根据太阳辐射反演沙尘粒子光学厚度个案分析

本文利用邱金桓提出的根据总直接太阳辐射反演0.75微米的气溶胶光学厚度的方法,以2002年3月20日至3月22日发生在我国的沙尘天气为例,使用中国气象局国家卫星气象中心提供的总直接太阳辐射观测资料,以三个观测站点:阿克苏、吐鲁番和福山为例,反演沙尘粒子光学厚度的日变化,并进行了对比检验。结果表明同一地点一天中早晚沙尘粒子光学厚度较小,中午较大;不同地点的沙尘粒子光学厚度随着该地点离沙尘源头的远近而不同,当距离越近时,沙尘粒子光学厚度的值也就越大,反之则越小,这与沙尘粒子迁移性的特点相适应。     

基于荧光玻璃的高效LED白光技术

采用高温熔融法制备了一定质量比例的SiO_2-YAG∶Ce~(3+)片状荧光玻璃,厚度为0.2 mm,分析其XRD物相、光学和SEM微观结构、PL光谱。结果表明:荧光玻璃保留了晶相,荧光粉颗粒在玻璃基质中均匀分布,荧光玻璃和荧光粉的激发响应关系一致。在465 nm蓝光激发下,发射波长均在535 nm附近,表明荧光玻璃除含有玻璃相,还有荧光粉的物质结构特性。将不同波长蓝光芯片与不同荧光粉含量的荧光玻璃进行封装测试,结果表明:器件的流明效率可达到234.81 lm/W;色温和显色指数均随荧光粉含量增加而单调下降,呈现高色温和低显色指数;荧光粉质量分数从6%增加至15%时,不同波长激发下的色坐标x与y呈现大致相同的线性变化率。采用450 nm激光激发荧光玻璃,测试样品温度变化发现温升较缓,温降迅速,耐热性能优越。实验结果表明,将荧光玻璃用于LED白光照明封装,能实现流明效率和耐热性能的大幅提升,形成良好的白光输出。     

Influence of cosmic dust on the Earth’s cloudiness,albedo, and climate

The influence of dust coming from space into the Earth’s atmosphere on cloudiness, albedo, and climate is discussed. It is shown that the climate changes that have occurred recently and in the distant past could be associated with this dust. A cooling of the Earth’s climate in the first half of the 21st century is predicted. This prediction is based on a spectral analysis of temperature data from a global network of weather stations for 1880–2006 using information about the motions of planets that control the entry of dust from space into the Earth’s atmosphere.     

A consistent LES/filtered-density function formulation for the simulation of turbulent flames with detailed chemistry

A hybrid large-Eddy simulation/filtered-density function (LES–FDF) methodology is formulated for simulating variable density turbulent reactive flows. An indirect feedback mechanism coupled with a consistency measure based on redundant density fields contained in the different solvers is used to construct a robust algorithm. Using this novel scheme, a partially premixed methane/air flame is simulated. To describe transport in composition space, a 16-species reduced chemistry mechanism is used along with the interaction-by-exchange with the mean (IEM) model. For the micro-mixing model, typically a constant ratio of scalar to mechanical time-scale is assumed. This parameter can have substantial variations and can strongly influence the combustion process. Here, a dynamic time-scale model is used to prescribe the mixing time-scale, which eliminates the time-scale ratio as a model constant. Two different flame configurations, namely, Sandia flames D and E are studied. Comparison of simulated radial profiles with experimental data show good agreement for both flames. The LES–FDF simulations accurately predict the increased extinction near the inlet and re-ignition further downstream. The conditional mean profiles show good agreement with experimental data for both flames.     

Phase synchronization in two coupled chaotic neurons

Chaotically-spiking dynamics of Hindmarsh–Rose neurons are discussed based on a flexible definition of phase for chaotic flow. The phase synchronization of two coupled chaotic neurons is in fact the spike synchronization. As a multiple time-scale model, the coupled HR neurons have quite different behaviors from the Rössler oscillators only having single time-scale mechanism. Using such a multiple time-scale model, the phase function can detect synchronization dynamics that cannot be distinguished by cross-correlation. Moreover, simulation results show that the Lyapunov exponents cannot be used as a definite criterion for the occurrence of chaotic phase synchronization for such a system. Evaluation of the phase function shows its utility in analyzing nonlinear neural systems.     

Dust Self‐Organized Structures II. Solutions of Master Equations for Small Diffusion

Master equations for spherical dust structures are solved numerically using the asymptotic solutions at the center of the structures for the case of absence of external ionization and small diffusions. The structures are determined by a single parameter, the external plasma flux at the surface of the structure. The equilibrium states that are possible in a limited range of this parameter are investigated numerically. It is demonstrated that in the range of existence of equilibria the structures are changing their shapes and type of distributions inside the structures. For large external fluxes the ion and dust distributions can have peaks inside the structures while for low external fluxes the dust distribution has a single maximum at the structure center. The lower is the external flux supporting the structure the larger is its size. An increase of the external flux decreases the accumulation of dust and ions at the center. The total number of dust confined by the structure is larger for larger size structures. Estimates of dust crystallization inside structures are given. The role of diffusion is calculated by perturbations and is shown to be small in all structure regions except the structure edges. In the perturbation theory we use the exact expressions of the diffusion coefficients calculated previously numerically. The regions with dust density peaks inside the structures have been calculated with two order of magnitude larger precision that allows to resolve the structure parameter dependencies inside the peaks. It is shown that although in peaks the gradients of all parameters are increased the diffusion flux is still small and that the continuity and hydrodynamic approach are applicable within an accuracy about several %‐s (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Levitation and dynamics of a collection of dust particles in afully ionized plasma sheath

Examines the dynamics of a collection of charged dust particles in the plasma sheath above a large body in a fully ionized space plasma when the radius of the large body is much larger than the sheath thickness. The dust particles are charged by the plasma, and the forces on the dust particles are assumed to be from the electric field in the sheath and from gravitation only. These forces will often act in opposite directions and may balance, making dust suspension and collection possible. The dust particles are supplied by injection or by electrostatic levitation. The ability of the sheath to collect dust particles, will be optimal for a certain combination of gravitation and plasma and dust particle parameters. In a dense dust sheath, the charges on the dust particles contribute significantly to the total space charge, and collective effects become important. These effects will reduce the magnitude of the sheath electric field strength and the charge on the dust particles. As dust particles are collected, the dust sheath is stretched and the largest dust particles may drop out, because the sheath is no longer able to suspend them. In a tenuous dust sheath, the inner layer, from the surface and about one Debye length thick, will be unstable for dust particle motion, and dust will not collect there. In a dense dust sheath, collective effects will decrease the thickness of this inner dust-free layer, making dust collection closer to the surface possible. By linearization of the force and current equations, the necessary and sufficient conditions for a stable dust sheath are found. The authors consider conditions which resemble those of planetary system bodies, but the results may also be of relevance to some laboratory plasmas     

Effect of Second Nonthermal Ion on the Characteristics of Dust Acoustic Solitary Waves in a Magnetized Dusty Plasma with Variable Dust Charge

The nonlinear dust acoustic solitary waves in a magnetized dusty plasma with nonthermal ions and variable dust electric charge is studied analytically. Using reductive perturbation method the Zakharov‐Kuznetsov (ZK) equation is derived and effect of nonthermal coefficient, external magnetic field, and variable dust electric charge on the amplitude and width of soliton in dusty plasma is investigated. With increasing the rate of dust charge variation with respect of plasma potential, the amplitude of generated solitary waves in magnetized dusty plasma increases to a constant magnitude while its width decreases. Increasing the nonthermal ions coefficient leads to a noticeable decrease in the amplitude of solitons while the width of soliton increases. The amplitude of generated solitary waves in such a dusty plasma is independent of applied external magnetic field but we will have more localized solitons with increasing the external magnetic field strength. It is found that solitons are strongly influenced by the direction of external magnetic field. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Sensor location selection for structures via identifiability analysis in the time-scale domain

Sensor location selection for structures is demonstrated via identifiability analysis. The sensitivities of sensor outputs to structural stiffness coefficients are computed by a model and transformed via continuous wavelet transforms into the time-scale domain to characterize their shape attributes and accentuate their differences. Regions are then sought in the time-scale plane wherein the wavelet coefficient of an output sensitivity surpasses all the others’ as indication of the sensitivity's uniqueness. This yields a comprehensive account of identifiability by each output for individual stiffness coefficients as the basis for output selection. The proposed output selection strategy is demonstrated for an eight-storey building frame model.     

An electrostatic precipitator system for the Martian environment

Human exploration missions to Mars will require the development of technologies for the utilization of the planet's own resources for the production of commodities. However, the Martian atmosphere contains large amounts of dust. The extraction of commodities from this atmosphere requires prior removal of this dust. We report on our development of an electrostatic precipitator able to collect Martian simulated dust particles in atmospheric conditions approaching those of Mars. Extensive experiments with an initial prototype in a simulated Martian atmosphere showed efficiencies of 99%. The design of a second prototype with aerosolized Martian simulated dust in a flow-through is described.     

Time and scale Hurst exponent analysis for financial markets

We use a new method of studying the Hurst exponent with time and scale dependency. This new approach allows us to recover the major events affecting worldwide markets (such as the September 11th terrorist attack) and analyze the way those effects propagate through the different scales. The time-scale dependence of the referred measures demonstrates the relevance of entropy measures in distinguishing the several characteristics of market indices: “effects” include early awareness, patterns of evolution as well as comparative behaviour distinctions in emergent/established markets.     

Hierarchical pattern of superdiffusion

Under the assumption of slow evolution of the cluster structure of walker positions, the kinetic equation is derived, according to which the Lévy law is fulfilled on the mesoscopic time-scale, while the system tends to the generalized Tsallis distribution on the macroscopic time-scale. The asymptotics are found for the time dependences of the hierarchy characteristic scale and the probability distribution over the hierarchical levels.     

On kinetic Alfvén waves in a dusty plasma

The dispersion and damping of a dust-modified kinetic Alfvén wave, and a lower frequency dust kinetic Alfvén wave, is investigated in a dusty plasma comprising electrons, ions, and negative dust. It is found that, when dust dynamics is neglected, the presence of cold dust modifies the usual kinetic Alfvén wave dispersion and damping owing to the inequality of the electron and ion densities. The dispersion relation of the dust kinetic Alfvén wave, with frequency below the dust cyclotron frequency, depends on the density and temperature parameters of all three species, and the wave damping is due to both electrons and ions.     

Radiotracer Evaluation of Laterite and Coal-Ash Dust Discharged into Environment

Abstract

In Elbasan steel plant a large quantity of dust is discharged into the environment by laterite fluidized bed calciner and the coal boiler for steam production.

By means of radiotracers the erosion of the laterite in the fluidized bed calciner was estimated experimentally. Based on the experimental data a mathematical model has been constructed for the erosion, which permits calculation of the mass of the dust deriving from erosion when the granulometric composition of the mineral on entry to the calciner is known.

The efficiency of two types of cyclones in laterite calciner and coal boiler, for three granulometric classes of laterite dust and coal-ash was studied.

Ways for reducing the quantity of dust discharged into environment are proposed.     

Parametric Study of Nonplanar Dust Acoustic Solitons in Two‐Dimensional Superthermal Dusty Plasmas

The nonlinear properties of two dimensional low‐frequency electrostatic excitations of charged dust particles (or defects) are studied in a collisionless, unmagnetized dusty plasma. A fully ionized three‐component model plasma consisting of kappa distributed electrons, Maxwellian ions, and negatively charged massive dust grains is considered. In this regard, the well known reductive perturbation technique is used to the hydrodynamical equations and the Poisson equation, obtaining the cylindrical Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (CKP) equation. A parametric investigation indicates that the structural characteristics of these nonlinear excitations (width, amplitude) are significantly affected by the plasma nonthermality as well as by the relevant plasma parameters, such as dust concentration and dust temperature. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Research on Multi-Dimensional Optimal Location Selection of Maintenance Station Based on Big Data of Vehicle Trajectory

In order to rationally lay out the location of automobile maintenance service stations, a method of location selection of maintenance service stations based on vehicle trajectory big data is proposed. Taking the vehicle trajectory data as the demand points, the demand points are divided according to the region by using the idea of zoning, and the location of the second-level maintenance station is selected for each region. The second-level maintenance stations selected in the whole country are set as the demand points of the first-level maintenance stations. Considering the objectives of the two dimensions of cost and service level, the location model of the first-level maintenance stations under two-dimensional programming is established, and the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm and immune algorithm, respectively, are used to solve the problem. In this way, the first-level maintenance stations in each region are obtained. The example verification shows that the location selection results for the maintenance stations using the vehicle trajectory big data are reasonable and closer to the actual needs.     

A New Method Based on Time-Varying Filtering Intrinsic Time-Scale Decomposition and General Refined Composite Multiscale Sample Entropy for Rolling-Bearing Feature Extraction

The early fault diagnosis of rolling bearings has always been a difficult problem due to the interference of strong noise. This paper proposes a new method of early fault diagnosis for rolling bearings with entropy participation. First, a new signal decomposition method is proposed in this paper: intrinsic time-scale decomposition based on time-varying filtering. It is introduced into the framework of complete ensemble intrinsic time-scale decomposition with adaptive noise (CEITDAN). Compared with traditional intrinsic time-scale decomposition, intrinsic time-scale decomposition based on time-varying filtering can improve frequency-separation performance. It has strong robustness in the presence of noise interference. However, decomposition parameters (the bandwidth threshold and B-spline order) have significant impacts on the decomposition results of this method, and they need to be artificially set. Aiming to address this problem, this paper proposes rolling-bearing fault diagnosis optimization based on an improved coyote optimization algorithm (COA). First, the minimal generalized refined composite multiscale sample entropy parameter was used as the objective function. Through the improved COA algorithm, optimal intrinsic time-scale decomposition parameters based on time-varying filtering that match the input signal are obtained. By analyzing generalized refined composite multiscale sample entropy (GRCMSE), whether the mode component is dominated by the fault signal is determined. The signal is reconstructed and decomposed again. Finally, the mode component with the highest energy in the central frequency band is selected for envelope spectrum variation for fault diagnosis. Lastly, simulated and experimental signals were used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Spherical Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Solitons in a Suprathermal Complex Plasma

The nonlinear aspects of nonplanar dust acoustic (DA) solitary waves are investigated in an unmagnetized complex plasma comprising of cold dust grains,kappa-distributed ions as well as electrons.The nonplanar DA solitons are studied based on the reductive perturbation technique.It is shown that the evolution of DA solitons is governed by a spherical Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (sKP) equation and then the impact of suprathermality on the spatial structure as well as the nature of DA soliton is studied.It seems that the properties of DA solitons in nonplanar geometry are quite different from that of the planar solitons.     

On the Effects of Gaps and Uses of Approximation Functions on the Time-Scale Signal Analysis: A Case Study Based on Space Geophysical Events

The presence of gaps is quite common in signals related to space science phenomena. Usually, this presence prevents the direct use of standard time-scale analysis because this analysis needs equally spaced data; it is affected by the time series borders (boundaries), and gaps can cause an increase of internal borders. Numerical approximations can be used to estimate the records whose entries are gaps. However, their use has limitations. In many practical cases, these approximations cannot faithfully reproduce the original signal behaviour. Alternatively, in this work, we compare an adapted wavelet technique (gaped wavelet transform), based on the continuous wavelet transform with Morlet wavelet analysing function, with two other standard approximation methods, namely, spline and Hermite cubic polynomials. This wavelet method does not require an approximation of the data on the gap positions, but it adapts the analysing wavelet function to deal with the gaps. To perform our comparisons, we use 120 magnetic field time series from a well-known space geophysical phenomena and we select and classify their gaps. Then, we analyse the influence of these methods in two time-scale tools. As conclusions, we observe that when the gaps are small (very few points sequentially missing), all the methods work well. However, with large gaps, the adapted wavelet method presents a better performance in the time-scale representation. Nevertheless, the cubic Hermite polynomial approximation is also an option when a reconstruction of the data is also needed, with the price of having a worse time-scale representation than the adapted wavelet method.