空穴的绕射隔离效应和对后方应力波的削弱作用

以新型抗爆工程设计为背景,以改进的有限差分软件Renewto为手段,对含空穴的混凝土介质中应力波的衰减机制和演化规律进行了二维数值分析,通过改变空穴的位置和特征尺度等参数来考察空穴后方应力波的强度衰减及波形演化,从而对应力波传播中的空穴隔离效应进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,适当调整空穴的位置、尺寸等因素,可以在其后方明显减弱冲击波。还以计算结果为基础提出了一个应力削弱因子的拟合公式,为在抗爆防震工程中设计科学智能的防护层提供了一定的理论依据。     

Waves in a viscoelastic bar surrounded by soils under smooth loading

The results of numerical solution of the nonstationary wave problem of longitudinal wave propagation in the bar-soil system are given. The barmaterial and the soil are assumed to be linearly viscoelastic (standard linear body). A nonlinear interaction condition is satisfied on the bar-soil contact boundary. The laws of propagation of longitudinal waves and variations in the longitudinal stresses in the bar are determined depending on the mechanical characteristics of the soil and the bar and on the interaction parameters.     

Toward accurate hybrid prediction techniques for cavity flow noise applications

A large variety of hybrid computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approaches exist differing from each other in the way the source region is modeled, in the way the equations are used to compute the propagation of acoustic waves in a non-quiescent medium, and in the way the coupling between source and acoustic propagation regions is made. This paper makes a comparison between some commonly used numerical methods for aeroacoustic applications. The aerodynamically generated tonal noise by a flow over a 2D rectangular cavity is investigated. Two different cavities are studied. In the first cavity (L/D=4, M=0.5), the sound field is dominated by the cavity wake mode and its higher harmonics, originating from a periodical vortex shedding at the cavity leading edge. In the second cavity (L/D=2, M=0.6), shear-layer modes, due to flow-acoustic interaction phenomena, generate the major components in the noise spectrum. Source domain modeling is carried out using a second-order finite-volume large eddy simulation. Propagation equations, taking into account convection and refraction effects, are solved using high-order finite-difference schemes for the linearized Euler equations and the acoustic perturbation equations. Both schemes are compared with each other for various coupling methods between source region and acoustic region. Conventional acoustic analogies and Kirchhoff methods are rewritten for the various propagation equations and used to obtain near-field acoustic results. The accuracy of the various coupling methods in identifying the noise-generating mechanisms is evaluated. In this way, this paper provides more insight into the practical use of various hybrid CAA techniques to predict the aerodynamically generated sound field by a flow over rectangular cavities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A spherical wave in a viscoelastic half-space

The propagation of spherical waves in an isotropie elastic medium has been studied sufficiently completely (see, e.g., [1–4]). it is proved [5, 6] that in imperfect solid media, the formation and propagation of waves similar to waves in elastic media are possible. With the use of asymptotic transform inversion methods in [7] a problem of an internal point source in a viscoelastic medium was investigated. The problem of an explosion in rocks in a half-space was considered in [8]. A numerical Laplace transform inversion, proposed by Bellman, is presented in [9] for the study of the action of an explosive pulse on the surface of a spherical cavity in a viscoelastic medium of Voigt type. In the present study we investigate the propagation of a spherical wave formed from the action of a pulsed load on the internal surface of a spherical cavity in a viscoelastic half-space. The potentials of the waves propagating in the medium are constructed in the form of series in special functions. In order to realize viscoelasticity we use a correspondence method [10]. The transform inversion is carried out by means of a representation of the potentials in integral form and subsequent use of asymptotic methods for their calculation. Thus, it becomes possible to investigate the behavior of a medium near the wave fronts. The radial stress is calculated on the surface of the cavity.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 139–146, March–April, 1976.     

Generation and propagation of pressure waves in supersonic deep-cavity flows

The mechanism behind cavity-induced pressure oscillations in supersonic flows past a deep rectangular cavity is not well understood despite several investigations having been carried out. In particular, the process by which the pressure wave is generated and the path of the pressure wave propagating inside the cavity remains unclear. In the present study, the pressure waves around a deep rectangular cavity over which nitrogen gas flows at a Mach number of 1.7 are visualized using the schlieren method. The length of the cavity is 14.0?mm. The depths of the cavity are selected as 20.0?and 11.7?mm, corresponding to length-to-depth ratios of 0.70 and 1.2, respectively. The pressure waves propagating inside as well as outside the cavity have been successfully visualized using a high-speed camera, and the propagation pattern of these waves is found to be different from that previously predicted by numerical simulation and from those expected in previous oscillation models. In addition, the pressure oscillation near the trailing edge of the cavity is also measured using semiconductor-type pressure transducers simultaneously with the capture of the schlieren images. As a result, the relationship between the shear-layer motion, pressure-wave generation, and pressure oscillation at the trailing edge of the cavity is clarified experimentally.     

基于DES的高雷诺数空腔噪声数值模拟

发展出一套基于SA-DES和SST—DES模型,对三维超音速空腔流动进行数值模拟的方法和程序。采用混合网格有限体积方法求解非定常流场,时间离散采用基于LU—SGS隐式格式的双时间步长方法。采用可压缩物面函数来减少进行高雷诺数数值模拟时物面粘性网格的数量。对比了一方程SA-DES和两方程SST—DES计算得到的涡量和压强...     

空化可压缩流动空穴溃灭激波特性研究

为深入研究空化可压缩流动中空泡/空泡团溃灭过程中激波产生、传播及其与空穴相互作用规律,本文采用数值模拟方法对空化可压缩流动空穴溃灭激波特性展开了研究.数值计算基于OpenFOAM开源程序,综合考虑蒸汽相和液相的压缩性,通过在原无相变两相可压缩求解器的控制方程中耦合模拟空化汽液相间质量交换的源项,实现了对空化流动的非定常可压缩计算.利用上述考虑汽/液相可压缩性的空化流动求解器,对周期性云状空化流动进行了数值模拟,并重点研究了空穴溃灭激波特性.结果表明:上述数值计算方法可以准确捕捉到空穴非定常演化过程及大尺度脱落空泡云团溃灭激波现象,大尺度脱落空泡云团溃灭过程分为3个阶段:(1) U型空泡团形成; (2) U型空泡团头部溃灭; (3) U型空泡团腿部溃灭.在U 型空泡团腿部溃灭瞬间,观察到激波产生,并向上游和下游传播,向上游传播的激波与空穴相互作用,导致水翼吸力面新生的附着型片状空穴回缩,直至完全溃灭.并且空穴溃灭激波存在回弹现象, 抑制了下一周期的空化发展.      

Propagation of one-dimensional elastoviscoplastic waves in composite materials

We consider the problems of propagation of elastic and elastoviscoplastic waves in laminated and fiber composites on the basis of the two-velocity model proposed in [1]. We study plane waves propagating parallel to the fibers and waves propagating in the perpendicular direction. We compare our solutions with the experimental results presented in the literature [2, 3] for several specific composites (carbon-filled plastics, boron plastics, and wolfram fibers in aluminum matrix). The coincidence between the theoretical results and experimental data is shown to be good. To understand the typical features of propagation of nonstationary waves in composites, we solved several one-dimensional problems about the propagation of both elastic and elastoviscoplastic waves in laminated and fiber composites. We compare the solutions obtained using the one-velocity and two-velocity models [1, 4] with the results of experiments and the results obtained in the literature using different models, which permits estimating the accuracy of both models and the numerical method in question. We use the numerical method of characteristics to improve the accuracy of calculations in the solution of the resulting systems of hyperbolic equations.     

Further study on effect of concrete defense layer on evolution mechanism of stress-waves

The Taylor–Chen–Kuszmaul model, which regards the dynamic fracture process of brittle materials as a continuous accrual of damage, has been successfully applied to simulate rock blast and concrete penetration. This paper employs the TCK damage model to numerical study on the effect of perforated concrete defense layer on evolution mechanism of blast-induced stress waves. The numerical results reveal that the tensile damage near free boundary should be noteworthy under a higher blast loading, and the peak values of hydrostatic pressure beneath an artificial cavity are largely reduced. The effects of cavity dimensions and position on wave evolution and reduction are detailedly explored. One empirical formula is proposed to relate the decay factor of peak hydrostatic pressure to the dimensions and relative position of cavity.     

EFFECT OF FRACTIONAL ORDER PARAMETER ON THERMOELASTIC BEHAVIORS IN INFINITE ELASTIC MEDIUM WITH A CYLINDRICAL CAVITY

The thermal shock problems involved with fractional order generalized theory is studied by an analytical method. The asymptotic solutions for thermal responses induced by transient thermal shock are derived by means of the limit theorem of Laplace transform. An infinite solid with a cylindrical cavity subjected to a thermal shock at its inner boundary is studied. The propagation of thermal wave and thermal elastic wave, as well as the distributions of displacement,temperature and stresses are obtained from these asymptotic solutions. The investigation on the effect of fractional order parameter on the propagation of two waves is also conducted.     

Wave propagation in thermally conducting linear fibre-reinforced composite materials

The propagation of plane waves in a fibre-reinforced, anisotropic, generalized thermoelastic media is discussed. The governing equations in x–y plane are solved to obtain a cubic equation in phase velocity. Three coupled waves, namely quasi-P, quasi-SV and quasi-thermal waves are shown to exist. The propagation of Rayleigh waves in stress free thermally insulated and transversely isotropic fibre-reinforced thermoelastic solid half-space is also investigated. The frequency equation is obtained for these waves. The velocities of the plane waves are shown graphically with the angle of propagation. The numerical results are also compared to those without thermal disturbances and anisotropy parameters.     

Numerical investigation of three-dimensional shock focusing effects by an invariant difference scheme

Symmetry preserving difference schemes which are found on the basis of the Lie-group theory for partial differential equations applied to their first differential approximations are used to simulate the evolution and reflection of shock waves in a cubical cavity with rigid walls and walls with outflow boundary conditions. The explicit difference scheme was used for a shock capturing technique to find and trace the discontinuities in the flow field. The numerical model is based on the strong conservative form of the three-dimensional time-dependent Euler equations with an equation of state for an ideal gas. The three-dimensional time-dependent shock waves which are created by a centered gas volume under high pressure interact with the plane walls of the cavity and lead to focusing effects after the explosion. To follow the propagation of strong plane or spherical shock waves the shock capturing method was proved to be sufficient concerning the spatial resolution of the discontinuities. When interacting with the rigid walls of the cavity the shock waves are assumed to be reflected specularly and to interact with shock waves and contact discontinuities moving from the center to the edges and corners of the cavity. The symmetry preserving character of the invariant difference scheme under use was proved numerically by calculations over long time. No significant deviation of the symmetry character of the imposed initial distribution was found. Additionally, a numerical analysis of the conservation of energy in the cube was performed to find the behavior of the energy in time.     

HLLE++格式在高马赫数空腔流动模拟中的应用

空腔流动存在剪切层运动、涡脱落与破裂,以及激波与激波、激波与剪切层、激波与膨胀波和激波/涡/剪切层相互干扰等现象,流动非常复杂,特别是高马赫数(M>2)时,剪切层和激波更强,激波与激波干扰更严重,对数值格式的要求更高,既需要格式耗散小,对分离涡等有很高的模拟精度,又需要格式在激波附近具有较大的耗散,可以很好地捕捉激波,防止非物理解的出现。Roe和HLLC等近似Riemann解格式在高马赫数强激波处可能会出现红玉现象,而HLLE++格式大大改善了这种缺陷,在捕捉高超声速激波时避免了红玉现象的发生,同时还保持在光滑区域的低数值耗散特性。本文在结构网格下HLLE++格式的基础上,通过改进激波探测的求解,建立了基于非结构混合网格的HLLE++计算方法,通过无粘斜坡算例,验证了HLLE++格式模拟高马赫数流动的能力,并应用于高马赫数空腔流动的数值模拟,开展了网格和湍流模型影响研究,验证了方法模拟高马赫数空腔流动的可靠性和有效性。     

Electromechanical nonstationary thickness vibrations of a piezoceramic layer

The methods of characteristics and difference schemes are used to study the nonstationary thickness vibrations of a piezoelectric layer polarized across the thickness and subjected to electrical and mechanical loads. The propagation of waves under loading of various types is studied. The dynamic electroelastic state of the layer is analyzed. It is established that the characteristics of the electroelastic state are in a linear relationship     

A numerical method for the determination of weakly non‐hydrostatic non‐linear free surface wave propagation

A numerical method is described that may be used to determine the propagation characteristics of weakly non‐hydrostatic non‐linear free surface waves over a general, bottom topography. In shallow water of constant undisturbed depth, such waves are equivalent to the familiar cnoidal waves characterized by sharp crests and relatively flat troughs. For a certain range of parameters, these propagate without change of form by virtue of the weakly non‐hydrostatic balance in the vertical momentum equation. Effectively, this counters the tendency for the non‐linearity in a purely hydrostatic theory to lead to a continuously deforming surface wave profile. The realistic representation furnished by cnoidal wave theory of free surface waves in the shallow near‐shore zone has led to its utilization in evaluating their propagation characteristics. Nonetheless, the classic analytical theory is inapplicable to the case of wave propagation over a sloping beach or off‐shore sand bar topography. Under these conditions, a local change in form of the surface wave profile is anticipated before the waves break and knowing this is required in order to evaluate fully the propagation process. The efficacy of the numerical method is first demonstrated by comparing the solution for water of constant depth with the evaluation of the analytical solution expressed in terms of the Jacobian elliptic function cn. The general method described in the paper is then illustrated by experiments to determine the change in profile of weakly non‐hydrostatic non‐linear surface waves propagating over bed forms representative of those found in shallow coastal seas. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evolution of finite perturbations in a viscoelastic relaxing liquid with gas bubbles

The propagation of one-dimensional perturbations in a viscoelastic relaxing liquid containing gas bubbles is investigated within the framework of the homogeneous model of the medium when the wavelength of the perturbation is much larger than the distance between the bubbles and the bubble radius. The evolution of stationary and nonstationary waves is investigated analytically and with the use of numerical integration; shock waves are also investigated. The results are compared with the behavior of perturbation waves in a Newtonian liquid with gaseous inclusions. The models of the gas-liquid medium [1, 2] are generalized to the case when the liquid phase is a viscoelastic liquid, for example, a weak aqueous solution of polymers. The propagation of longwave perturbations of finite amplitude in such a mixture is investigated using the technique developed in [3].     

Pulsating regime corresponding to an obstacle in a stationary inhomogeneous flow

The pulsating regime produced by the presence of a cylindrical cavity in a stationary inhomogeneous supersonic flow is simulated mathematically. The system of equations for an inviscid thermally nonconducting gas is solved by a numerical method based on a two-step difference scheme of second order of approximation. This method makes it possible to calculate in each time step the complete flow field at once, which makes it possible to follow the development of the nonstationary flow, which in the present case is a pulsating flow. The flow pattern in the pulsating regime is studied in detail. The pressure pulsations in the cavity are due to the alternating passage through it of shock waves and rarefaction waves, and the pulsations are nonlinear. The influence of the basic parameters on the characteristics of the pulsating flow is studied and some estimates are made.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 64–71, September–October, 1979.     

Numerical simulation of pollutant transport acted by wave for a shallow water sea bay

A numerical model of pollutant transport acted by water waves on a shallow‐water mild‐slope beach is established in this study. The numerical model is combined with a wave propagation model, a multiple wave‐breaking model, a wave‐induced current model and a pollutant convection–dispersion model. The wave propagation model is based on the higher‐order approximation of parabolic mild‐slope equation which can be used to simulate the wave refraction, diffraction and breaking in a large area of near‐shore zone combined with the wave‐breaking model. The wave‐induced current model is established using the concept of the radiation stress and considering the effect of bottom resistance caused by waves. The numerical model is verified by laboratory experiment results of regular and irregular waves over two mild beaches with different slopes. The numerical results agree well with experimental results. The numerical model has been applied in the near‐shore zone of Bohai bay in China. It is concluded that pollutant transport parallel to the shoreline due to the action of waves, which will induce serious pollution on the beach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electroelastic stress state of a piezoceramic body with a paraboloidal cavity

The static equilibrium of an electroelastic transversely isotropic space with a paraboloidal cavity under axisymmetric mechanical and electric loads is analyzed. Paraboloidal coordinates and special harmonic functions are used to obtain an exact solution. The distribution of stresses and electric-flux density over the surface of the cavity subject to internal pressure is analyzed as an example __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 42, No. 9, pp. 59–69, September 2006.     

A problem for an infinite elastic body with a spherical cavity in the theory of generalized thermoelastic diffusion

In this work, we study a one-dimensional problem in a generalized thermoelastic diffusion in infinite medium with a spherical cavity subjected to a time dependent thermal shock of its internal boundary which is assumed to be traction free. The chemical potential is also assumed to be a known function of time on the bounding cavity. Laplace transform techniques are used. The solution of the problem in the transformed domain is obtained by using a direct approach without the customary use of potential functions. By means of numerical Laplace inversion, the problem is solved in the physical domain. Numerical results predict finite speeds of propagation for thermoelastic and diffusive waves. To investigate the diffusions effects, a comparison is made with the results obtained in the thermoelastic problem.