CC-C(6)H(4)CF(3))(2)] (bpym = 2,2'-bipyrimidine), in which one of the bipyrimidine sites is vacant, have been used as "complex ligands" to prepare heterodinuclear d-f complexes in which a lanthanide tris(1,3-diketonate) unit is attached to the secondary bipyrimidine site to evaluate the ability of d-block chromophores to act as antennae for causing sensitized near-infrared (NIR) luminescence from adjacent lanthanide(III) centers. The two sets of complexes so prepared are [Re(CO)(3)Cl(mu-bpym)Ln(fod)(3)] (abbreviated as Re-Ln; where Ln = Yb, Nd, Er) and [(F(3)C-C(6)H(4)-CC)(2)Pt(mu-bpym)Ln(hfac)(3)] (abbreviated as Pt-Ln; where Ln = Nd, Gd). Members of both series have been structurally characterized; the metal-metal separation across the bipyrimidine bridge is approximately 6.3 A in each case. In these complexes, the (3)MLCT (MLCT = metal to ligand charge-transfer) luminescences of the mononuclear [Re(bpym)(CO)(3)Cl] and [Pt(bpym)(CC-C(6)H(4)CF(3))(2)] complexes are quenched by energy transfer to those lanthanides (Ln = Yb, Nd, Er) that have low-lying f-f states capable of NIR luminescence; as a result, sensitized NIR luminescence is seen from the lanthanide center following excitation of the d-block unit. In the solid state, quenching of the luminescence from the d-block chromophore is complete, indicating efficient d --> f energy transfer, as a result of the short metal-metal separation across the bipyrimidine bridge. In a CH(2)Cl(2) solution, partial dissociation of the dinuclear complexes into the mononuclear units occurs, with the result that some (3)MLCT luminescence is observed from mononuclear [Re(bpym)(CO)(3)Cl] or [Pt(bpym)(CC-C(6)H(4)CF(3))(2)] present in the equilibrium mixture. Solution UV-vis and luminescence titrations, carried out by the addition of portions of Ln(fod)(3)(H(2)O)(2) or Ln(hfac)(3)(H(2)O)(2) to the d-block complex ligands, indicate that binding of the lanthanide tris(1,3-diketonate) unit at the secondary bipyrimidine site to give the d-f dinuclear complexes occurs with an association constant of ca. 10(5) M(-)(1).     

W(bipy)(CN)6]-: a suitable metalloligand in the design of heterotrimetallic complexes. The first Cu(II)Ln(III)W(V) trinuclear complexes

The first 3d-4f-5d heterotrimetallic complexes using [W(V)(bipy)(CN)(6)](-) as a metalloligand were synthesized (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine). The structural and magnetic properties of three [Cu(II)Ln(III)W(V)] complexes (Ln = Gd, Ho, Tb) are discussed.     

Metal-metal interactions in platinum(II)/gold(I) or platinum(II)/silver(I) salts containing planar cations and linear anions

The salts [Pt{C(NHMe)(2)}(4)][Au(CN)(2)](2), [Pt{C(NHMe)(2)}(4)][Ag(2)(CN)(3)][Ag(CN)(2)], [Pt(en)(2)][Au(CN)(2)](2), [Pt(en)(2)][Ag(CN)(2)](2), and [Pt(bipy)(2)][Au(CN)(2)](2) have been prepared by mixing solutions of salts containing the appropriate cation with solutions of K[Au(CN)(2)] or K[Ag(CN)(2)]. Because the platinum atom in the cation is sterically protected, the structures of [Pt{C(NHMe)(2)}(4)][Au(CN)(2)](2) and [Pt{C(NHMe)(2)}(4)][Ag(2)(CN)(3)][Ag(CN)(2)] reveal no close metal-metal interactions. Colorless crystals of [Pt(en)(2)][Au(CN)(2)](2) and [Pt(en)(2)][Ag(CN)(2)](2) are isostructural and involve extended chains of alternating cations and anions that run parallel to the crystallographic a axis, along with isolated anions. In the chains, the metal-metal separations are relatively short: Pt...Au, 3.1799(3) Angstroms; Pt...Ag, 3.1949(2) Angstroms. In [Pt(bipy)(2)][Au(CN)(2)](2), each cation has axial interactions with the anions through close Pt...Au contacts [3.1735(6) Angstroms]. In addition, the anions are weakly linked through Au...Au contacts of 3.5978(9) Angstroms. Unlike the previously reported Pt/Au complex [Pt(NH(3))(4)][Au(CN)(2)](2).1.5H(2)O, which is luminescent, none of the salts reported here luminesce.     

Cyanide-bridged Os(II)/Ln(III) coordination networks containing [Os(phen)(CN)4]2- as an energy donor: structural and photophysical properties

Slow evaporation of aqueous solutions containing mixtures of Na 2[Os(phen)(CN) 4], Ln(III) salts (Ln = Pr, Nd, Gd, Er, Yb), and (in some cases) an additional ligand such as 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpym) afforded crystalline coordination networks in which the [Os(phen)(CN) 4] (2-) anions are coordinated to Ln(III) cations via Os-CN-Ln cyanide bridges. The additional diimine ligands, if present, also coordinate to the Ln(III) centers. Several types of structure have been identified by X-ray crystallographic studies. Photophysical studies showed that the characteristic emission of the [Os(phen)(CN) 4] (2-) chromophore, which occurs at approximately 680 nm in this type of coordination environment with a triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer ( (3)MLCT) energy content of approximately 16 000 cm (-1), is quenched by energy transfer to those Ln(III) centers (Pr, Nd, Er, Yb) that have low-lying f-f states capable of accepting energy from the Os(II)-based (3)MLCT state. Time-resolved studies on the residual (partially quenched) Os(II)-based luminescence allowed the rates of Os(II) --> Ln(III) energy transfer to be evaluated. The measured rates varied substantially, having values of >5 x 10 (8), approximately 1 x 10 (8), and 2.5 x 10 (7) s (-1) for Ln = Nd, Er or Yb, and Pr, respectively. These differing rates of Os(II) --> Ln(III) energy transfer can be rationalized on the basis of the availability of f-f states of the different Ln(III) centers that are capable of acting as energy acceptors. In general, the rates of Os(II) --> Ln(III) energy transfer are an order of magnitude faster than the rates of Ru(II) --> Ln(III) energy transfer in a previously described series of [Ru(bipy)(CN) 4] (2-)/Ln(III) networks. This is ascribed principally to the lower energy of the Os(II)-based (3)MLCT state, which provides better spectroscopic overlap with the low-lying f-f states of the Ln(III) ions.     

Sensitized near-infrared emission from complexes of YbIII, NdIII and ErIII by energy-transfer from covalently attached PtII-based antenna units

A series of dinuclear platinum(II)-lanthanide(iii) complexes has been prepared in which a square-planar Pt(II) unit, either [(PPh(3))(2)Pt(pdo)] (H(2)pdo=5,6-dihydroxyphenanthroline) or [Cl(2)Pt(dppz)] [dppz=2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine], is connected to a Ln(dik)(3) unit ("dik"=a 1,3-diketonate ligand). The mononuclear complexes [(PPh(3))(2)Pt(pdo)] and [Cl(2)Pt(dppz)] both have external, vacant N,N-donor diimine-type binding sites that react with various [Ln(dik)(3)(H(2)O)(2)] units to give complexes [(PPh(3))(2)Pt(micro-pdo)Ln(tta)(3)] (series A; Htta=thenoyltrifluoroacetone), [Cl(2)Pt(micro-dppz)Ln(tta)(3)] (series B); and [Cl(2)Pt(micro-dppz)Ln(btfa)(3)] (series C; Hbtfa=benzoyltrifluoroacetone); in all of these the lanthanide centres are eight-coordinate. The lanthanides used exhibit near-infrared luminescence (Nd, Yb, Er). Crystal structures of members of each series are described. In all complexes, excitation into the Pt-centred absorption band (at 520 nm for series A complexes; 440 nm for series B and C complexes) results in characteristic near-IR luminescence from the Nd, Yb or Er centres in both the solid state and in CH(2)Cl(2), following energy-transfer from the Pt antenna chromophore. This work demonstrates how d-block-derived chromophores, with their intense and tunable electronic transitions, can be used as sensitisers to achieve near-infrared luminescence from lanthanides in suitably designed heterodinuclear complexes based on simple bridging ligands.     

Fe(bipy)(CN)(4)](-) as a versatile building block for the design of heterometallic systems: synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of PPh(4)[Fe(III)(bipy)(CN)(4)] x H(2)O, [[Fe(III)(bipy)(CN)(4)](2)M(II)(H(2)O)(4)] x 4H(2)O, and [[Fe(III)(bipy)(CN)(4)](2)Zn(II)] x 2H(2)O [bipy = 2,2'-Bipyridine; M = Mn and Zn

The new cyano complexes of formulas PPh(4)[Fe(III)(bipy)(CN)(4)] x H(2)O (1), [[Fe(III)(bipy)(CN)(4)](2)M(II)(H(2)O)(4)] x 4H(2)O with M = Mn (2) and Zn (3), and [[Fe(III)(bipy)(CN)(4)](2)Zn(II)] x 2H(2)O (4) [bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine and PPh(4) = tetraphenylphosphonium cation] have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The structure of complex 1 is made up of mononuclear [Fe(bipy)(CN)(4)](-) anions, tetraphenyphosphonium cations, and water molecules of crystallization. The iron(III) is hexacoordinated with two nitrogen atoms of a chelating bipy and four carbon atoms of four terminal cyanide groups, building a distorted octahedron around the metal atom. The structure of complexes 2 and 3 consists of neutral centrosymmetric [[Fe(III)(bipy)(CN)(4)](2)M(II)(H(2)O)(4)] heterotrinuclear units and crystallization water molecules. The [Fe(bipy)(CN)(4)](-) entity of 1 is present in 2 and 3 acting as a monodentate ligand toward M(H(2)O)(4) units [M = Mn(II) (2) and Zn(II) (3)] through one cyanide group, the other three cyanides remaining terminal. Four water molecules and two cyanide nitrogen atoms from two [Fe(bipy)(CN)(4)](-) units in trans positions build a distorted octahedron surrounding Mn(II) (2) and Zn(II) (3). The structure of the [Fe(phen)(CN)(4)](-) complex ligand in 2 and 3 is close to that of the one in 1. The intramolecular Fe-M distances are 5.126(1) and 5.018(1) A in 2 and 3, respectively. 4 exhibits a neutral one-dimensional polymeric structure containing two types of [Fe(bipy)(CN)(4)](-) units acting as bismonodentate (Fe(1)) and trismonodentate (Fe(2)) ligands versus the divalent zinc cations through two cis-cyanide (Fe(1)) and three fac-cyanide (Fe(2)) groups. The environment of the iron atoms in 4 is distorted octahedral as in 1-3, whereas the zinc atom is pentacoordinated with five cyanide nitrogen atoms, describing a very distorted square pyramid. The iron-zinc separations across the single bridging cyanides are 5.013(1) and 5.142(1) A at Fe(1) and 5.028(1), 5.076(1), and 5.176(1) A at Fe(2). The magnetic properties of 1-3 have been investigated in the temperature range 2.0-300 K. 1 is a low-spin iron(III) complex with an important orbital contribution. The magnetic properties of 3 correspond to the sum of two magnetically isolated spin triplets, the antiferromagnetic coupling between the low-spin iron(III) centers through the -CN-Zn-NC- bridging skeleton (iron-iron separation larger than 10 A) being very weak. More interestingly, 2 exhibits a significant intramolecular antiferromagnetic interaction between the central spin sextet and peripheral spin doublets, leading to a low-lying spin quartet.     

Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and photophysical properties of structurally diverse polyazine-bridged Ru(II),Pt(II) and Os(II),Ru(II),Pt(II) supramolecular motifs

Five new tetrametallic supramolecules of the motif [{(TL)(2)M(dpp)}(2)Ru(BL)PtCl(2)](6+) and three new trimetallic light absorbers [{(TL)(2)M(dpp)}(2)Ru(BL)](6+) (TL = bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine or phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; M = Ru(II) or Os(II); BL = dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, dpq = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline, or bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine) were synthesized and their redox, spectroscopic, and photophysical properties investigated. The tetrametallic complexes couple a Pt(II)-based reactive metal center to Ru and/or Os light absorbers through two different polyazine BL to provide structural diversity and interesting resultant properties. The redox potential of the M(II/III) couple is modulated by M variation, with the terminal Ru(II/III) occurring at 1.58-1.61 V and terminal Os(II/III) couples at 1.07-1.18 V versus Ag/AgCl. [{(TL)(2)M(dpp)}(2)Ru(BL)](PF(6))(6) display terminal M(dπ)-based highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) with the dpp(π*)-based lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy relatively unaffected by the nature of BL. The coupling of Pt to the BL results in orbital inversion with localization of the LUMO on the remote BL in the tetrametallic complexes, providing a lowest energy charge separated (CS) state with an oxidized terminal Ru or Os and spatially separated reduced BL. The complexes [{(TL)(2)M(dpp)}(2)Ru(BL)](6+) and [{(TL)(2)M(dpp)}(2)Ru(BL)PtCl(2)](6+) efficiently absorb light throughout the UV and visible regions with intense metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions in the visible at about 540 nm (M = Ru) and 560 nm (M = Os) (ε ≈ 33,000-42,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) and direct excitation to the spin-forbidden (3)MLCT excited state in the Os complexes about 720 nm. All the trimetallic and tetrametallic Ru-based supramolecular systems emit from the terminal Ru(dπ)→dpp(π*) (3)MLCT state, λ(max)(em) ≈ 750 nm. The tetrametallic systems display complex excited state dynamics with quenching of the (3)MLCT emission at room temperature to populate the lowest-lying (3)CS state population of the emissive (3)MLCT state.     

Single-molecule magnet behaviour in a tetrathiafulvalene-based electroactive antiferromagnetically coupled dinuclear dysprosium(III) complex

The reactions between the [Ln(tta)(3)]·2H(2)O precursors (tta(-)=2-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate anion) and the tetrathiafulvalene-3-pyridine-N-oxide ligands (L(1)) lead to dinuclear complexes of formula [{Ln(tta)(3)(L(1))}(2)]·xCH(2)Cl(2) (x=0.5 for Ln=Dy(III) (1) and x=0 for Ln=Gd(III) (2)). The crystal structure reveals that two {Ln(tta)(3)} moieties are bridged by two donors through the nitroxide groups. The Dy(III) centre adopts a distorted square antiprismatic oxygenated polyhedron structure. The antiferromagnetic nature of the exchange interaction between the two Dy(III) ions has been determined by two methods: 1) an empirical method using the [Dy(hfac)(3)(L(2))(2)] mononuclear complex as a model (3) (hfac(-)=1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate anion, L(2)=tetrathiafulvaleneamido-2-pyridine-N-oxide ligand), and 2) assuming an Ising model for the Dy(III) ion giving an exchange energy of -2.30 cm(-1), g=19.2 in the temperature range of 2-10 K. The antiferromagnetic interactions have been confirmed by a quantitative determination of J for the isotropic Gd(III) derivative (J=-0.031 cm(-1), g=2.003). Compound 1 displays a slow magnetisation relaxation without applied external magnetic fields. Alternating current susceptibility shows a thermally activated behaviour with pre-exponential factors of 5.48(4)×10(-7) s and an energy barrier of 87(1) K. The application of an external field of 1.6 kOe compensates the antiferromagnetic interactions and opens a new quantum tunnelling path.     

Structural and photophysical properties of coordination networks combining [Ru(Bpym)(CN)4]2- or [[Ru(CN)4]2(mu-bpym)]4- anions (bpym = 2,2'-bipyrimidine) with lanthanide(III) cations: sensitized near-infrared luminescence from Yb(III), Nd(III), and Er(III) following Ru-to-lanthanide energy transfer

Reaction of the cyanoruthenate anions [Ru(bpym)(CN)4]2- and [[Ru(CN)4]2(mu-bpym)]4- (bpym = 2,2'-bipyrimidine) with lanthanide(III) salts resulted in the crystallization of coordination networks based on Ru-CN-Ln bridges. Four types of structure were obtained: [Ru(bpym)(CN)4][Ln(NO3)(H2O)5] (Ru-Ln; Ln = Sm, Nd, and Gd) are one-dimensional helical chains; [Ru(bpym)(CN)4]2[Ln(NO3)(H2O)2][Ln(NO3)(0.5)(H2O)(5.5)](NO3)(0.5).5.5H2O (Ru-Ln; Ln = Er and Yb) are two-dimensional sheets containing cross-linked chains based on Ru2Ln2(mu-CN)4 diamond units, which are linked into one-dimensional chains via shared Ru atoms; [[Ru(CN)4]2(mu-bpym)][Ln(NO3)(H2O)5]2.3H2O (Ru2-Ln; Ln = Nd and Sm) are one-dimensional ladders with parallel Ln-NC-Ru-CN-Ln-NC strands connected by the bipyrimidine "cross pieces" acting as rungs on the ladder; and [[Ru(CN)4]2(mu-bpym)][Ln(H2O)6](0.5)[Ln(H2O)4](NO3)(0.5).nH2O (Ru2-Ln; Ln = Eu, Gd, and Yb; n = 8.5, 8.5, and 8, respectively) are three-dimensional networks in which two-dimensional sheets of Ru2Ln2(mu-CN)4 diamonds are connected via cyanide bridges to Ln(III) ions between the layers. Whereas Ru-Gd shows weak triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) luminescence in the solid state from the Ru-bipyrimidine chromophore, in Ru-Nd, Ru-Er, and Ru-Yb, the Ru-based emission is quenched, and all of these show, instead, sensitized lanthanide-based near-IR luminescence following a Ru --> Ln energy transfer. Similarly, Ru2-Nd and Ru2-Yb show lanthanide-based near-IR emission following excitation of the Ru-bipyrimidine chromophore. Time-resolved luminescence measurements suggest that the Ru --> Ln energy-transfer rate is faster (when Ln = Yb and Er) than in related complexes based on the [Ru(bipy)(CN)4]2- chromophore, because the lower energy of the Ru-bpym 3MLCT provides better spectroscopic overlap with the low-energy f-f states of Yb(III) and Er(III). In every case, the lanthanide-based luminescence is relatively short-lived as a result of the CN oscillations in the lattice.     

Absorption, Circular Dichroism, and Luminescence Spectroscopy of Electrogenerated Delta-[Ru(bipy)(3)](+/0/)(-) and Delta-[Os(bipy)(3)](+/0/)(-) (bipy = 2,2'-Bipyridine)

The electronic absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the complexes produced by the one, two, and three electron reduction of Delta-[Ru(bipy)(3)](2+) and Delta-[Os(bipy)(3)](2+) are reported. The CD spectra give unequivocal proof that the added electrons are localized on individual bipiridine ligands and thus that the complexes are correctly formulated [M(bipy)(2)(bipy(-))](+), [M(bipy)(bipy(-))(2)](0), and [M(bipy(-))(3)](-). The absorption spectra of the triply reduced species [M(bipy(-))(3)](-) (M = Ru, Os) are compared to those of the Fe(II) and Ir(III) analogs. The luminescence spectra of the two triply reduced complexes [Ru(bipy(-))(3)](-) and [Os(bipy(-))(3)](-). are also presented. The MLCT luminescence found in the parent complexes is completely quenched and is replaced by a weak luminescence attributed to the pi(10) --> pi(7) transition of the (coordinated) [bipy](-) ion.     

Pt-Ag clusters and their neutral mononuclear Pt(II) starting complexes: structural and luminescence studies

The mononuclear complexes [Pt(bzq)(S^S)] [S^S = pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (pdtc 1), dimethyldithiocarbamate (dmdtc 2)] were prepared by reaction of [Pt(bzq)(NCMe)(2)]ClO(4) with an equimolecular amount of [NH(4)(pdtc)] and [Na(dmdtc)·2H(2)O] respectively in MeOH. Reactions of 1 and 2 with AgClO(4) in 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 molar ratios rendered the heteropolinuclear compounds [{Pt(bzq)(S^S)Ag}(2)](ClO(4))(2) (S^S = pdtc 3, dmdtc 4) and [{Pt(bzq)(S^S)}(2)Ag](ClO(4)) (S^S = pdtc 5, dmdtc 6) respectively. The X-ray studies on single crystals of 3 and 4 showed that both consist of tetranuclear [Pt(2)Ag(2)] clusters with the Pt-Ag and the Ag-Ag distances in the range of those corresponding to Pt-Ag dative bonds and argentophilic interactions. In 3 the tetranuclear [Pt(2)Ag(2)] clusters are connected into infinite polymeric chains by Pt···Pt metallophilic interactions (Pt···Pt = 3.1890(7) ?). The X-ray study on a single crystal of 5 showed that it is a polymer based on trinuclear [Pt(2)Ag] clusters containing two unsupported Pt-Ag dative bonds and connected by Ag-S bonds in such a way that the "Pt-Ag-S-Pt-Ag-S" atoms draw a zigzag polymeric chain. TD-DFT calculations carried out for 1 indicate that the lowest energy absorption band in CH(2)Cl(2) can be described as a mixture of (1)MLCT, (1)IL and (1)L'LCT transitions. Powdered samples of 1 at 298 K and 77 K show a green-yellow emission band coming mainly from a (3)LC excited state. However complex 2 shows "luminescence thermochromism": the colour of its luminescence changes from green-yellow at 77 K to orange-red at 298 K. The emission of the Pt-Ag clusters, 3-6, in the solid state, are due to excimeric (3)ππ and/or (3)MMLCT (dσ* →π*) low-lying excited states, indicating that the presence of silver in the clusters makes the "Pt(bzq)(S^S)" fragments interact to a large extent through Pt···Pt and/or π-π interactions. Solid 3 is a highly selective vapochromic compound towards acetonitrile although this behaviour is not fully reversible.     

Synthesis, characterization, and stereochemistry of S-bridged Co(III)MCo(III)(M = Pd(II), Pt(II)) trinuclear complexes containing two non-bridging thiolato groups: building blocks for the construction of chiral heterometallic aggregates

The reaction of fac(S)-[Co(aet)(3)](aet = aminoethanethiolate) with [PdCl(4)](2-) in a 2:1 ratio in water gave an S-bridged Co(III)Pd(II)Co(III) trinuclear complex composed of two mer(S)-[Co(aet)(3)] units, [Pd[Co(aet)(3)](2)](2+)([1](2+)). In [1](2+), each of the two mer(S)-[Co(aet)(3)] units is bound to a square-planar Pd(II) ion through two of three thiolato groups, leaving two non-bridging thiolato groups at the terminal. Of two geometrical forms, syn and anti, possible for [Pd[Co(aet)(3)](2)](2+), which arise from the difference in arrangement of two terminal non-bridging thiolato groups, [1](2+) afforded only the syn form. A similar reaction of fac(S)-[Co(aet)(3)] with [PtCl(4)](2-) or trans-[PtCl(2)(NH(3))(2)] produced an analogous Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) trinuclear complex, [Pt[Co(aet)(3)](2)](2+)([2](2+)), but both the syn and anti forms were formed for [2](2+). Complexes [1](2+) and syn- and anti-[2](2+), which exclusively exist as a racemic(DeltaDelta/LambdaLambda) form, were successfully optically resolved with use of [Sb(2)(R,R-tartrato)(2)](2-) as the resolving agent. The reaction of syn-[2](2+) with [AuCl[S(CH(2)CH(2)OH)(2)]] led to the formation of an S-bridged Co(III)(4)Pt(II)(2)Au(I)(2) octanuclear metallacycle, [Au(2)[Pt[Co(aet)(3)](2)](2)](6+)([3](6+)), while the corresponding reaction of anti-[2](2+) afforded a different product ([[4](3+)](n)) that is assumed to have a polymeric structure in [[Au[Pt[Co(aet)(3)](2)]](3+)](n).     

Bimetallic Pt(II)-bipyridyl-diacetylide/Ln(III) tris-diketonate adducts based on a combination of coordinate bonding and hydrogen bonding between the metal fragments: Syntheses,structures and photophysical properties

The luminescent Pt(II) complex [Pt(4,4′-^tBu₂-bipy){CC-(5-pyrimidinyl)}₂] (1) was prepared by coupling of [Pt(4,4′-^tBu₂-bipy)Cl₂] with 5-ethynyl-pyrimidine, and contains two pyrimidinyl units pendant from a Pt(II) bipyridyl diacetylide core; it shows luminescence at 520 nm which is typical of Pt(II) luminophores of this type. Reaction with [Ln(hfac)₃(H₂O)₂] (hfac = anion of hexafluoroacetylacetone) affords as crystalline solids the compounds [1 · {Ln(hfac)₃(H₂O)}{Ln(hfac)₃(H₂O)₂}] (Ln = Nd, Gd, Er, Yb), in which the {Ln(hfac)₃(H₂O)} unit is coordinated to one pyrimidine ring via an N atom, whereas the {Ln(hfac)₃(H₂O)₂} unit is associated with two N atoms, one from each pyrimidine ring of 1, via N?HOH hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the coordinated water ligands on the lanthanide centre. Solution spectroscopic studies show that the luminescence of 1 is partly quenched on addition of [Ln(hfac)₃(H₂O)₂] (Ln = Er, Nd) by formation of Pt(II)/Ln(III) adducts in which Pt(II)→Ln(III) photoinduced energy-transfer occurs to the low-lying f–f levels of the Ln(III) centre. Significant quenching occurs with both Er(III) and Nd(III) because both have several f–f states which match well the ³MLCT emission energy of 1. Time-resolved luminescence studies show that Pt(II)→Er(III) energy-transfer (7.0 × 10⁷ M⁻¹) is around three times faster than Pt(II)→Nd(III) energy-transfer (≈2 × 10⁷ M⁻¹) over the same distance because the luminescence spectrum of 1 overlaps better with the absorption spectrum of Er(III) than with Nd(III). In contrast Yb(III) causes no significant quenching of 1 because it has only a single f–f excited level which is a poor energy match for the Pt(II)-based excited state.     

Sulfur-bridged Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) trinuclear complexes with mixed aliphatic and aromatic thiolate ligands: effect of nonbridging ligands on the homochiral linkage of cobalt(III) octahedrons by platinum(II)

The reaction of [Ni[Co(aet)(2)(pyt)](2)](2+) (aet = 2-aminoethanethiolate, pyt = 2-pyridinethiolate) with [PtCl(4)](2)(-) gave an S-bridged Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) trinuclear complex composed of two [Co(aet)(2)(pyt)] units, [Pt[Co(aet)(2)(pyt)](2)](2+) ([1](2+)). When a 1:1 mixture of [Ni[Co(aet)(2)(pyt)](2)](2+) and [Ni[Co(aet)(2)(en)](2)](4+) was reacted with [PtCl(4)](2)(-), a mixed-type S-bridged Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) complex composed of one [Co(aet)(2)(pyt)] and one [Co(aet)(2)(en)](+) units, [Pt[Co(aet)(2)(en)][Co(aet)(2)(pyt)]](3+) ([2](3+)), was produced, together with [1](2+) and [Pt[Co(aet)(2)(en)](2)](4+). The corresponding Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) trinuclear complexes containing pymt (2-pyrimidinethiolate), [Pt[Co(aet)(2)(pymt)](2)](2+) ([3](2+)) and [Pt[Co(aet)(2)(en)][Co(aet)(2)(pymt)]](3+) ([4](3+)), were also obtained by similar reactions, using [Ni[Co(aet)(2)(pymt)](2)](2+) instead of [Ni[Co(aet)(2)(pyt)](2)](2+). While [Pt[Co(aet)(2)(en)](2)](4+) formed both the deltalambda (meso) and deltadelta/lambdalambda (racemic) forms in a ratio of ca. 1:1, the preferential formation of the deltadelta/lambdalambda form was observed for [1](2+) (ca. deltalambda:deltadelta/lambdalambda = 1:3) and [2](3+) (ca. delta(en)lambda(pyt)/lambda(en)delta(pyt):deltadelta/lambdalambda = 1:2). Furthermore, [3](2+) and [4](3+) predominantly formed the deltadelta/lambdalambda form. These results indicate that the homochiral selectivity for the S-bridged Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) trinuclear complexes composed of two octahedral [Co(aet)(2)(L)](0 or +) units is enhanced in the order L = en < pyt < pymt. The isomers produced were separated and optically resolved, and the crystal structures of the meso-type deltalambda-[1]Cl(2).4H(2)O and the spontaneously resolved deltadelta-[4](ClO(4))(3).H(2)O were determined by X-ray analyses. In deltalambda-[1](2+), the delta and Lambda configurational mer(S).trans(N(aet))-[Co(aet)(2)(pyt)] units are linked by a square-planar Pt(II) ion through four aet S atoms to form a linear-type S-bridged trinuclear structure. In deltadelta-[4](3+), a similar linear-type trinuclear structure is constructed from the delta-mer(S).trans(N(aet))-[Co(aet)(2)(pymt)] and delta-C(2)-cis(S)-[Co(aet)(2)(en)](+) units that are bound by a Pt(II) ion with a slightly distorted square-planar geometry through four aet S atoms.     

Structural and photophysical properties of coordination networks combining [Ru(bipy)(CN)4]2- anions and lanthanide(III) cations: rates of photoinduced Ru-to-lanthanide energy transfer and sensitized near-infrared luminescence

Co-crystallization of K2[Ru(bipy)(CN)4] with lanthanide(III) salts (Ln = Pr, Nd, Gd, Er, Yb) from aqueous solution affords coordination oligomers and networks in which the [Ru(bipy)(CN)4]2- unit is connected to the lanthanide cation via Ru-CN-Ln bridges. The complexes fall into two structural types: [{Ru(bipy)(CN)4}2{Ln(H2O)m}{K(H2O)n}] x xH2O (Ln = Pr, Er, Yb; m = 7, 6, 6, respectively), in which two [Ru(bipy)(CN)4]2- units are connected to a single lanthanide ion by single cyanide bridges to give discrete trinuclear fragments, and [{Ru(bipy)(CN)4}3{Ln(H2O)4}2] x xH2O (Ln = Nd, Gd), which contain two-dimensional sheets of interconnected, cyanide-bridged Ru2Ln2 squares. In the Ru-Gd system, the [Ru(bipy)(CN)4]2- unit shows the characteristic intense (3)metal-to-ligand charge transfer luminescence at 580 nm with tau = 550 ns; with the other lanthanides, the intensity and lifetime of this luminescence are diminished because of a Ru --> Ln photoinduced energy transfer to low-lying emissive states of the lanthanide ions, resulting in sensitized near-infrared luminescence in every case. From the degree of quenching of the Ru-based emission, Ru --> Ln energy-transfer rates can be estimated, which are in the order Yb (k(EnT) approximately 3 x 10(6) sec(-1), the slowest energy transfer) < Er < Pr < Nd (k(EnT) approximately 2 x 10(8) sec(-1), the fastest energy transfer). This order may be rationalized on the basis of the availability of excited f-f levels on the lanthanide ions at energies that overlap with the Ru-based emission spectrum. In every case, the lifetime of the lanthanide-based luminescence is short (tens/hundreds of nanoseconds, instead of the more usual microseconds), even when the water ligands on the lanthanide ions are replaced by D2O to eliminate the quenching effects of OH oscillators; we tentatively ascribe this quenching effect to the cyanide ligands.     

Diplatinum alkynyl chromophores as sensitisers for lanthanide luminescence in Pt2Ln2 and Pt2Ln4 (Ln = Eu, Nd, Yb) arrays with acetylide-functionalized bipyridine/phenanthroline

Incorporation of diplatinum complex Pt2(micro-dppm)2(bpyC[triple bond]C)4 or Pt2(mu-dppm)2(phenC[triple bond]C)4 with Ln(hfac)3(H2O)2 (Ln = Nd, Eu, Yb) gave a series of Pt2Ln2 and Pt2Ln4 bimetallic arrays, in which the excitation of d(Pt) -->pi*(R-C[triple bond]C) MLCT absorption induces sensitisation of lanthanide luminescence through efficient d --> f energy transfer from Pt(II) alkynyl chromophores.     

Fluoride-bridged {Ln(2)Cr(2)} polynuclear complexes from semi-labile mer-[CrF(3)(py)(3)] and [Ln(hfac)(3)(H(2)O)(2)

The trifluorido complex mer-[CrF(3)(py)(3)] (py = pyridine) reacts with 1 equiv. of [Ln(hfac)(3)(H(2)O)(2)] and depending on the solvent forms the tetranuclear clusters [Cr(2)Ln(2)(μ-F)(4)(μ-OH)(2)(py)(4)(hfac)(6)], 1Ln, and [Cr(2)Ln(2)(μ-F)(4)F(2)(py)(6)(hfac)(6)], 2Ln, in acetonitrile and 1,2-dichloroethane, respectively (Ln = Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er; hfacH = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone). Reaction with [Dy(hfac)(3)(H(2)O)(2)] in dichloromethane produces the dinuclear cluster [CrDy(μ-F)F(OH(2))(py)(3)(hfac)(4)], 3Dy. All the clusters feature fluoride bridges between the chromium(iii) and lanthanide(iii) centres. Fits of susceptibility data for 1Gd and 2Gd reveal the fluoride-mediated chromium(iii)-lanthanide(iii) exchange interactions to be 0.43(5) cm(-1) and 0.57(7) cm(-1), respectively (in the convention). Heat capacity measurements on 2Gd reveal a moderate magneto-caloric effect (MCE) reaching -ΔS(m)(T) = 11.4 J kg(-1) K(-1) for ΔB(0) = 9 T → 0 T at T = 4.1 K. Out-of-phase alternating-current susceptibility (χ') signals are observed for 1Dy, 2Dy and 2Tb, demonstrating slow relaxation of the magnetization.     

Synthesis, characterization, and chiral behavior of S-bridged Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) trinuclear complexes composed of bis(thiolato)-type octahedral units cis(S)-[Co(aet)(2)(en)](+) and/or trans(N)-[Co(D-pen- N,O,S)(2)](-) (aet = 2-aminoethanethiolate, D-pen = D-penicillaminate)

A series of linear-type Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) trinuclear complexes composed of C(2)-cis(S)-[Co(aet)(2)(en)](+) (aet = 2-aminoethanethiolate) and/or Lambda(D)-trans(N)-[Co(D-pen-N,O,S)(2)](-) (D-pen = D-penicillaminate) were newly prepared, and their chiral behavior, which is markedly different from that of the corresponding Co(III)Pd(II)Co(III) complexes, is reported. The 1:1 reaction of an S-bridged Co(III)Ni(II)Co(III) trinuclear complex, [Ni[Co(aet)(2)(en)](2)]Cl(4), with K(2)[PtCl(4)] in water gave an S-bridged Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) trinuclear complex, [Pt[Co(aet)(2)(en)](2)]Cl(4) ([1]Cl(4)), while the corresponding 1:2 reaction produced an S-bridged Co(III)Pt(II) dinuclear complex, [PtCl(2)[Co(aet)(2)(en)]]Cl ([2]Cl). Complex [1](4+) formed both racemic (DeltaDelta/LambdaLambda) and meso (DeltaLambda) forms, which were separated and optically resolved by cation-exchange column chromatography. An optically active S-bridged Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) trinuclear complex having the pseudo LambdaLambda configuration, Lambda(D)Lambda(D)-[Pt[Co(D-pen-N,O,S)(2)](2)](0) (Lambda(D)Lambda(D)-[3]), was also prepared by reacting Lambda(D)-trans(N)-K[Co(D-pen-N,O,S)(2)] with K(2)[PtCl(4)] in a ratio of 2:1 in water. Treatment of the racemic Delta/Lambda-[2]Cl with Lambda(D)-trans(N)-K[Co(D-pen-N,O,S)(2)] in a ratio of 1:1 in water led to the formation of LambdaLambda(D)- and DeltaLambda(D)-[Pt[Co(aet)(2)(en)][Co(D-pen-N,O,S)(2)]](2+) (LambdaLambda(D)- and DeltaLambda(D)-[4](2+)) and DeltaDelta(D)-[Pt[Co(aet)(2)(en)][Co(D-pen-N,S)(2)(H(2)O)(2)]](2+) (DeltaDelta(D)-[4'](2+)), besides trace amounts of Lambda(D)Lambda(D)-[3] and DeltaDelta- and DeltaLambda-[1](4+). These Co(III)Pt(II)Co(III) complexes were characterized on the basis of electronic absorption, CD, and NMR spectra, along with single-crystal X-ray analyses for DeltaDelta/LambdaLambda-[1]Cl(4), DeltaLambda-[1]Cl(4), and DeltaLambda(D)-[4]Cl(2). Crystal data: DeltaDelta/LambdaLambda-[1]Cl(4).6H(2)O, monoclinic, space group C2/c with a = 14.983(3) A, b = 19.857(4) A, c = 12.949(3) A, beta = 113.51(2) degrees, V = 3532(1) A(3), Z = 4; DeltaLambda-[1]Cl(4).3H(2)O, orthorhombic, space group Pbca with a = 14.872(3) A, b = 14.533(3) A, c = 14.347(2) A, V = 3100(1) A(3), Z = 4; DeltaLambda(D)-[4]Cl(2).6H(2)O, monoclinic, space group P2(1) with a = 7.3836(2) A, b = 20.214(1) A, c = 10.622(2) A, beta = 91.45(1) degrees V = 1682.0(4) A(3), Z = 2.