Three-dimensional display with a long viewing distance by use of integral photography

We developed a technique of three-dimensional (3-D) display for distant viewing of a 3-D image without the need for special glasses. The photobased integral photography (IP) method allows precise 3-D images to be displayed at long viewing distances without any influence from deviated or distorted lenses in a lens array. We calculate elemental images from a referential viewing area for each lens and project the corresponding result images to photographic film through each lens. We succeed in creating an image display that appears to have three dimensionality even when viewed from a distance, with an image depth of 5.7 m or more in front of the display and 3.5 m or more behind the display. To the best of our knowledge, the long-distance IP display presented here is technically unique because it is the first report of generation of an image with such a long viewing distance.     

计算机辅助透镜阵列合成全息术的研究

基于合成全息照相和计算机图形学原理,提出利用计算机制作初级体视图序列的方法,并与线阵透镜相结合,实现了计算机和光学联合制作体视全息图.研究了线阵透镜的成像规律和三维数据的计算机显示原理,获得了计算机制体视图与透镜阵列成像的对应关系,根据该对应关系设计了计算程序,并进行了实验验证.     

Depth-enhanced integral imaging system with convex and composite concave micro-lens arrays

A depth-enhanced integral imaging system is proposed by using a convex micro-lens array and a composite concave micro-lens array. The convex-micro-lens array is used to provide a virtual elemental image array for the composite concave micro-lens array. The composite concave micro-lens array which has two focal lengths is used to display integral images with the virtual elemental image array. Compared with the conventional integral imaging, the proposed system can form the 3D image around two image planes with viewing angle being enhanced remarkably. The principle of the enhancement of the image depth is explained in detail and the experimental results are presented.     

4-D image reconstruction for Streak Tube Imaging Lidar

The Streak Tube Imaging Lidar (STIL) which is the flash laser radar is developed in recently years. It can output the 4-D image (3-D range image + 1-D intensity image). The core part of STIL is the streak tube, which is a line array detector. STIL can directly collect the image of returned light pulse, and consequently, it can’t output the 4-D target image. In the paper, the peak detection as the reconstruction algorithm is used to reconstruct the multiple streak tube images, and the clear 4-D target images are obtained. The outdoor imaging experiments are completed for the far distance buildings. The reconstruction for the multiple streak tube images is finished, and the results state that the peak detection algorithm can output the high-resolution 4-D target images. Original Text ? Astro, Ltd., 2009. The article is published in the original.     

A miniature high resolution 3-D imaging sonar

This paper discusses the design and development of a miniature, high resolution 3-D imaging sonar. The design utilizes frequency steered phased arrays (FSPA) technology. FSPAs present a small, low-power solution to the problem of underwater imaging sonars. The technology provides a method to build sonars with a large number of beams without the proportional power, circuitry and processing complexity. The design differs from previous methods in that the array elements are manufactured from a monolithic material. With this technique the arrays are flat and considerably smaller element dimensions are achievable which allows for higher frequency ranges and smaller array sizes. In the current frequency range, the demonstrated array has ultra high image resolution (1″ range × 1° azimuth × 1° elevation) and small size (<3″ × 3″). The design of the FSPA utilizes the phasing-induced frequency-dependent directionality of a linear phased array to produce multiple beams in a forward sector. The FSPA requires only two hardware channels per array and can be arranged in single and multiple array configurations that deliver wide sector 2-D images. 3-D images can be obtained by scanning the array in a direction perpendicular to the 2-D image field and applying suitable image processing to the multiple scanned 2-D images. This paper introduces the 3-D FSPA concept, theory and design methodology. Finally, results from a prototype array are presented and discussed.     

傅里叶望远镜重构图像虚像分析

研究了采用T型激光发射阵列情况下傅里叶望远镜重构图像的虚像问题, 基于系统成像基本原理, 明确了虚像的来源. 分析认为, 发射光束在x和y轴扫描时, 在俯仰角误差的作用下, 抽取目标的空间频率和设定值之间存在一定的偏差; 当进行轴向和象限相位闭合、计算目标的单一傅里叶分量时, 该偏差会对频谱的频移造成随机的相位影响, 反映在空域上使得重构图像存在虚影现象. 在不同扫描方式情况下, 采用下一步外场实验参数, 通过计算机模拟证实了上述分析的正确性.     

一种改进型视角投影图像彩色计算全息术的三维重构算法

本文提出了一种利用三维景物的二维视角投影图像合成计算全息图,并重构出彩色再现三维影像的方法.该方法基于利用视角投影图像获取景物的三维傅里叶频谱的理论,采用电荷耦合器件记录三维景物在白光照明条件下横、纵两正交方向的一系列视角投影图像,并利用这些视角投影图像合成计算全息图,从而重构出三维再现像.通过采用在频谱面上的容余采样方法,提高了图像频谱信息的利用率,通过实验论证,证明了该方法的可行性.利用该方法使得视角投影图像的记录过程更加简单,节省了采样时间,提高了程序运行速度|能够在利用同等数量的视角投影图像的条件下,提高合成全息图的质量,使得重构的彩色再现三维影像更加清晰.     

Analysis of the features and reconstruction of a high resolution infrared image based on a multi-aperture imaging system

Infrared images of good quality are strictly important for such applications as targets detection, tracking and identifying. Traditional single aperture infrared imaging system brings in some defects for its imaging scheme. Multi-aperture imaging system shows promising characteristic of improving image quality and reducing size of optical instruments. We reconstruct a high resolution infrared image from the low resolution sub-images collected by the compact multi-aperture imaging system. A novel reconstruction method called pixels closely arrange (PCA) is proposed based on analyzing the compound eye imaging process, and this method is verified in a simulated 3D infrared scene to capture sub-images. An evaluation of the reconstructed image quality is presented to discuss the significant factors that affect the final result. Experimental results show that the PCA method can be efficiently applied to the multi-aperture infrared imaging system as long as the structure of the micro-lens array is specifically designed to be adaptive to the infrared focal plane array (IFPA).     

Real-time sensing and three-dimensional display of far outdoor scenes based on asymmetric integral imaging

A new asymmetric integral imaging (AII) system for real-time pickup and three-dimensional (3-D) display of far outdoor scenes based on dynamic-pixel-mapping (DPM) is proposed. DPM is a digital process to transform the elemental images captured with a lens array into the perspective-variant object images (POIs) whose structures are matched with those of display lenses, where the orders of pixels in each POI are reversely mapped, and then capture a set of virtual elemental images (EIs) at the specific depth planes from the back-propagated POIs. This DPM enables an asymmetrical use of pickup and display lens arrays, allowing the long-ranged pickup of far outdoor scenes and their resolution-enhanced 3-D reconstruction. Experiments with a pair of pickup and display lens arrays whose pitches and focal lengths are given by 7.5 mm, 30 mm and 1.2 mm, 8 mm, respectively, show that the effective pickup-range and resolution of the proposed system have been increased up to 6 m and 1600×1600 pixels, respectively, from 0.064 m and 480×480 pixels of the conventional systems employing the same pickup and display lens arrays. In addition, experiments with an implemented test bed confirms that the proposed system can provide real-time 3-D images in 25 frames per second.     

Optimal illumination and wave form design for imaging in random media

The problem of optimal illumination for selective array imaging of small and not well separated scatterers in clutter is considered. The imaging algorithms introduced are based on the coherent interferometric (CINT) imaging functional, which can be viewed as a smoothed version of travel-time migration. The smoothing gives statistical stability to the image but it also causes blurring. The trade-off between statistical stability and blurring is optimized with an adaptive version of CINT. The algorithm for optimal illumination and for selective array imaging uses CINT. It is a constrained optimization problem that is based on the quality of the image obtained with adaptive CINT. The resulting optimal illuminations and selectivity improve the resolution of the images significantly, as can be seen in the numerical simulations presented in the paper.     

位错点阵投影的三维数字成像

提出一种基于位错点阵投影的三维数字成像方法。该方法以二维点阵结构光顺序照明参考平面和被测物体表面,通过分析分别投影在参考平面和物体上的点阵的成像过程,建立投射在参考平面和被测物体表面上的点阵中同一点在成像面上横向位置错动与被测物体深度之间的数学模型。依据此模型,通过计算相对应点在成像平面上的横向位移。可计算出物体的深度图像。二维点阵可以在垂直于光轴的平面内做横向和纵向的两维移动,以填补由于离散而丢失的其他空间点的深度信息,获得高空间分辨率。实验验证了该方法的可行性,此方法对于拓扑复杂的表面和大梯度表面有较强的适应性。     

Performance-enhanced recognition of a far and partially occluded 3-D object by use of direct pixel-mapping in computational curving-effective integral imaging

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to enhance the recognition performance of a far and partially occluded three-dimensional (3-D) target in computational curving-effective integral imaging by using the direct pixel-mapping (DPM) method. With this scheme, the elemental image array (EIA) originally picked up from a far and partially occluded 3-D target can be converted into a new EIA just like the one virtually picked up from a target located close to the lenslet array. Due to this characteristic of DPM, resolution and quality of the reconstructed target image can be highly enhanced, which results in a significant improvement of recognition performance of a far 3-D object. In addition, the computational time required for reconstruction of a far 3-D target could be also reduced because the distance between the lenslet array and image plane is virtually shortened in the new EIA transformed by DPM. Experimental results reveal that image quality of the reconstructed target image and object recognition performance of the proposed system have been improved by 1.75 dB and 4.56% on the average in PSNR (peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio) and NCC (normalized correlation coefficient), respectively, compared to the conventional system.     

Aberration improvement of the floating 3D display system based on Tessar array and directional diffuser screen

The floating 3D display system based on Tessar array and directional diffuser screen is proposed. The directional diffuser screen can smoothen the gap of lens array and make the 3D image’s brightness continuous. The optical structure and aberration characteristics of the floating three-dimensional (3D) display system are analyzed. The simulation and experiment are carried out, which show that the 3D image quality becomes more and more deteriorative with the further distance of the image plane and the increasing viewing angle. To suppress the aberrations, the Tessar array is proposed according to the aberration characteristics of the floating 3D display system. A 3840?×?2160 liquid crystal display panel (LCD) with the size of 23.6 inches, a directional diffuser screen and a Tessar array are used to display the final 3D images. The aberrations are reduced and the definition is improved compared with that of the display with a single-lens array. The display depth of more than 20 cm and the viewing angle of more than 45° can be achieved.     

图象立体融合方法研究

本文讨论了医学图象立体融合的实现方法.利用小波变换技术,将CT与NMR图象进行融合处理,获得骨骼和软组织信息都清晰的2-D图象,采用有向图理论,重建3-D图象.所获得的3-D图象,可保证骨骼和软组织同时都清晰,从而实现图象的立体融合.     

基于热像仪的太赫兹成像及图像增强初步研究

初步利用美国生产的Pyrocam Ⅲ热像仪和SIFIR-50激光器构建了太赫兹(THz)面阵成像系统, 对20元人民币水印进行了2.52 THz激光成像实验, 探索了面阵成像机制和图像增强方法。针对5幅图像叠加后的太赫兹面阵图像, 研究了对比拉伸变换、直方图均衡化和中值滤波等图像增强方法的效果。实验结果表明, 利用此成像系统和后续的图像处理, 能够获得与成像物体较相似的图像; 对于比较暗的图像, 不能单靠对比拉伸变换。采用直方图均衡化方法效果较好, 在直方图均衡化后再运用中值滤波, 图像增强效果会更好。     

Robust image encryption by combined use of integral imaging and pixel scrambling techniques

A robust image encryption method by using the integral imaging and pixel scrambling (PS) techniques is proposed. In this method, pixels of the cover image are scrambled with the PS technique and elemental images for this scrambled image are picked up through a lenslet array. Subsequently, an encrypted image is obtained by scrambling these picked-up elemental images. Since this encrypted image has the hologram-like property of data redundancy resulted from the integral imaging scheme, while it can as well be decoded by multiple keys such as the orders of pixel scrambling and the pickup conditions of the elemental images, its security against the various attacks could be dramatically improved. Good experimental results also confirm that the proposed method could provide more enhanced robustness against data loss and Gaussian noises compared to the conventional methods.     

Three-dimensional visualization of objects in scattering medium using integral imaging and spectral analysis

This paper presents a three-dimensional visualization method of 3D objects in a scattering medium. The proposed method employs integral imaging and spectral analysis to improve the visual quality of 3D images. The images observed from 3D objects in the scattering medium such as turbid water suffer from image degradation due to scattering. The main reason is that the observed image signal is very weak compared with the scattering signal. Common image enhancement techniques including histogram equalization and contrast enhancement works improperly to overcome the problem. Thus, integral imaging that enables to integrate the weak signals from multiple images was discussed to improve image quality. In this paper, we apply spectral analysis to an integral imaging system such as the computational integral imaging reconstruction. Also, we introduce a signal model with a visibility parameter to analyze the scattering signal. The proposed method based on spectral analysis efficiently estimates the original signal and it is applied to elemental images. The visibility-enhanced elemental images are then used to reconstruct 3D images using a computational integral imaging reconstruction algorithm. To evaluate the proposed method, we perform the optical experiments for 3D objects in turbid water. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods.     

Continuous-wave terahertz digital holography by use of a pyroelectric array camera

Terahertz (THz) digital holography is realized based on a 2.52?THz far-IR gas laser and a commercial 124 × 124 pyroelectric array camera. Off-axis THz holograms are obtained by recording interference patterns between light passing through the sample and the reference wave. A numerical reconstruction process is performed to obtain the field distribution at the object surface. Different targets were imaged to test the system's imaging capability. Compared with THz focal plane images, the image quality of the reconstructed images are improved a lot. The results show that the system's imaging resolution can reach at least 0.4 mm. The system also has the potential for real-time imaging application. This study confirms that digital holography is a promising technique for real-time, high-resolution THz imaging, which has extensive application prospects.     

Volumetric imaging with an amplitude-steered array

Volumetric acoustic imaging is desirable for the visualization of underwater objects and structures; however, the implementation of a volumetric imaging system is difficult due to the high channel count of a fully populated two-dimensional array. Recently, a linear amplitude-steered array with a reduced electronics requirement was presented, which is capable of collecting a two-dimensional set of data with a single transmit pulse. In this study, we demonstrate the use of the linear amplitude-steered array and associated image formation algorithms for collecting and displaying volumetric data; that is, proof of principle of the amplitude-steering concept and the associated image formation algorithms is demonstrated. Range and vertical position are obtained by taking advantage of the frequency separation of a vertical linear amplitude-steered array. The third dimension of data is obtained by rotating the array such that the mainlobe is mechanically steered in azimuth. Data are collected in a water tank at the Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory for two targets: a ladder and three pipes. These data are the first experimental data collected with an amplitude-steered array for the purposes of imaging. The array is 10 cm in diameter and is operated in the frequency range of 80 to 304 kHz. Although the array is small for high-resolution imaging at these frequencies, the rungs of the ladder are recognizable in the images. The three pipes are difficult to discern in two of the projection images; however, the pipes separated in range are clear in the image showing vertical position versus range. The imaging concept is demonstrated on measured data, and the simulations agree well with the experimental results.     

A novel three-dimensional digital watermarking scheme basing on integral imaging

A novel integral imaging-based three-dimensional (3D) digital watermarking scheme is presented. In the proposed method, an elemental image array (EIA) obtained by recording the rays coming from a 3D object through a pinhole array in the integral imaging system is employed as a new 3D watermark. The EIA is composed of a number of small elemental images having their own perspectives of a 3D object, and from this recorded EIA various depth-dependent 3D object images can be reconstructed by using the computational integral imaging reconstruction (CIIR) technique. This 3D property of the EIA watermark can make a robust reconstruction of the watermark image available even though there are some data losses in the embedded watermark by attacks. To show the robustness of the proposed scheme against attacks, some experiments are carried out and the results are discussed.