Ba(OH)2 as catalyst in organic reactions, part XIV. Michael addition catalyzed by barium complex salts in the homogeneous phase

Michael addition to chalcone is catalyzed by barium complex salts in the homogeneous phase under various conditions. The nature of these intermediates is analyzed. These complex salts are described for the first time. The Michael adduct of malonodinitrile to chalcone is described for the first time.

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, , . . . . .

     

Ru(III) catalyzed oxidation of some aliphatic alcohols by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). A kinetic study

Kinetics of Ru(III) catalyzed oxidation of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, isopropanol and iso-butanol by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of Hg(II) acetate have been studied in acid medium. The oxidation exhibits a fractional order in [alcohol] and first order in [NBS]. The applicability of Taft's equation was tested. The probable mechanism is discussed.

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, , -, -, - () Hg(II), Ru(III), . . . .

     

Thermal decomposition reactions of amminecobalt(III)complexes

Simultaneous TG-DTG-DTA studies under non-isothermal conditions on [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃, [Co(NH₃)₅]Cl₂ and [Co(NH₃)]₂(C₂O₄)₃.4H₂O complexes have been carried out in air and argon atmospheres in the temperature range 293–1273 K. All the dissociation processes occur in three main stages. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of the complexes have been evaluated from the dynamic weight loss data, to determine the most probably mechanisms of the stages on the basis of statistical analysis. The decomposition of the compounds was controlled by diffusion and phase boundary reactions except stage III of the oxalate complex in argon (random nucleation). The activation energiesE _a of the particular stages of the thermal decomposition were calculated.

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Zusammenfassung Simultane TG-DTG-DTA-Untersuchungen an den Komplexverbindungen [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃, [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂ und [Co(NH₃)₆]₂(C₂O₄)₃.4H₂O unter nichtisothermen Bedingungen wurden in Luft und Argonatmosphäre bei 293–1273 K durchgeführt. Die Zersetzung läuft in jeweils drei Stufen ab. Für die kinetische Auswertung der thermischen Zersetzung der Komplexverbindungen aus den dynamischen Gewichtsabnahmekurven wurde der wahrscheinlichste Mechanismus der einzelnen Stufen mit Hilfe von statistischen Analysen ermittelt. Die Zersetzung der Komplexverbindungen wird meist durch Diffusions- und Phasengrenzreaktionen kontrolliert, nur bei der 3. Stufe des Oxalatkomplexes in Argon herrscht statistische Keimbildung. Die AktivierungsenergienE _a der einzelnen Zersetzungsstufen werden berechnet.

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293–1273 — [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃, [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]G₂ [Co(NH₃)₆]₂(C₂O₄)₃.4H₂O. . , . , III , . _a .

     

Kinetics of Cr(VI) and V(V) oxidation of trans-stilbene and indene

Title reactions are acid catalyzed and strongly dependent on the permittivity of the medium. With Cr(VI) indene reacts faster than trans-stilbene, but with V(V), trans-stilbene reacts faster than indene. The mechanism is discussed.

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. Cr(VI) , -, V(V) - , . , .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of homogeneous catalytic oxidation of pyrocatechol in aqueous solutions containing Cu(II) and histidine

Kinetic studies of pyrocatechol oxidation by oxygen in weakly acidic aqueous solutions containing pyrocatechol, Cu(II) ions and histidine, indicate that the reaction involves mixed copper-pyrocatechol histidine complexes. The proposed mechanism of the process agrees with the kinetic relationships obtained.

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, , Cu(II) . , . , -.

     

Mechanism of ring expansion in 1-ethylindane under dehydrogenation conditions

Studies of 1-ethyl-(-¹⁴C)-indane dehydroisomerization over a Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst (AP-64) have revealed that 34.5% or 16.5% of the initial tracer label migrates into the -position of the expanded methylnaphthalene ring when the catalyst is pretreated at 763 K in Ar or H₂, respectively. The reaction mechanism is discussed.

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1--(¹⁴C)- -64. , 763 - 34,5% , —16,5%. .

     

Four types of relaxation in chemical kinetics (linear case)

According to results obtained previously for the linear equations of chemical kinetics, the relation between the steady-state reaction rate and the relaxation time has been studied.

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, , .

     

n-Hexane dehydrocyclization on modified L-zeolite

Platinum dispersity and catalytic activity of L-zeolite-metal catalysts at 773 K have been studied depending on the nature of a modifying agent. The mean size of Pt particles is shown to decrease by a factor of 1.5–2 upon adding Re or W. No relation between Pt dispersity and activity in n-hexane dehydrocyclization has been revealed.

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773 L . 1, 5–2 Re W. -.

     

Thermogravimetric and EPR study of the vacuum thermal decomposition of some zinc and copper(II) chromates

The thermal decompositions in vacuum of the compounds ZnCrO₄, ZnCrO₄·3.5 Zn(OH)₂·H₂O and CuCrO₄ have been investigated using a combination of various techniques: TG, EPR, IR and X-ray.While the TG and X-ray data confirm the final formation of Cu(I) and Zn chromites with the spinel structure resulting from the spontaneous thermal reduction of the Cr(VI) ions, EPR reveals the progressive formation and decay of the following intermediate paramagnetic species: Cr(V) ions and Cr(III) species either dispersed in theM(II) oxide bulk and/or clustered in a Cr₂O₃-like phase, or finally ordered in the chromite phase formed at high temperature.The paramagnetic species which appear, as well as their temperature ranges of stability, are strongly dependent on the nature of theM(II) ion and the Cr(III)/M(II) ratio.The successive detection of these intermediates by EPR yields some detailed information about the decomposition mechanisms of the chromates.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung der Verbindungen: ZnCrO₄, ZnCrO₄·3.5 Zn(OH)₂ · H₂O und CuCrO₄ in Vakuum wurde unter Anwendung der Kombination verschiedener Techniken, wie TG, EPR, IR und Röntgen, untersucht.Während die TG- und Röntgen-Daten die schließlich erfolgende Bildung der Chromite von Cu (I) Zn mit der aus der spontanen thermischen Reduktion der Cr (VI)-Ionen hervorgehenden Spinellstruktur bestätigen, zeigt EPR die progressive Bildung sowie den Zerfall der folgenden intermediären paramagnetischen Species: Cr(V)-Ionen und Cr(III)-Species entweder in der Masse desM (II)-Oxids dispergiert und/oder in einer Cr₂O₃ ähnlichen Phase eingeschlossen oder aber endlich in der bei hoher Temperatur gebildeten Chromitphase geordnet.Sowohl die auftretenden paramagnetischen Species als auch der Temperaturbereich, in welchem sie stabil sind, hängen stark von der Beschaffenheit desM (II)-Ions und des Verhältnisses Cr(III) (M/II) ab.Der schrittweise Nachweis dieser Zwischenprodukte durch EPR erbringt einige eingehende Informationen über die Zersetzungsmechanismen der Chromate.

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ZnCrO₄₄, ZnCrO₄. 3.5 Zn(OH)₂·H₂O CuCrO₄, , , , , . , Cr(VI). : Cr(V) Cr(III), , Cr₂O₃, , . (II) Cr(III)/()II). .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of quinol by alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III)

The reaction between quinol and alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III) at constant ionic strength gives p-benzoquinone. The rate of the reaction was first order in the concentrations of substrate, oxidant and alkali. The slow step of the reaction involves the formation of the p-benzosemiquinone radical, which was detected by esr spectroscopy as a five-line spectrum with peak intensity ratios of 14641.

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(III) -. , . - , , 14641.

     

Formation of oxalates and carbonates in the thermal decompositions of alkali metal formates

The influences of gaseous and solid reactants on the yields of oxalates and carbonates in the thermal decompositions of alkali metal formates have been studied. A mechanism of formation of these products is proposed, which explains the influences of basic and acidic species formed in the medium on the thermal decompositions of the alkali metal formates.

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Zusammenfassung Der einfluß von gasförmigen und festen Reaktanten auf die Ausbeute von oxalaten und Karbonaten bei der thermischen Zersetzung von Alkalimetallformiaten wurde untersucht. Es wurde ein Mechanismus für die Bildung dieser Produkte vorgeschlagen, der den Einfluß der während der thermischen Zersetzung von Alkalimetallformiaten entstehenden Basen und Säuren erklärt.

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, . , , .

     

Kinetics of oxidative deamination of some amino acids by diperiodatoargentate(III) in alkaline medium

Kinetics of oxidation of some amino acids, viz. glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, phenylglycine and phenylalanine by diperiodatoargentate(III) have been investigated in alkaline medium. The order of the reaction is found to be one with respect to each reactant. The reaction rates are inversely dependent on both [OH^–] and [periodate]. The oxidation products are found to be ammonia and the corresponding keto acids. The presence of electron-withdrawing groups at the -carbon increases the rate of oxidation while the rate decreases with increasing alkyl chain length. A two-electron-transfer mechanism is proposed to explain the results.

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, , , , , , (III) . . OH^– . . - - ; . .

     

Kinetic regulaties in oxidative dehydrogenation of butene-1 over V?Mg catalyst at various temperatures

Kinetic studies of nonsteady-state steps in oxidative dehydrogenation of butene-1 over a supported V-Mg catalyst were carried out at temperatures of 573–748 K. The kinetic data were used to perform a numerical simulation of changes in the catalyst activity under stepwise variation of the reaction temperature.

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-1 573–748 . .

     

An IR study of the Ziegler system Co(acad)3/Mg(n-butyl)2 in THF

Applying IR spectroscopy for studying the Ziegler system Co(acac)₃/Mg(Bu)₂ (Bu=n-butyl) in tetrahydrofuran, it could be shown that the following reactions take place: reduction of cobalt (III), exchange of the acetylacetonate groups and their interaction with Mg(Bu)₂.

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Co(acac)₃/Mg(Bu)₂ (Bu=-) - , (III), Mg(Bu)₂.

     

Thermal and mechanical studies on the cure time optimisation of polysulphide resin

The effect of two commercially available metal oxide curing agents, PbO₂ and MnO₂, on the cure time, kinetic parameters and ultimate tensile strength of the polysulphide polymer was investigated. The kinetic parameters for the thermal decomposition of the two systems were evaluated from their TG data. Both the energy of activation and pre-exponential factor showed a systematic increase with increase in cure and levelled off after the reaction. The cure time was also followed by determining the mechanical properties of the samples at regular intervals. The ultimate tensile strength values and the kinetic parameters follow similar trend with respect to the cure time. The kinetic parameters and the ultimate tensile strength for the PbO₂ cured polysulphide system were on the higher side.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß von zwei im Handel erhältlichen Metalloxidhärtemitteln. PbO₂ und MnO₂, auf die Aushärtungszeit, die kinetischen Parameter und die Zugfestigkeit von Polysulfidpolymeren untersucht. Die kinetischen Parameter für die thermische Zersetzung der zwei Systeme wurden aus deren TG-Daten ermittelt. Sowohl die Aktivierungsenergie als auch der präexponentielle Faktor wachsen mit fortschreitender Aushärtung ständig an und erreichen nach Verlauf der Reaktion einen konstanten Wert. In gleichmäßigen Zeitabschnitten wurde die Aushärtungszeit auch durch Bestimmen der mechanischen Eigenschaften der Proben verfolgt. In Bezug auf die Aushärtungszeit zeigen die Zugfestigkeit und die kinetischen Parameter einen ähnlichen Verlauf. Die kinetischen Parameter und die Zugfestigkeit von mit PbO₂ gehärteten Polysulfidsystemen zeigen bessere Werte.

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, , , . , . . , . , . , , .

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We thank Dr. R. Ramaswamy for supplying the resin and Dr. K. V. C. Rao and Director, VSSC for the kind permission to publish this work.     

Catalytic dehalogenation of 7,7-dichloro-bicyclo(3,2,0)-hept-2-en-6-one

Dehalogenation of an unhindered haloolefin has been studied on carbon supported palladium catalyst in liquid phase, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The yield of bicyclo(3,2,0) hept-2-en-6-one could be multiplied by using pyridine (catalyst poison to retard bond hydrogenation) besides Et₃N (base to enhance the rate of dehalogenation).

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, , , . (3,2,0) -2--6- ( , ) (, )

     

Kinetics of EDTA-catalyzed oxidation of Indigo Carmine by vanadium(V)

The reaction is first order both in vanadium(V) and substrate and is markedly inhibited by H⁺ ions. Kinetic evidence for the formation of a 11 complex of vanadium(V) and EDTA is obtained. The stability constant of this complex and its thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. A suitable mechanism is proposed.

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(V), H⁺. 11 (V) . . .

     

Catalytic properties and phase composition of multicomponent catalysts for oxidative ammonolysis of propane

Studies of the phase composition and catalytic properties of several complex oxide catalysts for oxidative ammonolysis of propane indicate that the active phases of these catalysts are antimonates of the respective metals. Phosphorus and tungsten additives to the catalysts promote the formation of such phase compositions, i.e. the formation of antimonates and the binding of excess antimony oxide.

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. , ; , .

     

Analysis of thermal desorption spectra of oxygen desorbed from rhodium

Thermal desorption spectra of oxygen desorbed from rhodium have been analyzed in terms of models accounting for the effect of lateral interactions between adsorbed particles and of their diffusion into the bulk of metal on the desorption kinetics of O₂. Complex configuration of these spectra is ascribed to the processes of formation/decomposition of surface Rh oxides and the diffusion of particles into the near-surface layers of metal and back to the surface.

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- , O₂ . - O₂ Rh - .