Studies on the synthesis of landomycin A. Synthesis of the originally assigned structure of the aglycone, landomycinone, and revision of structure

The originally proposed structure (2) of landomycinone, the aglycone of landomycin A, has been synthesized and shown to be nonidentical to the naturally derived landomycin A aglycone. The synthesis of 2 features the D?tz benzannulation reaction of chromium carbene 5 and alkyne 6, and the intramolecular Michael-type cyclization reaction of the phenolic naphthoquinone 20. It is proposed that natural landomycinone possesses the alternative structure 3, but attempts to access this structure via the Michael-type cyclization of the isomeric phenolic naphthoquinone 38 have been unsuccessful.     

Synthesis, FTIR, FT-Raman, UV-visible, ab initio and DFT studies on benzohydrazide

A systematic vibrational spectroscopic assignment and analysis of benzohydrazide (BH) has been carried out by using FTIR and FT-Raman spectral data. The vibrational analysis were aided by electronic structure calculations--ab initio (RHF) and hybrid density functional methods (B3LYP and B3PW91) performed with 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. Molecular equilibrium geometries, electronic energies, IR intensities, harmonic vibrational frequencies, depolarization ratios and Raman activities have been computed. Potential energy distribution (PED) and normal mode analysis have also been performed. The assignments proposed based on the experimental IR and Raman spectra have been reviewed and complete assignment of the observed spectra have been proposed. UV-visible spectrum of the compound was also recorded and the electronic properties, such as HOMO and LUMO energies and λ(max) were determined by time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) method. The geometrical, thermodynamical parameters and absorption wavelengths were compared with the experimental data. The interactions of carbonyl and hydrazide groups on the benzene ring skeletal modes were investigated.     

Intermolecular interaction potentials for the Ar-C2H2, Kr-C2H2, and Xe-C2H2 weakly bound complexes: information from molecular beam scattering, pressure broadening coefficients, and rovibrational spectroscopy

Integral cross sections and pressure broadening coefficients have been measured for the acetylene-krypton complex, by molecular beam scattering and by high resolution IR spectroscopy, respectively. A new potential energy surface (PES) is proposed to describe structure and dynamical properties of this prototypical weakly bound complex. The PES has been parametrized exploiting a novel atom-bond pairwise additive scheme and has been fitted to the experimental data. A similar PES has been obtained for the acetylene-xenon system by a proper scaling of the interaction parameters of the krypton case, based on empirical considerations. These PESs together with that recently proposed by the same authors [J. Phys. Chem. 109, 8471 (2005)] for the acetylene-argon case have been employed for close coupling calculations of the pressure broadening cross sections and for a characterization of the rovibrational structure of the complexes.     

Structure, bonding, and fluorescence of bivalent metal chelates of o,o'-dihydroxyazobenzene

The structure and bonding of bivalent metal chelates of o,o'-dihydroxyazobenzene (DHAB) have been studied by PMR and absorption spectroscopic methods. These studies indicate that fluorescence, which is observed only for the MgDHAB chelate, may arise from a greater degree of ionic character in the metal-oxygen bonds of this compound than in the other metal(II) chelates examined. Possible structures of these chelate compounds are proposed and discussed.     

Latonduines A and B,new alkaloids isolated from the marine sponge Stylissa carteri: structure elucidation,synthesis, and biogenetic implications

[structure: see text] Latonduines A (6) and B (7), two new alkaloids with unprecedented heterocyclic skeletons, have been isolated from the Indonesian marine sponge Stylissa carteri. The structures of the latonduines were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data and confirmed by the total synthesis of latonduine A (6). It is proposed that ornithine is the biogenetic precursor to the aminopyrimidine fragment of the latonduines.     

Structure and stereochemistry of the higher bile acid isolated from turtle bile: (22S,25R)-3 alpha,12 alpha,15 alpha,22-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid

The structure and stereochemistry of the higher bile acid, tetrahydroxyisosterocholanic acid (TISA), which was previously isolated from the bile of Amyda japonica (turtle) and proposed as a tetrahydroxyisosterocholanic acid, have been established as (22S,25R)-3 alpha,12 alpha,15 alpha,22-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid by X-ray crystallographic analysis of its ethyl ester.     

Diazo-, azo- and azidoazoles,and related compounds. 1. Synthesis of naphthoazolo-as-triazines from diazoazoles and 2-naphthol

Azo derivatives prepared by coupling 2-diazoimidazole, 3(5))diazopyrazole, 3(5)diazo-s-triazole, 4(5)diazo-v-triazole and diazotetrazole with β-naphthol have been cyclized to the corresponding naphthoazolo-as-triazines, an heterocyclic system related to azasteroids. The structure of the products have been elucidated. A consistent mechanism for the cyclization is proposed.     

Total synthesis, structure revision, and absolute configuration of (-)-brevenal

Total synthesis of structure 1 originally proposed for brevenal, a nontoxic polycyclic ether natural product isolated from the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, was accomplished. The key features of the synthesis involved (i) convergent assembly of the pentacyclic polyether skeleton based on our developed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling chemistry and (ii) stereoselective construction of the multi-substituted (E,E)-dienal side chain by using copper(I) thiophen-2-carboxylate (CuTC)-promoted modified Stille coupling. The disparity of NMR spectra between the synthetic material and the natural product required a revision of the proposed structure. Detailed spectroscopic comparison of synthetic 1 with natural brevenal, coupled with the postulated biosynthetic pathway for marine polyether natural products, suggested that the natural product was most likely represented by 2, the C26 epimer of the proposed structure 1. The revised structure was finally validated by completing the first total synthesis of (-)-2, which also unambiguously established the absolute configuration of the natural product.     

On the structures of garcinol,isogarcinol and camboginol

A new polyisoprenylated phenolic pigment, garcinol, and its colourless isomer, isogarcinol, have been isolated from $\text{Garcinia indica}$ and their structures proposed on the basis of chemical and spectral data. A modification is suggested for the recently proposed structure of camboginol.     

Revised vibrational band assignments for the experimental IR and Raman spectra of 2,3,4-trifluorobenzonitrile based on ab initio, DFT and normal coordinate calculations

In the present study, a systematic vibrational spectroscopic investigation for the experimental IR and Raman spectra of 2,3,4-trifluorobenzonitrile (TFB), aided by electronic structure calculations has been carried out. The electronic structure calculations – ab initio (RHF) and hybrid density functional methods (B3LYP) – have been performed with 6-31G* basis set. Molecular equilibrium geometries, electronic energies, IR intensities, harmonic vibrational frequencies, depolarization ratios and Raman activities have been computed. The results of the calculations have been used to simulate IR and Raman spectra for TFB that showed excellent agreement with the observed spectra. Potential energy distribution (PED) and normal mode analysis have also been performed. The assignments proposed based on the experimental IR and Raman spectra have been reviewed. A complete assignment of the observed spectra has been proposed.     

Rearrangement of the cyclohexadiene derivatives of C60 to bis(fulleroid) and bis(methano)fullerene: structure,stability, and mechanism

The cyclohexadiene derivative of C(60) rearranges photochemically to bis(fulleroid) (two [6,5] open structure) and bis(methano)fullerene (two [6,6] closed structure). During this process, a [6,5] open/[6,6] closed intermediate is observed. The isolated intermediate undergoes photochemical rearrangement to bis(fulleroid) and bis(methano)fullerene. On the other side, it undergoes retrorearrangement to the starting material in the dark. The structure and energetics of these C(60) derivatives have been studied at the AM1, PM3, RHF, and B3LYP levels of theory. It is found that bis(fulleroid) bearing four tert-butoxycarbonyl substituents is 5.8 kcal/mol (B3LYP) more stable than the corresponding bis(methano)fullerene. The isolated intermediate having the [6,5] open/[6,6] closed structure is 6.7 kcal/mol more favorable than the previously proposed two [6,5] closed intermediate, and the formation of this compound is well explained by the di-pi-methane rearrangement. (13)C NMR calculation at the B3LYP level reproduced the experimental chemical shifts with very good accuracy for each molecular system. Theoretical studies mainly at the unrestricted B3LYP level on singlet and triplet state potential energy surfaces on fullerene derivatives support the di-pi-methane rearrangement mechanism. The previously proposed symmetrical [4+4]/[2+2+2] and the novel proposed unsymmetrical di-pi-methane pathways may coexist during the reaction.     

The structure of discretamine, a tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid.

On the basis of mass spectrometric analysis, including comparison with closely related isomers, discretamine is proposed to have the structure of a 3,10-dihydroxy-2,9-dimethoxytetrahydroprotoberberine.     

The synthetic challenge of diazonamide A, a macrocyclic indole bis-oxazole marine natural product

The complex structure of the marine metabolic diazonamide A comprises a dichlorinated indole bis-oxazole heteroaromatic fragment, and a [b]-fused dihydrobenzofuran-dihydroindole unit containing an animal carbon, all incorporated within a strained double macrocyclic array. This review details the synthetic studies on this fascinating natural product starting from early studies on the original structure (1991-2001), through the synthesis of the originally proposed structure and the subsequent structural revision, to the eventual successful syntheses of the natural product itself. Throughout we focus on the innovative ways in which synthetic chemists have approached the challenges posed by this natural product.     

Structural studies of dicycloplatin, an antitumor supramolecule

The solubility and stability of platinum-based anticancer agents have a direct bearing on their activity and toxicity. Much research has been conducted over the past decades in order to prepare drugs such as cisplatin and carboplatin with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity. Based on the premise that supramolecular platinum agents may have superior physicochemical properties, we successfully designed a novel anticancer agent, dicycloplatin, which has proven to be active against a number of human malignancies. The crystal structure of dicycloplatin has been determined. An aqueous solution of dicycloplatin was also studied using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Based on the experimental observations, a model of the structure in aqueous solution is proposed which explains both the higher solubility and higher stability of dicycloplatin compared with carboplatin.     

碳点的设计合成、结构调控及应用

碳点是一类环境友好且性能独特的纳米粒子, 在光电转换、 生物医学、 催化及储能等领域的研究日益活跃. 碳点主要分为碳量子点(CQDs)、 石墨烯量子点(GQDs)和碳化聚合物点(CPDs), 其中CPDs作为一种新型碳点, 具有合成原料广泛、 碳化程度及共轭结构可调且材料相容性好等优点. 本文综合评述了近年来碳点尤其是CPDs的合成方法; 阐述了通过选择前驱体分子、 控制反应条件及掺杂原子等手段实现对其碳化和共轭程度、 晶格和能级结构的调控, 从而建立碳点及其杂化与复合材料微纳结构与性能之间的关系; 最后, 介绍了碳点在生物标记与成像、 光(电)催化、 光电转换及储能等领域的应用, 并对碳点领域的发展前景进行了展望.     

Viability of Nonclassical Carbocations Proposed as Intermediates in the Biosynthesis of Atiserene,Beyerene, Kaurene,and Trachylobane Diterpenes

The results of quantum‐chemical calculations aimed at assessing the viability of nonclassical carbocations proposed to be involved in the biosynthesis of atiserne, beyerene, kaurene, and trachylobane diterpenes are presented. While the proposed edge‐protonated structure is much lower in energy than the proposed face‐protonated structure, neither is predicted to be a viable intermediate energetically.     

顺,反-4-三甲(代)甲硅烷基环己醇类似物及其衍生物的电子轰击质谱

本文首次报道了一系列顺, 反-4-三甲(代)甲硅烷基环己醇类似物及其衍生物的电子轰击(EI)质谱。根据亚稳离子分析和精确质量测量数据推断了它们的碎裂规律。硅的原子结构特征和官能团的空间构型对其碎裂过程有明显的影响, 其谱态可作为上述立体异构体的结构区分特征。     

The structure and stereochemistry of fawcettiine, clavolonine and related alkaloids

Fawcettiine, clavolonine and annofoline have been interrelated and their stereochemistries elucidated. The conversion of clavolonine to lycopodane, the Wolff-Kishner reduction product of lycopodine is described and a structure is proposed for an abnormal Hofmann degradation product of clavolonine.     

Synthesis, characterization, electro chemistry, catalytic and biological activities of ruthenium(III) complexes with bidentate N, O/S donor ligands

New hexa-coordinated ruthenium(III) complexes of the type [RuX(2)(EPh(3))(2)(L)] (E=P or As; X=Cl or Br; L=monobasic bidentate Schiff base derived from the condensation of benzhydrazide with furfuraldehyde, 2-acetylfuran and 2-acetylthiophene) have been synthesized from the equimolar amounts of [RuX(3)(EPh(3))(3)] or [RuBr(3)(PPh(3))(2)(MeOH)] and Schiff bases in benzene. The new complexes have been characterized by analytical, spectral (IR, electronic and EPR), magnetic moment, and cyclic voltammetry. An octahedral structure has been tentatively proposed. All the complexes have exhibited catalytic activity for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol and cinnamylalcohol in the presence of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide as co-oxidant. All the new complexes were found to be active against the bacteria such as E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The activity was compared with standard Streptomycin.     

Structure and dynamics of halogenoethanol-water mixtures studied by large-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, and NMR relaxation

To clarify the structure of solvent clusters formed in halogenoethanol-water mixtures at the molecular level, large-angle X-ray scattering (LAXS) measurements have been made at 298 K on 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (TCE), and their aqueous mixtures in the TFE and TCE mole fraction ranges of 0.002 < or = x(TFE) < or = 0.9 and 0.5 < or = x(TCE) < or = 0.9, respectively. The radial distribution functions (RDFs) for TFE-water mixtures have shown that the structural transition from inherent TFE structure to the tetrahedral-like structure of water takes place at x(TFE) approximately 0.2. In the TCE-water mixtures inherent TCE structure remains in the range of 0.5 < or = x(TCE) < or = 1. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments have been performed on CF(3)CH(2)OD- (TFE-d(1)-) D(2)O and CF(3)CD(2)OH- (TFE-d(2)-) H(2)O mixtures in the TFE mole fraction range of 0.05 < or = x(TFE) < or = 0.8. The SANS results in terms of the Ornstein-Zernike correlation length have revealed that TFE and water molecules are most heterogeneously mixed with each other in the TFE-water mixture at x(TFE) approximately 0.15, i.e., both TFE clusters and water clusters are most enhanced in the mixture. To evaluate the dynamics of TFE and ethanol (EtOH) molecules in TFE-water and ethanol-water mixtures, respectively, (1)H NMR relaxation rates for the methylene group within alcohol molecules have been measured by using an inversion-recovery method. The alcohol concentration dependence of the relaxation rates for the TFE-water and ethanol-water mixtures has shown a break point at x(TFE) approximately 0.15 and x(EtOH) approximately 0.2, respectively, where the structural transition from alcohol clusters to the tetrahedral-like structure of water takes place. On the basis of the present results, the most likely structure models of solvent clusters predominantly formed in TFE-water and TCE-water mixtures are proposed. In addition, effects of halogenation of the hydrophobic groups on clustering of alcohol molecules are discussed from the present results, together with the previous ones for ethanol-water and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol- (HFIP-) water mixtures.