离心-凝胶注模成型技术制备梯度碳纤维/HA复合材料

以经过低温氧化和提拉HA溶胶改性处理的碳纤维为增强体,采用离心-凝胶注模成型技术制备梯度碳纤维/HA复合材料.观察了碳纤维改性处理后的形貌,研究了碳纤维/HA浆料的特性,以及浆料的凝胶固化过程.分析了离心转数、碳纤维含量对梯度复合材料生坯密度梯度的影响.观察了烧结后梯度复合材料的显微组织,并测量了不同烧结温度和碳纤维分布的HA复合材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性.研究结果表明改性处理碳纤维表面形成一层致密的、结合性能较好的膜层,烧结后可以很好地连接基体和碳纤维.在pH =9,分散剂含量为5wt;,浆料固相含量为40wt;,碳纤维含量为2wt;时,碳纤维/HA浆料具有良好的分散性和稳定性.当催化剂和引发剂含量均为0.9wt;时,起始凝胶和终止固化时间与离心成型工艺相匹配.当离心转数为1000 r/min,碳纤维含量为2wt;时,离心-凝胶注模成型所得试样具有良好的密度梯度,1100℃烧结2h后,该复合材料的抗弯强度达到最大值101.7 MPa;断裂韧性为1.98 MPa·m1/2,分别比干压成型制备的均匀碳纤维/HA复合材料提高了29.7;和25.3;.     

Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2表面涂层对3D-Cf/SiC复合材料力学性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法在三维碳纤维预制体(3D-Cf)表面形成Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2涂层,而后采用先驱体浸渍裂解工艺(PIP)制备了3D-Cf/SiC复合材料,通过SEM、XRD等分析测试手段以及三点弯曲等试验方法,研究了碳纤维的界面对复合材料的微观结构、力学性能的影响.结果表明,Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2涂覆处理后的碳纤维的强度约为原始碳纤维的96.8;,涂层碳纤维在复合材料断裂过程中起到了较好的增韧作用,涂层处理后的3D-Cf/SiC复合材料的抗弯强度达303 MPa,断裂韧度达6.5 MPa/m1/2.     

C_(sf)(α-Al_2O_(3p))强韧无机聚合物基复合材料的机械性能及断裂行为

本文通过超声波将短碳纤维(Csf)与偏高岭土、α-Al2O3颗粒(α-Al2O3p)预分散混合,然后加入到碱金属溶液中的方式制备了及Csf单独以及Csf与α-Al2O3p复合强韧的无机聚合物基复合材料,研究了及Csf、α-Al2O3p含量对复合材料的组织结构,机械性能以及断裂行为的影响规律。结果表明:及Csf在基体中分散均匀。采用及Csf单独强韧复合材料的抗弯强度、断裂韧性随着纤维含量的增加都呈先减小后增加的规律,其中纤维含量为2 vol%时分别达到28.4 MPa和0.6 MPa.m1/2,相比基体分别增加了0.85倍和1倍。采用及Csf与α-Al2O3p复合强韧的无机聚合物基复合材料,虽然其抗弯强度较及Csf单独强韧的复合材料低并与α-Al2O3p的含量成反比,但是其断裂韧性较及Csf单独强韧复合材料的高,并在α-Al2O3p加入量为8 wt%时达到最大值为0.75 MPa.m1/2。复合材料在断裂过程中呈现非脆性断裂方式,并且及Csf与α-Al2O3p复合强韧的无机聚合物基复合材料在断裂过程中载荷位移曲线呈现锯齿形增长。复合材料断裂行为和断口分析表明,碳纤维的桥联,拔出是复合材料主要的强韧化机制。     

高取向度石墨基复合材料力学性能及微观结构研究

以ZrB2和SiC为烧结助剂,采用流延-叠层-热压工艺制备高取向石墨基复合材料,并对其抗弯强度、断裂韧性、断裂行为以及微观结构进行了研究.结果表明:该石墨基复合材料结构完整,其中片状石墨颗粒平行热压面高度定向排列.弯曲强度和断裂性能及致密度都得到大幅度提高,垂直片层和平行片层方向测试的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为104 MPa、2.07 MPa·m1/2和84 MPa、1.97 MPa·m”2.高取向石墨基复合材料受到不同方向力冲击时的断裂行为显著不同,垂直层面加压时断裂由脆性破坏变为非脆性破坏行为,断裂功达到145 J/m2为平行层面测试的2倍.非脆性破坏行为主要归因于层界和高度定向的片状石墨颗粒诱导裂纹偏转分叉以及片状石墨颗粒桥联拔出.     

CB@SiO2-BaTiO3-Epoxy复合材料制备及性能研究

对炭黑和钛酸钡颗粒进行表面改性,然后作为无机填料填充到环氧树脂中,制备得到CB@SiO2-BaTiO3-Epoxy复合介质材料.研究该复合材料的微观结构,探讨其介电性能、绝缘性能与填料含量和外加场频率等的关系.结果表明:改性后的炭黑、钛酸钡均与环氧树脂有良好的相容性,均匀分散在聚合物基体中;随着CB@SiO2和钛酸钡体积含量的增加,复合材料的介电常数逐渐增大,介电损耗也随之增加,同时漏导电流增加;炭黑和钛酸钡两种无机填料含量具有最优化结构,BaTiO3含量为20vol;、炭黑含量在5vol;的复合介质在低频下出现损耗极小值,这种最优化结构效果在复合材料的电导率上也有体现.当CB@SiO2含量为10vol;,BaTiO3含量为30vol;时,在1 kHz下复合介质材料的介电常数达62.7,介电损耗为0.0632,体积电导率为4.13 × 10-5S/m.     

CNTs/纳微米PZT/水泥压电复合材料的研究

研究制备了一种新型0-3 CNTs/纳微米PZT/水泥压电复合材料.该复合材料的基体相为硅酸盐水泥,压电活性相为锆钛酸铅(PZT)压电陶瓷,压电增强相为纳米碳管(CNTs).PZT采用溶胶-凝胶法合成,其粒径大多分布在几十至几百纳米之间.CNTs采用Fenton/UV法分散处理.研究了CNTs对该水泥基压电复合材料压电和介电性能的影响.CNTs可改善水泥基复合材料的导电性,使其可在室温中进行极化,提高了压电相的极化效率,从而显著提高复合材料的压电性能.0.9 vol;CNTs/70 vol;PZT/水泥复合材料的压电应变常数(d33)值可达到54.5 pC/N,显示出该类水泥基压电复合材料用作土木领域传感器的良好前景.     

原位热压烧结制备NbC增强Nb4AlC3复合材料及其力学性能研究

以Nb、Al、石墨粉为原料,采用原位反应热压烧结在1700℃下制备出了致密的NbC增强Nb4AlC3复合材料,采用X射线衍射和扫描电镜对材料的物相组成和显微结构进行了表征,研究了NbC含量对材料的物相组成、烧结性能、显微结构与力学性能的影响.结果表明:NbC的原位引入促进了材料的烧结,并对Nb4AlC3基体起到了显著的强韧化效果.随着NbC含量从0增加至15vol;,材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性先增大后减小.当NbC含量为8vol;时,强度和断裂韧性达到最大值494 MPa和8.4 MPa·m1/2.材料的显微硬度则由2.6 GPa提高至4.4 GPa.     

基于纳米压痕的氧化镓晶体断裂韧度检测方法研究

为了快捷、精准测量脆性易解理氧化镓晶体的断裂韧度,为氧化镓精密加工提供理论依据.采用G200纳米压痕仪对氧化镓晶体进行纳米压痕试验,通过扫描电子显微镜分析压痕形貌,分别采用纳米压痕法、能量法两种方法计算断裂韧度.纳米压痕法测得(010)面氧化镓晶体的断裂韧度为0.769 MPa·m1/2;能量法测得其断裂韧度为0.782 MPa·m1/2.与传统的断裂韧度检测方法相比,基于纳米压痕仪的压痕法和能量法能够微损伤快速检测脆性材料的断裂韧度.能量法是更精准、更便捷的纳米级断裂韧度检测方法.     

氧化锆凝胶注模工艺研究

采用凝胶注模成型超细粒度氧化锆陶瓷.使用小分子型分散剂PBTCA(2-磷酸丁烷1,2,4-三羧酸)制备高固相、低粘度浆料.探讨了分散剂含量、单体与交联剂的比例及引发剂的含量对生坯及氧化锆陶瓷性能的影响.结果表明:当固相含量为50vol;,分散剂加入量为0.2wt;,浆料的粘度为0.86 Pa·s.且当单体和交联剂的比例为15∶1、引发剂的加入量为2.5wt;时,生坯抗弯强度为29.56 MPa;经1520℃烧结后,氧化锆陶瓷体积密度和抗弯强度分别达到5.96 g/cm3和828.46 MPa.通过SEM进行断面观察,其结构均匀致密.     

铁基结合剂金刚石节块性能的优化

以性能较好的铁基结合剂为基体,加入表面未镀、镀Ni和纳米Al2O3/Ni复合镀层的金刚石,用热压烧结的方法得到铁基结合剂金刚石节块,测量了金刚石铁基结合剂节块的抗弯强度和耐磨性,采用SEM和EDS对复合镀层和金刚石表面的形貌和组分进行了表征.结果表明:在金刚石表面镀覆纳米Al2O3/Ni层后,复合镀层均匀致密,晶粒细小;在热压烧结中,复合镀层能阻止金刚石的石墨化,使金刚石和基体之间有强的化学结合,所以金刚石和铁基结合剂之间的界面结合紧密,结合剂对金刚石的把持力提高,节块的抗弯强度从468.9 MPa增加到563.8 MPa,磨耗比从349升高到700.     

Neutron Scattering by Copolymers

Abstract

Neutron scattering is a very efficient tool for studying polymers in bulk as well as in solution. This is mainly due to the difference of scattering length between hydrogen and deuterium which allows the possibility of changing the contrast without too serious alteration in the conformation and thermodynamics of the systems.

In order to take full advantage of this possibility, one has to remember the general rules which allow the evaluation of the total scattering function S(q) as a function of the partial scattering functions S _pq (q) which describes the contributions of the interferences between scattering center of species p and q.^1.2 In a first part we shall briefly establish these rules for incompressible systems introducing what has been called by J. Koberstein³ the molecular contrast and the phase contrast.

In the second part of this talk we shall discuss the problem of copolymers. S(o) the intensity scattered at zero angle depends on the heterogeneity in composition of the sample,⁴ for homogeneous composition S(o) = o. This gives the possibility of studying trans-esterification in polyester, for example.

At finite q for a monodisperse system, S(q) is not zero and it will be shown how it depends on the length of the sequences and the architecture of the copolymers. If the number of blocks is large S _pq (q) is practically not affected by the total length of the polymer.⁵

The condition I ^?1(q) = o allows one to write the equation of a q dependent generalized spinodal and therefore to determine the parameters which govern the stability of a multiphase system.

In the last part we shall discuss the problem of the application of this formalism to networks and gels made of different types of units. It will be shown that the scattering is mainly sensitive to the local conformation and that the introduction of translational order between the units does not affect significantly the scattering curves but can explain the occurrence of secondary maxima which have been observed in polyurethane and ionomers.⁶     

Structural transformation of As-stabilized surfaces caused by Ga-deposition detected by time-resolved surface photo-absorption

Evolution of surface structures during conversion from various As-stabilized surfaces to Ga-stabilized ones is observed by surface photo-absorption. Desorption of As dimers parallel to [110] is observed during the structural change of c(4×4) and (2×4)γ. The evolution of Ga- and As-related peaks is isolated in surface dielectric anisotropy spectra, which are determined using p- and s-polarized surface photo-absorption spectra during the conversion of (2×4)β to a Ga-stabilized (4×2) surface.     

Light Scattering by Cholesteric Spherulites

Abstract

In this work, we analyze the scattering of light by the so-called spherulites or skyrmions in cholesteric liquid crystals. These are quasi-planar localized excitations of the director configuration. We compute the cross section of the polarization conversion for polarized incident light in the Born approximation, considering the anisotropic optical properties of the liquid crystal and the shape of the spherulite. We compare the results obtained by the analytical and the numerical skyrmion solutions found for several values of the model parameters. Finally, possible practical employments and theoretical extensions in the study of the phenomenon are foreseen.     

Porous silicate beads by gelation

The sol-gel preparation of porous spherical beads in the system SiO₂---ZrO₂---TiO₂---Al₂O₃ is described. A uniformly reacted single precursor is dispersed in an aqueous phase and the as-formed droplets are gelled by the addition of NH₄OH. After drying, the spheres are subsequently oxidized and partially densified by heat treatments in air. Physico-chemical data indicate that these materials are glassy up to about 650°C and are more resistant to chemical attack than pure silica samples.     

Planned Multilayer Assemblies by Adsorption

Adsorption at liquid solid interfaces is employed to construct organized multilayer structures on polar solid substrates. We have recently demonstrated that oriented compact monolayers of good quality can be obtained under suitable conditions either by physisorption or by chemisorption, using either pure compounds as adsorbates or mixtures of several components, and even using mixtures of both physisorbed and chemisorbed species.¹ Monolayer formation by adsorption offers certain important advantages as compared with the Lanmuir-Blodgett method; adsorption is a spontaneous process leading to thermodynamically equilibrated film structures, there is no mechanical manipulation of the films, water is not indispensable for monolayer formation, monolayer composition and structure are usually dependent on the chemical nature and microscopic organization of the solid surface, covalent binding to the substrate and intralayer polymerization may take place simultaneously with the monolayer formation process, there are no restrictions regarding the macroscopic shape and size of the substrate. However, the adsorption method has been so far shown to be suitable only for formation of single mono-layers,¹ which limited severely its usefulness in the construction of multilayer assemblies.     

Mesophases Induced by Molecular Complexing

By mixing of potentially-mesomorphic electron donors and acceptors of the type N-(p-X-benzylidene)-p-Y-aniline, nematic and smectic liquid crystals could be induced. In the present work, the donor molecules with a dimethylamino group as X or Y and the acceptor molecule with a nitro group as X or Y were employed. The remaining terminal substituents were selected from short alkoxyl groups; namely, methoxyl, ethoxyl, and propoxyl groups. The effect of the replacement of ethoxyl group by propyl group was also studied. The induced mesophases are more deeply colored than the component compounds owing to the appearance of intermolecular charge-transfer absorption near 500 nm.     

X-Ray Diffraction by Liquid Crystals

Following a very brief historical review, x-ray diffraction by nematic and smectic liquid crystals is critically examined in terms of the data available and the structural models and molecular theories that have been proposed to explain it. Studiesof TBBA are used to illustrate some of the principal mesophases that have been distinguished. Other types of liquid crystals and their phase transitions are also briefly reviewed.

This analysis shows that careful experimental work is still needed to decide the kinds of models that best describe the various types of mesophases that have been shown to exist.     

Hydrogen removal by annealing from C-doped InGaAs grown on InP by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Hydrogen removal from C-doped InGaAs grown on InP substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is discussed based on the dependence of hole concentration on various annealing conditions. It is revealed that the hydrogen removal rate becomes higher as the annealing temperature is higher and the activation energy of hydrogen removal is about 1.9 eV regardless of C-doped layer thickness. The hydrogen removal rate is also found to be inversely proportional to C-doped layer thickness, suggesting that the hydrogen removal reaction is mainly governed by hydrogen diffusion.     

Surface flattening by annealing after molecular beam epitaxy growth revealed by in-situ secondary electron microscopy

The consecutive evolution of the configurations of islands, steps and terraces on a GaAs(001) surface during annealing after growth was studied by in-situ observation using a secondary electron microscope. Three unexpected processes were revealed: some large two-dimensional islands grow, although most small ones shrink, step distances becomes more uniform rather than step bunching occurring, and multilayer high islands shrink and disappear. The latter two processes play an important role in surface flattening. The growth of islands is explained by thermodynamic equilibrium.