A numerical study of laminar natural convective heat transfer inside a closed cavity with different aspect ratio

Two-dimensional steady-state laminar natural convection was studied numerically for differentially heated air-filled closed cavity with adiabatic top and bottom walls. The temperature of the left heated wall and cooled right wall was assumed to be constant. The governing equations were iteratively solved using the control volume approach. In this paper, the effects of the Rayleigh number and the aspect ratio were examined. Flow and thermal fields were exhibited by means of streamlines and isotherms, respectively.Variations of the maximum stream function and the average heat transfer coefficient were also shown. The average Nusselt number and was correlated to the Rayleigh number based on curve fitting for each aspect ratio. The investigation covered the range 10⁴ ≤ RA ≤ 10⁷ and is done at Prandtl number equal to 0.693. The result shows the average Nusselt number is the increasing function of Rayleigh number. As the aspect ratio increases, Nusselt number decreases along the hot wall of the cavity. As Rayleigh number increases, Nusselt number increases. Result indicates that at constant aspect ratio, with increase in Rayleigh number the heat transfer rate increases.     

Influence of conduction heat loss on enhancing the heat transfer performance of a square flat plate with constant heat flux by an impinging jet in cross-flows

An experimental setup was built to study the influence of conduction heat loss on the convective heat transfer performance enhanced by an impinging jet in cross-flows. Results revealed that the conduction heat loss ratio (E_c/E) is between 12.0% and 40.1%, and it decreases nonlinearly with the ratio of jet-to-cross-flow velocity. The relative Nusselt number increases with the ratio of jet-to-cross-flow velocity. The maximum peak value and the average are 8.1 and 6.4, respectively. The distribution of the relative Nusselt number seems to be flattened by assuming a constant conduction heat loss ratio.     

微针肋槽道内去离子水换热特性

设计了槽肋比为1:2和2:1的矩形大长宽比微针肋散热器,并实验研究了去离子水在其内的流动换热性能。结果表明:当进口温度为40 ℃、微针肋槽道在雷诺数小于650、最高壁面温度低于77 ℃时,单位面积散热量可达21.32 W/cm2。当雷诺数一定时,同一个槽道壁面温度沿着流动方向不断增加、同一个位置壁面温度随着加热功率的增加而增大,局部努谢尔数沿着流动方向先减小后逐渐增加并趋于定值。当针肋流动换热长度较长时,其入口效应可以忽略,槽道平均努谢尔数随着雷诺数的增大而增大,与加热功率无关;为了更好地表达微针肋槽道内的换热特性,考虑了槽肋比、流动雷诺数等影响,拟合了去离子水在微针肋槽道内的对流换热关系式。     

微方肋冷却系统的换热特性

采用去离子水为冷却介质,对自行设计的不同结构微方肋散热器内的换热特性进行实验研究,结果表明:在进口温度为20 ℃、进口流量为57.225 L/h、底面平均温度为73.4 ℃时,散热器散热量可达2.83106 W/cm2,可以满足当前高热流密度散热需求;当散热面温度一定时,散热量随着散热器进口流量的增加而增加,但增速随散热器底面温度的增加变缓;努谢尔特数随雷诺数的增加而成幂次方增加,常规针肋结构和微针肋结构换热关系式不满足微方肋散热器特性。为了更好地表达微方肋散热器内的换热特性,拟合了微方肋散热器内对流换热关系式。     

Heat transfer behaviour of nanofluids in a uniformly heated circular tube fitted with helical inserts in laminar flow

The CFD simulation of heat transfer characteristics of a nanofluid in a circular tube fitted with helical twist inserts under constant heat flux has been explained using Fluent version 6.3.26 in laminar flow. Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in water of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% concentrations and helical twist inserts of twist ratios 2.93, 3.91 and 4.89 has been used for the simulation. All thermophysical properties of nanofluids are temperature dependent. The heat transfer enhancement increases with Reynolds number and decreases with twist ratio with maximum for the twist ratio 2.93. By comparing the heat transfer rates of water and nanofluids, the increase in Nusselt number is 5%–31% for different helical inserts and different volume concentrations. The maximum heat transfer enhancement is 31.29% for helical insert of twist ratio 2.93 and for the volume concentration of 1.5% corresponding to the Reynolds number of 2039. The data obtained by simulation match with the literature value of water with the discrepancy of less than ±10% for plain tube and tube fitted with helical tape inserts for Nusselt number.     

Laminar Heat Transfer Augmentation through A Square Duct and Circular Tube Fitted with Twisted Tapes

Experimental studies on friction factor and heat transfer characteristics for the laminar flow of ethylene glycol in a square duct fitted with twisted tapes of different twist ratios under nearly uniform wall temperature conditions are reported in this article. The Nusselt numbers were found to be 5.44–7.49 and 2.46–4.87 times that of plain square duct forced convection values based on constant flow rate and constant pumping power criteria, respectively, for y = 2.66. The augmented friction factor and Nusselt number for a square duct is about 1.9 and 2.10 times higher than that for an augmented circular tube.     

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer for a Jet Impinging Obliquely on a Flat Surface

An experimental study investigated the effects of the inclination of an impinging circular jet on heat transfer from a horizontal flat plate. Local Nusselt number distribution was determine depending on inclination angle, jet-to-plate distance, and Reynolds number. The results show that the maximum heat transfer point moves toward the uphill side of the plate and that the maximum heat transfer decreases as the inclination angle decreases. The correlations were conducted to predict maximum and local Nusselt number as a function of Re, θ, L/D, and x/D for three specific regions.     

微通道-微槽群中间换热器特性实验研究

 对用于固体激光介质冷却的组合式中间换热器的流动与传热特性进行了实验研究。实验研究结果表明：努塞尔数随雷诺数的增加而增加，总热阻随微通道侧蒸馏水流量的增加而减小，总换热量随微通道侧蒸馏水流量的增加而增加，且换热器的传热系数可以达到1.5×104 W/(m²·K)，总热阻小于0.3 K/W，能较好地解决当前固体激光介质冷却系统中间换热器所存在的问题。     

高温吸热管内超临界CO2传热特性的数值模拟

研究超临界CO2在高温吸热管内的传热特性是将其应用于聚光太阳能热发电技术中的基础.本文对此进行了数值模拟研究,分析了流体温度、流动方向、系统压力、质量流率和热流密度对对流传热系数和Nu数的影响.结果表明:高温区(800—1050 K)的对流传热系数和Nu数受流动方向和系统压力的影响均很小,但都随着质量流率的增大以及热流密度的减小而明显增大;而随着流体温度的升高,对流传热系数近似线性增大,Nu数则近似线性减小.另外,本文研究发现在高温区可忽略浮升力对传热的影响,而由高热流密度引起的流动加速效应会明显恶化传热.最后,选取了八种管内超临界流体传热关联式与模拟结果进行对比,发现使用基于热物性修正的关联式对高温区传热数据预测的结果优于使用基于无量纲数修正的关联式得到的结果,且其中预测效果最优的关联式得到的计算结果与模拟结果之间的平均绝对相对偏差为8.1%.     

AN EMPIRICAL CORRELATION FOR NATURAL CONVECTION FROM CONFINED ELLIPTIC TUBE

An experimental study was conducted to obtain a correlation for free convection heat transfer from isothermal elliptic tubes of minor to major axis ratios of ∈ = 0.53, 0.67, 0.8, and 1 confined between two adiabatic walls. Local and average Nusselt numbers were determined for several different tube axis ratios, Rayleigh numbers, and wall spacings by means of the Mach-Zehnder Interferometery (MZI) technique. For each tube axis ratio, the Rayleigh number varied from 1,000–2,750 and the wall spacing to tube minor axis ratio from 1.25–∞. For all the tube axis ratios, the periphery and length of the tubes were kept constant. Experimental data are presented with a correlation which gives the average Nusselt number as a function of the tube axis ratio, Rayleigh number, and wall spacing to tube minor axis ratio. As the tube axis ratio decreases the average heat transfer coefficient increases. Also, for a constant Rayleigh number and tube axis ratio there is an optimum wall spacing which maximizes the heat transferred from the tube.     

Increasing heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluid in rectangular microchannel with triangular ribs

In this study, computational fluid dynamics and the laminar flow of the non-Newtonian fluid have been numerically studied. The cooling fluid includes water and 0.5 wt% Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) making the non-Newtonian fluid. In order to make the best of non-Newtonian nanofluid in this simulation, solid nanoparticles of Aluminum Oxide have been added to the non-Newtonian fluid in volume fractions of 0–2% with diameters of 25, 45 and 100 nm. The supposed microchannel is rectangular and two-dimensional in Cartesian coordination. The power law has been used to speculate the dynamic viscosity of the cooling nanofluid. The field of numerical solution is simulated in the Reynolds number range of 5 < Re < 300. A constant heat flux of 10,000 W/m² is exercised on the lower walls of the studied geometry. Further, the effect of triangular ribs with angle of attacks of 30°, 45° and 60° is studied on flow parameters and heat transfer due to the fluid flow. The results show that an increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles as well as the use for nanoparticles with smaller diameters lead to greater heat transfer. Among all the studied forms, the triangular rib from with an angle of attack 30° has the biggest Nusselt number and the smallest pressure drop along the microchannel. Also, an increase in the angle of attack and as a result of a sudden contact between the fluid and the ribs and also a reduction in the coflowing length (length of the rib) cause a cut in heat transfer by the fluid in farther parts from the solid wall (tip of the rib).     

圆管层流脉冲流动对流换热数值分析

对等热流和等壁温边界条件下圆管内层流脉冲流动对流换热问题进行了数值模拟。在等热流边界条件下的数值计算结果与理论解吻合很好。计算结果表明:在等热流和等壁温边界下脉冲流动可引起速度、温度以及努塞尔数随时间波动,振幅越大,脉冲频率越小,波动越大。但它们的时均值均等于在相同雷诺数下稳态流动的值,脉冲流动不能强化换热。     

格芯夹层结构散热性能的数值计算评估

为评估格芯夹层结构的传热性能以及代替传统的板式肋片结构应用于汽车散热系统中的可能性,文章对几种典型的格芯夹层结构（如kagome lattice,tetrahedral lattice和pyramidal lattice）和板式肋片（corrugated plate）结构实施了一系列的三维数值计算评估.通过对比相同Reynolds数下的传热系数和相同泵功率下的局部Nusselt数来评估各组结构的传热性能.结果显示,相同Reynolds数条件下,各组格芯夹层结构的传热系数较板式肋片结构均有提高,同时摩擦阻力也大幅度增大.在相同泵功率条件下,由于板式肋片结构所受形阻基本可以忽略,因此在较低泵功率范围内（< 1 500 W）,板式肋片的局部Nusselt数最大.随着泵功率的增长,当泵功率提高到3 000 W,tetrahedral的Nusselt数与板式肋片持平并进一步增大,显示出了格芯夹层结构的应用潜力.高传热性能而低摩擦阻力的格芯夹层结构完全有潜力代替传统的板式肋片结构应用于新型高效紧凑的散热系统中.      

A molecular dynamics simulation on the convective heat transfer in nanochannels

The understanding of the flow and heat transfer processes for fluid through micro- and nanochannels becomes imperative due to its wide application in micro- and nano-fluidic devices. In this paper, the method to simulate the convective heat transfer process in molecular dynamics is improved based on a previous study. With this method, we simulate a warm dense fluid flowing through a cold parallel-plate nanochannel with constant wall temperature. The characteristics of the velocity and temperature fields are analysed. The temperature difference between the bulk average temperature of fluid and the wall temperature decreases in an exponential form along the flow direction. The Nusselt number for the laminar flow in parallel-plate nanochannel is smaller than its corresponding value at macroscale. It could be attributed to the temperature jump at the fluid–wall interface, which decreases the temperature gradient near the wall. The results also reveal that the heat transfer coefficient is related to the surface wettabilities, which differs from that in the macroscopic condition.     

Magnetohydrodynamic flow of burgers fluid with heat source and power law heat flux

Here magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) two-dimensional (2D) flow of an incompressible Burgers material bounded by a permeable stretched surface is addressed. The boundary layer flow equations are modelled. Heat transfer is discussed for power law heat flux at the surface and heat source. Convergent series solutions are constructed. Clarification of different emerging variables is presented through graphs of velocity, temperature and local Nusselt number. The present solutions are matched with the available published work in a limiting case.     

Experimental Investigation of Laminar Heat Transfer Inside Trapezoidal Duct Having Different Corner Angles

In this study, steady-state laminar forced flow and heat transfer in a horizontal smooth trapezoidal duct having different corner angles were experimentally investigated in the Reynolds number range from 10² to 10³. Flow is hydrodynamically fully developed and thermally developing under a uniform surface temperature condition. Based on the present experimental data of laminar flow in the thermal entrance region, new engineering correlations were presented for the heat transfer and friction coefficients for each corner angle. The results have shown that as the Reynolds number increases heat transfer coefficient increases but Darcy friction factor decreases. Also, it is observed that average Nusselt number increases while average Darcy friction factor decreases with increasing corner angle of the duct.     

入口段协同式翅片强化单相对流换热数值模拟

对二维平行平板通道入口段内设置协同式折流翅片的层流换热和流动特性进行了数值模拟。研究了翅片倾角以及通道长高比L／H对换热和阻力特性的影响。研究的Re数范围为100-1000。在翅片倾角β=0°-21.8°范围内, 通道内平均Nu数随翅片倾角β的增大而单调增大,随通道长度增大而单调减小。如果从相同泵功下强化效果来评价, 则是小倾角翅片较优,并且随Re数增大强化效果减弱。另外,分析表明,场的协同确实与换热率密切相关。     

格子Boltzmann方法模拟填充纳米流体三角形腔内的自然对流

采用格子Boltzmann方法研究填充水-氧化铝纳米流体的等腰直角三角形腔体中的自然对流。讨论瑞利数、颗粒体积分数、热源位置等因素对对流换热的影响,以及不同纳米流体模型对模拟结果的影响。结果表明：在低瑞利数下,随着热源在左壁面向上移动,换热效率逐渐增加。而在高瑞利数（Ra=10⁶）时,观察到相反的现象;采用单相纳米流体模型,模拟表明热壁面平均努塞尔数比率随着体积分数的增加近似线性增加。采用改进的纳米流体模型,结果显示平均努塞尔数比率随着体积分数的增加而增大,但是平均努塞尔数比率的变化斜率逐渐减小。改进模型模拟的换热效率比单相模型高,这是因为改进模型考虑了粒子间作用力及换热,更符合实际情况。     

Natural Convection of Temperature-Sensitive Magnetic Fluids in Porous Media

In this article, natural convection of a temperature-sensitive magnetic fluid in a porous media is studied numerically by using lattice Boltzmann method. Results show that the heat transfer decreases when the ball numbers increase. When the magnetic field is increased, the heat transfer is enhanced; however, the average wall Nusselt number increases at small ball numbers but decreases at large ball numbers due to the induced flow being more likely confined near the bottom walls with a high number of obstacles.     

裂解吸热反应对乙烷超临界传热的影响

本文对圆管内超临界状态下乙烷的湍流传热过程进行了数值模拟,分析了乙烷高温裂解对壁面热流密度、平均温度以及对流换热Nusselt数的影响。计算结果表明:考虑乙烷高温裂解吸热反应,管内平均温度会降低,出口处温度降低可达135 K;壁面热流密度则会显著增加,热出口处可增加近2倍;热裂解反应改善了超临界对流换热效果,Nusselt数可提高约20%。在本文计算条件下,经典的对流换热关系式可准确适用于不考虑热裂解反应的情况,而对于考虑裂解吸热反应的超临界乙烷传热情况则误差较大。