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1.
Herein we report a theoretical study on mechanistic photodissociation of glycolaldehyde, HOCH2CHO. Equilibrium structures, transition states, and intersection structures for the α‐C? C and ‐C? H bond fissions and the β‐C? O bond fission in the excited states are determined by the complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) method. Based on the CASSCF optimized structures, the potential energy profiles for the dissociations are refined by performing single‐point calculations using the multi‐state multi‐reference CASSCF second order perturbation (MS‐MR‐CASPT2) method. With a low excitation energy of 280–340 nm, the T1 α‐C? C and β‐C? O bond fissions following intersystem crossing from the S1 state are the predominant and comparable channels, whereas the α‐C? H bond fissions both in the S1 and in the T1 states are nearly prohibited due to the relevant high barriers. The rate constants for the T1 α‐C? C and β‐C? O bond fissions are also calculated by RRKM theory. Furthermore, the S0 reactions can occur as a consequence of intersystem crossing via T1/S0 intersection points resulting from the T1 C? C and C? O bond cleavages. This photodissociation mechanism is consistent with recent experimental studies.  相似文献   

2.
Slow rotation about the S? N bond in N,N‐disubstituted nonafluorobutane‐1‐sulfonamides 1 can easily be detected by NMR measurements at room temperature. This effect causes magnetic nonequivalence of otherwise identical geminal substituents in symmetrical staggered ground‐state conformation A . The torsional barriers determined (62–71 kJ?mol?1) proved to be the highest ever observed for sulfonamide moieties. They are comparable to the values routinely measured for carboxylic acid amides or carbamates. The restricted rotation is interpreted as result (nN? dS)‐π and of nN? σ interactions, which develop substantial S,N double‐bond character in sulfonamides 1 . The S,N binding interaction is increased by the highly electron‐withdrawing effect of the perfluorobutyl group. The anticipated symmetry of the ground‐state conformation A and the considerable shortening of the S? N bond (1.59 Å) compared to the mean value in sulfonamides (1.63 Å) are confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray study of N,N‐dibenzylnonafluorobutane‐1‐sulfonamide ( 1c ).  相似文献   

3.
The photoinduced isomerization of cis‐keto and trans‐keto isomers in N‐salicilydenemethylfurylamine has been studied using the surface‐hopping approach at the CASSCF level of theory. After the cis‐keto or trans‐keto isomer is excited to S1 state, the molecule initially moves to a excited‐state local minimum. The torsional motion around relative bonds in the chain drives the molecule to approach a keto‐form conical intersection and then nonadiabatic transition occurs. According to our full‐dimensional dynamics simulations, the trans‐keto and enol photoproducts are responsible for the photochromic effect of cis‐keto isomer excited to S1 state, while no enol isomer was obtained in the photoisomerization of trans keto on excitation. The cis keto to enol and cis keto to trans keto isomerizations are reversible photochemical reactions. It is confirmed that this aromatic Schiff base is a potential molecular switch. Furthermore, the torsion of C N bond occurs in the radiationless decay of trans‐keto isomer, while it is completely suppressed by an intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction in the dynamics of cis‐keto form. Moreover, the excited‐state lifetime of cis keto is longer than that of trans‐keto form due to the O···H N hydrogen bond.  相似文献   

4.
The initial S1 excited‐state relaxation of retinal protonated Schiff base (RPSB) analog with central C11C12 double bond locked by eight‐membered ring (locked‐11.8) was investigated by means of multireference perturbation theory methods (XMCQDPT2, XMS‐CASPT2, MS‐CASPT2) as well as single‐reference coupled‐cluster CC2 method. The analysis of XMCQDPT2‐based geometries reveals rather weak coupling between in‐plane and out‐of‐plane structural evolution and minor energetical relaxation of three locked‐11.8 conformers. Therefore, a strong coupling between bonds length inversion and backbone out‐of‐plane deformation resulting in a very steep S1 energy profile predicted by CASSCF/CASPT2 calculations is in clear contradiction with the reference XMCQDPT2 results. Even though CC2 method predicts good quality ground‐state structures, the excited‐state structures display more advanced torsional deformation leading to ca. 0.2 eV exaggerated energy relaxation and significantly red shifted (0.4–0.7 eV) emission maxima. According to our findings, the initial photoisomerization process in locked‐11.8, and possibly in other RPSB analogs, studied fully (both geometries and energies) by multireference perturbation theory may be somewhat slower than predicted by CASSCF/CASPT2 or CC2 methods. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

5.
The vibrational spectrum of a six‐coordinate nitrosyl iron porphyrinate, monoclinic [Fe(TpFPP)(1‐MeIm)(NO)] (TpFPP=tetra‐para‐fluorophenylporphyrin; 1‐MeIm=1‐methylimidazole), has been studied by oriented single‐crystal nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS). The crystal was oriented to give spectra perpendicular to the porphyrin plane and two in‐plane spectra perpendicular or parallel to the projection of the FeNO plane. These enable assignment of the FeNO bending and stretching modes. The measurements reveal that the two in‐plane spectra have substantial differences that result from the strongly bonded axial NO ligand. The direction of the in‐plane iron motion is found to be largely parallel and perpendicular to the projection of the bent FeNO on the porphyrin plane. The out‐of‐plane Fe‐N‐O stretching and bending modes are strongly mixed with each other, as well as with porphyrin ligand modes. The stretch is mixed with v50 as was also observed for dioxygen complexes. The frequency of the assigned stretching mode of eight Fe‐X‐O (X=N, C, and O) complexes is correlated with the Fe?XO bond lengths. The nature of highest frequency band at ≈560 cm?1 has also been examined in two additional new derivatives. Previously assigned as the Fe?NO stretch (by resonance Raman), it is better described as the bend, as the motion of the central nitrogen atom of the FeNO group is very large. There is significant mixing of this mode. The results emphasize the importance of mode mixing; the extent of mixing must be related to the peripheral phenyl substituents.  相似文献   

6.
The prominent features in the molecular structure of the title compound (alternative name: 2‐diethyl­carbamoyl‐1,1,3,3‐tetraoxo‐1,3,2‐benzodi­thia­zole), C11H14N2O5S2, arise in the urea moiety S2N—C(O)—N′C2: the sum of the angles at N is 332.3 (1)°, the N—C(O)—N′C2 unit is planar, and distances N—C(O) = 1.494 (3) Å, N′—C(O) = 1.325 (2) Å and C—O = 1.215 (2) Å. The mol­ecules are associated via five C—H?O hydrogen bonds to form layers parallel to the yz plane. This compound and its di­methyl homologue, which were synthesized by treating the silver salt of o‐benzene­disulfon­imide with carbamoyl chlorides, are prone to rapid hydro­lysis at the weak N—C(O) bond. For both mol­ecules, the rotational barrier about the partial N′—C(O) double bond is ca 50 kJ mol?1 at 250 K (from dynamic 1H NMR experiments).  相似文献   

7.
The thiourea S,S‐dioxide molecule is recognized as a zwitterion with a high dipole moment and an unusually long C? S bond. The molecule has a most interesting set of intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state—a relatively strong O???H? N hydrogen bond and very weak intermolecular C???S and N???O interactions. The molecule has Cs symmetry, and each oxygen atom is hydrogen‐bonded to two hydrogen atoms with O???H? N distances of 2.837 and 2.826 Å and angles of 176.61 and 158.38°. The electron density distribution is obtained both from Xray diffraction data at 110 K and from a periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Bond characterization is made in terms of the analysis of topological properties. The covalent characters of the C? N, N? H, C? S, and S? O bonds are apparent, and the agreement on the topological properties between experiment and theory is adequate. The features of the Laplacian distributions, bond paths, and atomic domains are comparable. In a systematic approach, DFT calculations are performed based on a monomer, a dimer, a heptamer, and a crystal to see the effect on the electron density distribution due to the intermolecular interactions. The dipole moment of the molecule is enhanced in the solid state. The typical values of ρb and Hb of the hydrogen bonds and weak intermolecular C???S and N???O interactions are given. All the interactions are verified by the location of the bond critical point and its associated topological properties. The isovalue surface of Laplacian charge density and the detailed atomic graph around each atomic site reveal the shape of the valence‐shell charge concentration and provide a reasonable interpretation of the bonding of each atom.  相似文献   

8.
The title compounds, C14H12N+·CH3O4S?, (I), and C15H14N+·CH3O4S?, (II), respectively, crystallize with the planar 10‐methylacridinium or 9,10‐di­methyl­acridinium cations arranged in layers, parallel to the twofold axis in (I) and perpendicular to the 21 axis in (II). Adjacent cations in both compounds are packed in a `head‐to‐tail' manner. The methyl sulfate anion only exhibits planar symmetry in (II). The cations and anions are linked through C—H?O interactions involving three O atoms of the anion, six acridine H atoms and the CH3 group on the N atom in (I), and the four O atoms of the anion, three acridine H atoms and the carbon‐bound CH3 group in (II). The methyl sulfate anions are oriented differently in the two compounds relative to the cations, being nearly perpendicular in (I) but parallel in (II). Electrostatic interaction between the ions and the network of C—H?O interactions leads to relatively compact crystal lattices in both structures.  相似文献   

9.
The complete molecular structure of biphenyl, characterized by 12 independent parameters, has been derived by ab initio gradient techniques using a STO -3G basis set for coplanar, perpendicular, and minimum energy conformations with the constraint of planar phenyl ring units and a C2 symmetry axis along the CC interring bond. The minimum torsional angle obtained was ? = 38.63° with torsional energy barriers of 8.59 and 10.04 kJ/mol for ? = 0° and ? = 90°, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
High-level ab initio calculations have been made for fluoromethylamine to study structural and energetic effects of the relative orientation of the N lone pair to the C? F bond. The anti-conformer (N lone pair anti-planar to the C? F bond) corresponds to the global energy minimum. It has the longest C? F distance, the shortest C? N distance, and is 7.5 kcal·mol?1 more stable than the related perpendicular conformation (lone pair perpendicular to the C? F bond). The syn-conformation also shows hallmarks of the anomeric effect: long C? F bond, short C? N bond, and energetic stability when allowance is made for the two pairs of eclipsed hydrogens. The transition state for N inversion is close to the syn-structure; rotation about the C? N bond is strongly coupled with this inversion process. Small bond distance changes of ca. 0.02 Å between parallel and perpendicular conformations are associated with dissociation energy differences of ca. 30 kcal·mol?1. Various criteria for assessing the strength of the anomeric effect are discussed.  相似文献   

11.
Quantum chemical calculations using the complete active space of the valence orbitals have been carried out for HnCCHn (n=0–3) and N2. The quadratic force constants and the stretching potentials of HnCCHn have been calculated at the CASSCF/cc‐pVTZ level. The bond dissociation energies of the C?C bonds of C2 and HC≡CH were computed using explicitly correlated CASPT2‐F12/cc‐pVTZ‐F12 wave functions. The bond dissociation energies and the force constants suggest that C2 has a weaker C?C bond than acetylene. The analysis of the CASSCF wavefunctions in conjunction with the effective bond orders of the multiple bonds shows that there are four bonding components in C2, while there are only three in acetylene and in N2. The bonding components in C2 consist of two weakly bonding σ bonds and two electron‐sharing π bonds. The bonding situation in C2 can be described with the σ bonds in Be2 that are enforced by two π bonds. There is no single Lewis structure that adequately depicts the bonding situation in C2. The assignment of quadruple bonding in C2 is misleading, because the bond is weaker than the triple bond in HC≡CH.  相似文献   

12.
The molecular structure of the title compound, C25H18N2O2S2, in the crystal is characterized by almost parallel quinoline and propargyl groups that point in opposite directions out of the quinoline planes. Intermolecular C[triple‐bond]C—H?N hydrogen bonding is observed, but the hydrogen‐bond geometry is poor.  相似文献   

13.
Gaseous N2O5 consists of two NO2 groups bonded to a bridging O‐atom to form a nonlinear N−O−N moiety. The NO2 groups undergo slightly hindered internal rotation around the bonds to the bridge so that instantaneous composition of the gaseous system is characterized by molecules with all combinations of torsion angles. In an earlier investigation, an attempt was made to determine the coefficients for an empirical form of the double‐rotor torsional potential, and the bond lengths and bond angles measured subject to assumptions that the structure of the O−NO2 groups was invariant to torsion angle and that these groups had C2v symmetry. The system has now been reinvestigated in terms of a more realistic model in which this symmetry restriction was relaxed, account was taken of structural changes in the NO2 groups with torsion angle as predicted by ab initio theory at the B3LYP/6‐311+G* level, and a more convenient form of the torsional potential was assumed. The most stable conformation has C2 symmetry with torsion angles τ1 (defined as ∢(N−O−N=O4)) equal to τ2 (defined as ∢(N−O−N=O6)) equal to 33.7°; because of the broad potential minimum in this region, the uncertainty in these angles is difficult to estimate, but is probably 3 – 4°. The results for the bond lengths and bond angles for the most stable conformation are rg(N−O)=1.505(4) Å, rg(N=O)=1.188(2) Å, ∢α(N−O−N)=112.3(17)°, ∢α(O=N=O)=134.2(4)°, 〈∢α(O−N=O)〉=112.8(2)°. The difference between the symmetry‐nonequivalent O−N=O angles is estimated to be ca. 6.7° with the larger angle positioning the two N=O bonds on different NO2 groups nearest each other. These average values are similar to those obtained in the original study. The main difference is found in the shape of the torsional potential, which at τ1/τ2=0/0 has a saddle point in the present work and a substantial peak in the earlier. The implication of the torsion‐angle findings for electron‐diffraction investigations of this type is discussed.  相似文献   

14.
A quantum chemical investigation of the Bu4N[Fe(CO)3(NO)]‐catalyzed Cloke–Wilson rearrangement of vinyl cyclopropanes is reported. It was found that allylic C?C bond activation can proceed through a SN2′ or SN2‐type mechanism. The application of the recently reported intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) method for all structures indicated that one Fe?N π bond is directly involved. Further analysis showed that during the reaction oxidation occurs at the NO ligand exclusively.  相似文献   

15.
The single‐rovibronic‐level fluorescence of “intermediate‐case” molecules that undergo methyl internal rotation is strongly influenced by the torsional symmetry of the lowest excited singlet state (S1). The most dramatic example of such symmetry dependence comes from our recent finding that the intensities of the ee transitions in the high‐resolution S1S0 fluorescence excitation spectra of jet‐cooled acetaldehyde become very weak relative to the aa transitions at higher beam temperatures. In this study, we rationalize this remarkable torsional symmetry dependence of electronic relaxation in acetaldehyde on the basis of internal‐overall rotation coupling that leads to symmetry‐selective increase in the density of states for singlet‐triplet coupling. Related observations by others on aliphatic carbonyls and diazabenzenes are also discussed within the context of the coupling between the internal and overall rotation. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 71: 167–176, 1999  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

A thermotropic ionic lamellar phase from non-stoichiometric pyridinium octyl-phosphates has been investigated by multinuclear N.M.R. and X-ray diffraction. At room temperature and above, this phase is formed for pyridine to octylphosphoric acid molar ratios from 0.2 to 0.8.2H and 13C relaxation experiments show that the pyridinium ion undergoes a very anisotropic motion with Dzz > Dxx ? Dyy, z and x being the perpendicular direction to the ring and the c 2 symmetry axis, respectively. The order parameters given by the 2H quadrupolar splittings and the 13C chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) are Szz = 0.13, Syy = -0.08 and Sxx = -0.05, showing that the pyridinium ring is preferentially oriented parallel to the lamellar plane. The 31P CSA and the C1-P dipolar splitting yield Szz = 0.33 and Sxx ? Syy for the octylphosphate anion. The order parameters of alkyl C-H bonds have been obtained from the J resolved two-dimensional 13C N.M.R. spectra of oriented samples. Two limiting conformational models have been considered to calculate the S CH. One of them is reasonably consistent with the structure derived from X-ray experiments and has been used to calculate the dipolar 31P relaxation. Taking into account the CSA contribution, the relaxation measurements performed at 36, 121 and 202 MHz show that the octylphosphate anion undergoes a quasi-axial reorientation about the long molecular axis x with D∥/D⊥ = 4 and D⊥ ? 107 rad/s at 300 K.  相似文献   

17.
In this study, we theoretically investigated the mechanism underlying the high‐valent mono‐oxo‐rhenium(V) hydride Re(O)HCl2(PPh3)2 ( 1 ) catalyzed hydrosilylation of C?N functionalities. Our results suggest that an ionic SN2‐Si outer‐sphere pathway involving the heterolytic cleavage of the Si?H bond competes with the hydride pathway involving the C?N bond inserted into the Re?H bond for the rhenium hydride ( 1 ) catalyzed hydrosilylation of the less steric C?N functionalities (phenylmethanimine, PhCH=NH, and N‐phenylbenzylideneimine, PhCH=NPh). The rate‐determining free‐energy barriers for the ionic outer‐sphere pathway are calculated to be ~28.1 and 27.6 kcal mol?1, respectively. These values are slightly more favorable than those obtained for the hydride pathway (by ~1–3 kcal mol?1), whereas for the large steric C?N functionality of N,1,1‐tri(phenyl)methanimine (PhCPh=NPh), the ionic outer‐sphere pathway (33.1 kcal mol?1) is more favorable than the hydride pathway by as much as 11.5 kcal mol?1. Along the ionic outer‐sphere pathway, neither the multiply bonded oxo ligand nor the inherent hydride moiety participate in the activation of the Si?H bond.  相似文献   

18.
The C?H???Y (Y=hydrogen‐bond acceptor) interactions are somewhat unconventional in the context of hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Typical C?H stretching frequency shifts in the hydrogen‐bond donor C?H group are not only small, that is, of the order of a few tens of cm?1, but also bidirectional, that is, they can be red or blue shifted depending on the hydrogen‐bond acceptor. In this work we examine the C?H???N interaction in complexes of 7‐azaindole with CHCl3 and CHF3 that are prepared in the gas phase through supersonic jet expansion using the fluorescence depletion by infra‐red (FDIR) method. Although the hydrogen‐bond acceptor, 7‐azaindole, has multiple sites of interaction, it is found that the C?H???N hydrogen‐bonding interaction prevails over the others. The electronic excitation spectra suggest that both complexes are more stabilized in the S1 state than in the S0 state. The C?H stretching frequency is found to be red shifted by 82 cm?1 in the CHCl3 complex, which is the largest redshift reported so far in gas‐phase investigations of 1:1 haloform complexes with various substrates. In the CHF3 complex the observed C?H frequency is blue shifted by 4 cm?1. This is at variance with the frequency shifts that are predicted using several computational methods; these predict at best a redshift of 8.5 cm?1. This discrepancy is analogous to that reported for the pyridine‐CHF3 complex [W. A. Herrebout, S. M. Melikova, S. N. Delanoye, K. S. Rutkowski, D. N. Shchepkin, B. J. van der Veken, J. Phys. Chem. A­ 2005 , 109, 3038], in which the blueshift is termed a pseudo blueshift and is shown to be due to the shifting of levels caused by Fermi resonance between the overtones of the C?H bending and stretching modes. The dissociation energies, (D0), of the CHCl3 and CHF3 complexes are computed (MP2/aug‐cc‐pVDZ level) as 6.46 and 5.06 kcal mol?1, respectively.  相似文献   

19.
[NMe4]2[TCNE]2 (TCNE=tetracyanoethenide) formed from the reaction of TCNE and (NMe4)CN in MeCN has νCN IR absorptions at 2195, 2191, 2172, and 2156 cm?1 and a νCC absorption at 1383 cm?1 that are characteristic of reduced TCNE. The TCNEs have an average central C?C distance of 1.423 Å that is also characteristic of reduced TCNE. The reduced TCNE forms a previously unknown non‐eclipsed, centrosymmetric π‐[TCNE]22? dimer with nominal C2 symmetry, 12 sub van der Waals interatomic contacts <3.3 Å, a central intradimer separation of 3.039(3) Å, and comparable intradimer C???N distances of 3.050(3) and 2.984(3) Å. The two pairs of central C???C atoms form a ?C?C???C?C of 112.6° that is substantially greater than the 0° observed for the eclipsed D2h π‐[TCNE]22? dimer possessing a two‐electron, four‐center (2e?/4c) bond with two C???C components from a molecular orbital (MO) analysis. A MO study combining CAS(2,2)/MRMP2/cc‐pVTZ and atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) calculations indicates that the non‐eclipsed, C2 π‐[TCNE]22? dimer exhibits a new type of a long, intradimer bond involving one strong C???C and two weak C???N components, that is, a 2e?/6c bond. The C2 π‐[TCNE]22? conformer has a singlet, diamagnetic ground state with a thermally populated triplet excited state with J/kB=1000 K (700 cm?1; 86.8 meV; 2.00 kcal mol?1; H=?2 JSa?Sb); at the CAS(2,2)/MBMP2 level the triplet is computed to be 9.0 kcal mol?1 higher in energy than the closed‐shell singlet ground state. The results from CAS(2,2)/NEVPT2/cc‐pVTZ calculations indicate that the C2 and D2h conformers have two different local metastable minima with the C2 conformer being 1.3 kcal mol?1 less stable. The different natures of the C2 and D2h conformers are also noted from the results of valence bond (VB) qualitative diagram that shows a 10e?/6c bond with one C???C and two C???N bonding components for the C2 conformer as compared to the 6e?/4c bond for the D2h conformer with two C???C bonding components.  相似文献   

20.
The structure of the title compound, [NiCu(CN)4(C10H8N2)(H2O)2]n or [{Cu(H2O)2}(μ‐C10H8N2)(μ‐CN)2{Ni(CN)2}]n, was shown to be a metal–organic cyanide‐bridged framework, composed essentially of –Cu–4,4′‐bpy–Cu–4,4′‐bpy–Cu– chains (4,4′‐bpy is 4,4′‐bipyridine) linked by [Ni(CN)4]2− anions. Both metal atoms sit on special positions; the CuII atom occupies an inversion center, while the NiII atom of the cyanometallate sits on a twofold axis. The 4,4′‐bpy ligand is also situated about a center of symmetry, located at the center of the bridging C—C bond. The scientific impact of this structure lies in the unique manner in which the framework is built up. The arrangement of the –Cu–4,4′‐bpy–Cu–4,4′‐bpy–Cu– chains, which are mutually perpendicular and non‐intersecting, creates large channels running parallel to the c axis. Within these channels, the [Ni(CN)4]2− anions coordinate to successive CuII atoms, forming zigzag –Cu—N[triple‐bond]C—Ni—C[triple‐bond]N—Cu– chains. In this manner, a three‐dimensional framework structure is constructed. To the authors' knowledge, this arrangement has not been observed in any of the many copper(II)–4,4′‐bipyridine framework complexes synthesized to date. The coordination environment of the CuII atom is completed by two water molecules. The framework is further strengthened by O—H...N hydrogen bonds involving the water molecules and the symmetry‐equivalent nonbridging cyanide N atoms.  相似文献   

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