A Clot Model Examination: with Impulsion of Nanoparticles under Influence of Variable Viscosity and Slip Effects

In this speculative analysis, our main focused is to address the neurotic condition that occurs due to accumulation of blood components on the wall of the artery that results in blood coagulation. Specifically, to perceive this phenomena clot model is considered. To discuss this analysis mathematical model is formed in the presence of the effective thermal conductivity and variable viscosity of base fluid. Appropriate slip conditions are employed to obtain the close form solutions of temperature and velocity profile. The graphical illustrations have been presented for the assessment of pressure rise, pressure gradient and velocity profile. The effects of several parameters on the flow quantities for theoretical observation are investigated. At the end, the results confirmed that the impulsion of copper and silver nanoparticles as drug agent enlarges the amplitude of the velocity and hence nanoparticles play an important role in engineering and biomedical applications such as drug delivery system.     

倾斜壁面中Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性演化数值分析

基于FTM（Front Tracking Method）对倾斜壁面下的二维不混溶、不可压缩流体的Kelvin-Helmholtz（K-H）不稳定性进行数值模拟.研究壁面倾角,速度梯度层厚度以及理查德森数对K-H不稳定性发展的影响.研究表明,壁面倾角越大,K-H不稳定性发展越快,卷起的液体越多;倾斜壁面下速度梯度层厚度的增加对界面卷起表现出抑制作用.理查德森数重力项越大,界面卷起越缓慢,而理查德森数表面张力项对界面卷起高度的影响较小.     

Peristaltic flow of a couple stress fluid in an annulus: Application of an endoscope

This paper discusses the influence of an endoscope on the peristaltic flow of a couple stress fluid in an annulus under a zero Reynolds number and long wavelength approximation. The inner tube is uniform, rigid, while the outer tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. Analytical expressions for the axial velocity, stream function and axial pressure gradient are established. The flow is investigated in a wave frame of reference moving with the velocity of the wave. Numerical calculations are carried out for the pressure rise, frictional forces and trapping. The features of the flow characteristics are analyzed by plotting graphs and discussed in detail.     

Ferromagnetic CNT suspended H2O+Cu nanofluid analysis through composite stenosed arteries with permeable wall

In the present article magnetic field effects for CNT suspended copper nanoparticles for blood flow through composite stenosed arteries with permeable wall are discussed. The CNT suspended copper nanoparticles for the blood flow with water as base fluid is not explored yet. The equations for the CNT suspended Cu–water nanofluid are developed first time in the literature and simplified using long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. Exact solutions have been evaluated for velocity, pressure gradient, the solid volume fraction of the nanoparticles and temperature profile. Effect of various flow parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics is utilized. It is also observed that with the increase in slip parameter blood flows slowly in arteries and trapped bolus increases.     

The influence of heat transfer and magnetic field on peristaltic transport of a Newtonian fluid in a vertical annulus: Application of an endoscope

This Letter discusses the influence of heat transfer and magnetic field on the peristaltic flow of Newtonian fluid in a vertical annulus under a zero Reynolds number and long wavelength approximation. The inner tube is uniform, rigid, while the outer tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. The flow is investigated in a wave frame of reference moving with velocity of the wave. Numerical calculations are carried out for the pressure rise and frictional forces. The features of the flow characteristics are analyzed by plotting graphs and discussed in detail.     

Investigating the effects of nanoparticles mean diameter on laminar mixed convection of a nanofluid through an inclined tube with circumferentially nonuniform heat flux

In this study, laminar mixed convection of a water-based nanofluid containing Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in an inclined copper tube, which is heated at the top half surface, is investigated numerically. A heat conduction mechanism through the tube wall was implemented. Three-dimensional equations using a two-phase mixture model were solved to investigate the hydrodynamic and thermal behaviors of the nanofluid over a wide range of nanoparticle volume fractions. To verify the model, the results were compared with previous works and a good agreement between the results was observed. The effect of nanoparticles diameter on the hydrodynamic and thermal parameters over a wide range of Grashof numbers is presented and discussed for a particle volume fraction and Reynolds number. It is shown that the diameter of nanoparticles affects the particle distribution in the cross section perpendicular to the tube axis, heat transfer coefficient, and shear stress.     

Physiological Flow of Jeffrey Six Constant Fluid Model due to Ciliary Motion

The main purpose of this article is to present a mathematical model of ciliary motion in an annulus. In this analysis, the peristaltic motion of non-Newtonian Jeffrey six constant fluid is observed in an annulus with ciliated tips in the presence of heat and mass transfer. The effects of viscous dissipation are also considered. The flow equations of non-Newtonian fluid for the two-dimensional tube in cylindrical coordinates are simplified using the low Reynolds number and long wave-length approximations. The main equations for Jeffrey six constant fluid are considered in cylindrical coordinates system. The resulting nonlinear problem is solved using the regular perturbation technique in terms of a variant of small dimensionless parameter α. The results of the solutions for velocity, temperature and concentration field are presented graphically. B_k is Brinkman number, ST is soret number, and SH is the Schmidth number. Outcome for the longitudinal velocity, pressure rise, pressure gradient and stream lines are represented through graphs. In the history, the viscous-dissipation effect is usually represented by the Brinkman number.     

Study on blood flow containing nanoparticles through porous arteries in presence of magnetic field using analytical methods

In this paper, flow analysis for a third grade non-Newtonian blood in porous arteries in presence of magnetic field is simulated analytically and numerically. Blood is considered as the third grade non-Newtonian fluid containing nanoparticles. Collocation Method (CM) and Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method (OHAM) are used to solve the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) governing equation which a good agreement between them was observed in the results. The influences of the some physical parameters such as Brownian motion parameter, pressure gradient and thermophoresis parameter, etc. on temperature, velocity and nanoparticles concentration profiles are considered. For instance, increasing the thermophoresis parameter (N_t) caused an increase in temperature values in whole domain and an increase in nanoparticles concentration near the inner wall.     

超临界水在倾斜上升管内的非均匀传热特性数值模拟

对超临界压力水在管径为Φ32mm×3mm、长度为8000mm、倾角为20°的倾斜光管内的流动与传热特性进行数值模拟研究,重点考察超临界水在大比热区内的奇异物性变化对倾斜管内的传热特性的影响.通过与实验数据的对比,验证计算模型的正确性;计算压力P=26,34 MPa时,不同质量流速和热负荷下倾斜光管内壁温随超临界水焓值增大而变化的规律,以及倾斜光管内壁周向温度及热负荷分布的不均匀性;分析大比热区管内上下母线处内壁温度差随工质焓值变化的特性及机理,讨论大比热区水的物性变化对倾斜光管内传热不均匀性的影响;引入截面横向动能与截面相对横向动能两个变量对二次流的强度进行描述,重点考察超临界水在大比热区内的二次流的流动特点及其对倾斜管内传热特性影响的机理.并利用截面中垂线上的密度梯度定量分析二次流变化的规律,讨论超临界压力下大比热区内倾斜光管内壁温分布异常的机理.     

Analysis of high gradient magnetic field effects on distribution of nanoparticles injected into pulsatile blood stream

Magnetic nanoparticles are widely used in a wide range of applications including data storage materials, pharmaceutical industries as magnetic separation tools, anti-cancer drug carriers and micro valve applications. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the effect of a non-uniform magnetic field on bio-fluid (blood) with magnetic nanoparticles. The effect of particles as well as mass fraction on flow field and volume concentration is investigated. The governing non-linear differential equations, concentration and Navier-stokes are coupled with the magnetic field. To solve these equations, a finite volume based code is developed and utilized. A real pulsatile velocity is utilized as inlet boundary condition. This velocity is extracted from an actual experimental data. Three percent nanoparticles volume concentration, as drug carrier, is steadily injected in an unsteady, pulsatile and non-Newtonian flow. A power law model is considered for the blood viscosity. The results show that during the systole section of the heartbeat when the blood velocity increases, the magnetic nanoparticles near the magnetic source are washed away. This is due to the sudden increase of the hydrodynamic force, which overcomes the magnetic force. The probability of vein blockage increases when the blood velocity reduces during the diastole time. As nanoparticles velocity injection decreases (longer injection time) the wall shear stress (especially near the injection area) decreases and the retention time of the magnetic nanoparticles in the blood flow increases.     

Peristaltic blood flow with gold nanoparticles as a third grade nanofluid in catheter: Application of cancer therapy

Cancer is dangerous and deadly to most of its patients. Recent studies have shown that gold nanoparticles can cure and overcome it, because these particles have a high atomic number which produce the heat and leads to treatment of malignancy tumors. A motivation of this article is to study the effect of heat transfer with the blood flow (non-Newtonian model) containing gold nanoparticles in a gap between two coaxial tubes, the outer tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall and the inner tube is rigid. The governing equations of third-grade fluid along with total mass, thermal energy and nanoparticles are simplified by using the assumption of long wavelength. Exact solutions have been evaluated for temperature distribution and nanoparticles concentration, while approximate analytical solutions are found for the velocity distribution using the regular perturbation method with a small third grade parameter. Influence of the physical parameters such as third grade parameter, Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter on the velocity profile, temperature distribution and nanoparticles concentration are considered. The results pointed to that the gold nanoparticles are effective for drug carrying and drug delivery systems because they control the velocity through the Brownian motion parameter $N_b$ and thermophoresis parameter $N_t$. Gold nanoparticles also increases the temperature distribution, making it able to destroy cancer cells.     

Entropy generation analysis for peristaltically driven flow of hybrid nanofluid

Present study investigates entropy generation analysis for peristaltic motion of hybrid nanofluid. Hybrid nanofluid is composed of iron-oxide and copper nanoparticles suspended in water. Effects of Hall current, Ohmic heating and mixed convection are taken into account. Governing equations are simplified by utilizing lubrication approach. The numerical solutions for resulting system of differential equations are obtained with the aid of Shooting method. Attention has been given to the analysis of hybrid nanoparticles, Hall parameter and Grashoff number on entropy generation, heat transfer rate, velocity profile and pressure gradient. Outcomes reveal that insertion of nanoparticles decreases the temperature of hybrid nanofluid. It is found that increase in Hall parameter reduces the heat transfer rate at wall. Increment in Hall parameter reduces the entropy generation. Velocity and pressure gradient increases by enhancing Grashoff number. It is believed that the present flow model can prove useful in improving the efficiency of similar thermodynamical systems.     

倾斜下降管气液两相分层流截面含气率的计算与液层高度的预测

分层流是气液两相流中常见的流动型式，分层流中液层高度是计算的基本数据，由于界面波的存在，对液层的测量和预测都很困难．Ｖｌａｃｈｏｓ提出了预测气液两相分层流液层厚度的关系式，但这一关系式并不适用于倾斜下降管气液两相流．本文提出了计算倾斜下降管气液两相分层流截面含气率的理论模型，在这种模型下得到的截面含气率和实验结果符合良好．在大量实验的基础上，考虑了倾角、管径、气液各相折算速度的影响，根据实验数据提出了预测液层厚度的关系式。     

Natural convection of water-copper nanoliquids confined in low-porosity cylindrical annuli

Natural convection in cylindrical porous annuli saturated by a nanoliquid whose inner and outer vertical radial walls are respectively subjected to uniform heat and mass influxes and out fluxes is studied analytically using the modified Buongiorno-Darcy model (MBDM) and the Oseen-linearization technique. Nanoliquid-saturated porous medium made up of water as base liquid, copper nanoparticles of five different shapes, viz., spheres, bricks, cylinders, platelets and blades, and glass balls porous material is considered as working medium for investigation. The thermophysical properties of nanoliquid -saturated porous medium is modeled using phenomenological laws and mixture theory. The effect of various parameters and individual effects of five different shapes of copper nanoparticles on velocity, temperature and heat transport are found. From the study, it is clear that the addition of a dilute concentration of nanoparticles increases the effective thermal conductivity of the system and thereby increases the velocity and the heat transport, and decreases the temperature. In other words, the heat transport is more in the case of heat and mass driven convection compared to purely heat-driven convection. Among the five different shapes of nanoparticles, blade-shaped nanoparticles facilitate the transport of maximum temperature compared to all other shapes. Maximum heat transport is achieved in a shallow cylindrical annulus compared to square and tall circular annuli. The increase of the inner solid cylinder’s radius is to decrease heat transport. The results of the KVL single-phase model are obtained from the present study by setting to zero the value of the nanoparticles’ concentration Rayleigh number. Also, neglecting the curvature effect in the present problem, we obtain the results of the rectangular enclosure problem.     

Noninvasive generation and measurement of propagating waves in arterial walls

Arterial wall stiffness can be associated with various diseases. Arteriosclerosis involves the buildup of plaques within artery walls that stiffen the arteries. The stiffness of an artery can be assessed by measurement of the pulse wave velocity (PWV). Usually, PWV is estimated using the foot-to-foot method. However, the foot of the pressure wave is not very clear due to reflected waves. Also, the blood pressure wave generated by the heart is normally a low frequency wave, hence the time resolution is low. PWV is an average indicator of artery stiffness between the two measuring positions, and therefore cannot easily identify local stiffness. In this paper a force on the arterial wall is generated noninvasively by the radiation force of ultrasound. Techniques for measuring the propagating wave due to this localized force are studied. The excitation force can be either a very short pulse or a modulated cw signal of a few hundred hertz. The temporal resolution of this method, which is in the range of microseconds, is much higher than the conventional pressure PWV method, and therefore allows the wave velocity to be measured accurately over short distances of a few millimeters.     

Inclined magnetic field and nanoparticle aggregation effects on thermal Marangoni convection in nanoliquid: A sensitivity analysis

The heat transfer rate of thermal Marangoni convection in ethylene glycol-based titanium nanoliquid is analyzed by using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Two different heat sources (i.e. the temperature-related heat source (THS) and the space-related exponential heat source (ESHS)) are included in the thermal analysis. Aggregation of nanoparticles and inclined magnetism are also considered. The modified Krieger-Dougherty model and the modified Maxwell-Bruggeman model are used to analyze the aggregation aspect of the nanoparticles. The resulting nonlinear system is treated numerically by using the finite difference method. The sensitivity of the heat transfer rate to the thermal radiation parameter, the ESHS parameter, and the THS parameter is examined by using the RSM model. The individual impact of the actual parameters on various flow fields is compared and visualized by graphs. The heat transfer rate is positively sensitive to thermal radiation and negatively sensitive to the parameters of the heat source. Besides, the ESHS aspect has a greater impact on the heat transfer rate than the THS aspect. The velocity flow field is decelerated significantly ($5.31\%$near the interface) by the magnetic field inclination angle.     

Thermal and inertial modes of convection in a rapidly rotating annulus

The nature of the primary instabilities that arise in a fluid contained in a fast rotating cylindrical annulus with slightly inclined plane top and bottom boundaries, radial gravity, and internal heating is numerically analyzed. It is shown that for moderate and high Prandtl numbers, the onset of convection is described by a competition of azimuthal thermal modes with different radial structure, which dominate in different regions of the parameter space. By the combined effect of the inclined ends and rotation, there are modes that are attached to the heated wall and slanted to the prograde direction of rotation, and others which are straight and fill the convective layer. Nevertheless, for very small Prandtl numbers the velocity field of the dominant modes corresponds essentially to the inertial solution of the Poincare equation, and the temperature perturbation is forced by this velocity field. In addition, a detailed exploration of the critical Rayleigh numbers and precession frequencies of the convective modes versus the radius ratio and the Coriolis parameter, for different Prandtl numbers, is presented.     

Effects of thermal stratification on transient free convective flow of a nanofluid past a vertical plate

An analysis of thermal stratification in a transient free convection of nanofluids past an isothermal vertical plate is performed. Nanofluids containing nanoparticles of aluminium oxide, copper, titanium oxide and silver having volume fraction of the nanoparticles less than or equal to 0.04 with water as the base fluid are considered. The governing boundary layer equations are solved numerically. Thermal stratification effects and volume fraction of the nanoparticles on the velocity and temperature are represented graphically. It is observed that an increase in the thermal stratification parameter decreases the velocity and temperature profiles of nanofluids. An increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles enhances the temperature and reduces the velocity of nanofluids. Also, the influence of thermal stratification parameter and the volume fraction of the nanoparticles of local as well as average skin friction and the rate of heat transfer of nanofluids are discussed and represented graphically. The results are found to be in good agreement with the existing results in literature.     

Peristaltic transport of magneto-nanoparticles submerged in water: Model for drug delivery system

Recent development in biomedical engineering has enabled the use of the magnetic nanoparticles in modern drug delivery systems with great utility. Nanofluids composed of magnetic nanoparticles have the characteristics to be manipulated by external magnetic field and are used to guide the particles up the bloodstream to a tumor with magnets. In this study we examine the mixed convective peristaltic transport of copper–water nanofluid under the influence of constant applied magnetic field. Nanofluid is considered in an asymmetric channel. Aside from the effect of applied magnetic field on the mechanics of nanofluid, its side effects i.e. the Ohmic heating and Hall effects are also taken into consideration. Heat transfer analysis is performed in presence of viscous dissipation and heat generation/absorption. Mathematical modeling is carried out using the lubrication analysis. Resulting system of equations is numerically solved. Impact of embedded parameters on the velocity, pressure gradient, streamlines and temperature of nanofluid is examined. Effects of applied magnetic field in presence and absence of Hall effects are studied and compared. Results depict that addition of copper nanoparticles reduces the velocity and temperature of fluid. Heat transfer rate at the boundary enhances by increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction. Increase in the strength of applied magnetic field tends to decrease/increase the velocity/temperature of nanofluid. Further presence of Hall effects reduces the variations brought in the state of fluid when strength of applied magnetic field is increased.     

New trends of fractional modeling and heat and mass transfer investigation of (SWCNTs and MWCNTs)-CMC based nanofluids flow over inclined plate with generalized boundary conditions

In this paper, we have considered unsteady MHD viscous fluid flow of Carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) as based fluid and Carbon nanotubes CNTs (SWCNTs, MWCNTs) nanoparticles passing through an inclined plate of infinite length. Furthermore, the effects of heat source, chemical reaction, porosity and MHD are considered. Fractional model is developed by Caputo time fractional derivatives though recent trends of fractional modeling. The semi exact solutions are obtained for the governing equations in dimensionless form by Laplace transform method. Influence of fractional and other flow parameters on temperature, concentration and velocity fields are graphically illustrated. The Nusselt number, Sherwood number and skin friction are computed for fixed values of flow parameters and presented in tabular form. As a result, for larger values of fractional parameters temperature, concentration and velocity fields can be enhanced. A comparison has been drawn between SWCTs-CMC and MWCTs-CMC based nanofluids and found that MWCTs based nanofluids are more efficient in heat transfer than SWCTs-CMC based nanofluids. Further, in the absence of nanoparticles the obtained results are reduced to recently published results and this fact have been proved graphically and they are in good agreement.