Photomagnetic properties of iron(II) spin crossover complexes of 2,6-dipyrazolylpyridine and 2,6-dipyrazolylpyrazine ligands

The photomagnetic properties of the following iron(II) complexes have been investigated: [Fe(L1)2][BF4]2, [Fe(L2)2][BF4]2, [Fe(L2)2][ClO4]2, [Fe(L3)2][BF4]2, [Fe(L3)2][ClO4]2 and [Fe(L4)2][ClO4]2 (L1 = 2,6-di{pyrazol-1-yl}pyridine; L2 = 2,6-di{pyrazol-1-yl}pyrazine; L3 = 2,6-di{pyrazol-1-yl}-4-{hydroxymethyl}pyridine; and L4 = 2,6-di{4-methylpyrazol-1-yl}pyridine). Compounds display a complete thermal spin transition centred between 200-300 K, and undergo the light-induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST) effect at low temperatures. The T(LIESST) relaxation temperature of the photoinduced high-spin state for each compound has been determined. The presence of sigmoidal kinetics in the HS --> LS relaxation process, and the observation of LITH hysteresis loops under constant irradiation, demonstrate the cooperative nature of the spin transitions undergone by these materials. All the compounds in this study follow a previously proposed linear relation between T(LIESST) and their thermal spin-transition temperatures T(1/2): T(LIESST) = T(0)- 0.3T(1/2). T(0) for these compounds is identical to that found previously for another family of iron(II) complexes of a related tridentate ligand, the first time such a comparison has been made. Crystallographic characterisation of the high- and low-spin forms, the light-induced high-spin state, and the low-spin complex [Fe(L4)2][BF4]2, are described.     

Synthesis of 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4-bromomethylpyridine, and its conversion to other 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridines substituted at the pyridine ring

Two routes to 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxymethylpyridine (1) from 2,6-dihydroxy-isonicotinic acid, in four and six steps, are reported. Reaction of 1 with 48% HBr yields 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4-bromomethylpyridine (2), which is a powerful precursor to a range of new tridentate ligands for transition metals functionalised at the pyridine ring. As a proof of principle, we describe the further elaboration of 2 to give two 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridines bearing nucleobase substituents, and the back-to-back ligand 1,2-bis[2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyrid-4-yl]ethane. Crystal structures of two of these new derivatives are presented.     

Spin State of the Iron(II) and Cobalt(II) 2,6-Di(5-Amino-1H-Pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine Complexes in Solution and in Crystal

Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry - The cobalt(II) and iron(II) complexes with 2,6-di(5-amino-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine (L), CoL2(ClO4)2 (I) and FeL2(ClO4)2 (II), are synthesized by the...     

Synthesis,structures and physicochemical properties of two two-dimensional coordination polymers based on 3,5-di(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)pyridine

Transition Metal Chemistry - Two-dimensional coordination polymers [Co(L)(PDA)·H2O]n (1) and [Cd(L)(OBA)·4H2O]n (2) [L?=?3,5-di(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)pyridine,...     

Tuning the spin-transition properties of pyrene-decorated 2,6-bispyrazolylpyridine based Fe(II) complexes

Two 2,6-bispyrazolylpyridine ligands (bpp) were functionalized with pyrene moieties through linkers of different lengths. In the ligand 2,6-di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-(pyren-1-yl)pyridine (L1) the pyrene group is directly connected to the bpp moiety via a C-C single bond, while in the ligand 4-(2,6-di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl-4-(pyren-1-yl)butanoate (L2) it is separated by a benzyl ester group involving a flexible butanoic chain. Subsequent complexation of Fe(II) salts revealed dramatic the influence of the nature of the pyrene substitution on the spin-transition behaviour of the resulting complexes. Thus, compound [Fe(L1)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (1) is blocked in its high spin state due to constraints caused by a strong intermolecular π-π stacking in its structure. On the other hand, the flexible chain of ligand L2 in compounds [Fe(L2)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (2) and [Fe(L2)(2)](BF(4))(2)·CH(3)CN·H(2)O (3) prevents structural constraints allowing for reversible spin transitions. Temperature-dependent studies of the photophysical properties of compound 3 do not reveal any obvious correlation between the fluorescence of the pyrene group and the spin state of the spin transition core.     

Unexpected product distributions in the synthesis of 2,6-bis-(indazolyl)pyridine and 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)-6-(indazolyl)pyridine

Reaction of 2-bromopyridine with 2 equiv of sodium indazolide in diglyme at 140 °C affords 2,6-bis-(indazol-1-yl)pyridine and 2-(indazol-1-yl)-6-(indazol-2-yl)pyridine in purified yields of 24% and 68% respectively. A similar reaction, using 1 equiv of sodium indazolide at 70 °C, gives a low-yield mixture of 2-(indazol-1-yl)-6-bromopyridine and 2-(indazol-2-yl)-6-bromopyridine. Both these intermediates are transformed into 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)-6-(indazol-1-yl)pyridine and 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine upon treatment with 1 equiv of sodium pyrazolide in diglyme at 140 °C. These observations imply that the indazolyl group is a leaving group comparable to a bromo substituent under nucleophilic attack by pyrazolide or indazolide ions under these conditions. No reaction was observed between 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)-6-bromopyridine and 1 equiv of sodium indazolide under the same conditions. A single crystal structure of its iron(II) complex confirmed the regiochemistry of 2,6-bis-(indazol-1-yl)pyridine, and revealed significant conformational flexibility in the distal ligand indazolyl groups.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance characteristics of some non-heme low-spin iron(III) complexes

We have recorded the powder EPR-spectra of some near octahedral iron(III) complexes with tridentate ligands donors and analysed their spectra with simple ligand field analysis and for some cases with the angular overlap model (AOM). We have determined the electron praramagnetic resonance (EPR) characteristic of bis 1,4,7-triazacyclonane iron(III)chloride at 4 K and found that it was similar to the characteristics of the so-called 'highly anisotropic low spin' complexes. We have recorded the powder spectra of bis (2,6-bis(benzimidazoly-2-yl)pyridine) iron(III) perchlorate and made an AOM-analyses of the structural similar complex bis-(2,6 (N-carbamoyl)-pyridine) iron(III). With a combination of ligand field analyses and AOM, we could determine the pi-donor properties of these ligands. The same approach have been used to determine the pi-donor properties of the hydroperoxo ligand. Finally we have recorded the powder EPR-spectrum of [Fe(CN)6]3- doped in K3[Co(CN)6] and [Co(NH3)6][Co(CN)6] at 4 and 100 K and in water at 4 K. The spectra are interpreted as the effect of a dynamic Jahn-Teller distortion.     

Convenient synthesis of tridentate 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4-carboxypyridine and tetradentate 6,6′-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine ligands

Citrazinic acid is used as a convenient starting material for both tridentate 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridine and tetradentate 6,6′-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine ligands containing carboxylic groups useful for further anchoring of sensitizer on TiO₂ for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Using 2,6-dichloro-4-carboxypyridine, the synthesis of the terdentate ligands was improved compared to previously used 2,6-dibromo-4-carboxypyridine or 2,6-dichloro-4-ethylcarboxylate pyridine. Controlling the reaction conditions, it is possible to efficiently obtain the monosubstituted 2-chloro-6-pyrazol-1-yl-4-carboxypyridine, a key intermediate for the preparation of tetradentate 6,6′-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine ligand.     

Synthesis, structure, and catalytic activity of mononuclear iron and (mu-Oxo)diiron complexes with the ligand 2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine

Iron complexes including polyimidazole and exchangeable ligands are studied with the aim of modeling the structural and functional features of the non-heme iron centers of dinuclear proteins, such as methane monooxygenase. In [Fe(2)OL(2)(MeOH)(2)(NO(3))(2)](NO(3))(2) (1) (L = 2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine), each Fe(III) is in a distorted octahedral environment and has a donor set of N(3)O(3) which includes three N atoms from L and three O atoms from a nitrate, micro-oxo, and methanol. In complex [FeLCl(3)] (2) (L = 2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine), Fe(III) is coordinated to three nitrogen atoms from L and three chloride ions. Complex 1 efficiently catalyzed the oxidation of cyclohexane with 51% conversion to cyclohexanol. It also catalyzed the epoxidation of styrene, cyclohexane, 2-methyl-2-butene, and cis- and trans-2-heptene with 51-84% conversions and high selectivity (71-99%) for epoxide products. Complex 2, however, has no specific reactivity toward these substrates. From the alcohol/ketone (A/K) ratio close to 1 in the oxidation of cyclohexane, the low KIE (kinetic isotope effect K(H)/K(D) ratio = 1.8) for cyclohexanol formation, and the nonstereospecificity of the oxidation of cis-dimethylcyclohexane, it can be concluded that long-lived alkyl radicals are involved in the oxidation catalyzed by complex 1. On the other hand, the stereospecific epoxidation of alkenes, the stereoselective oxidation of cumene, and the high degree of retention of configuration in the oxidation of cis- and trans-2-heptene suggest that a nonradical species, probably a metal-based intermediate, is involved in the oxidation of alkenes and cumene.     

Thermal and light-induced spin-crossover in salts of the heptadentate complex [tris(4-{pyrazol-3-yl}-3-aza-3-butenyl)amine]iron(ii)

The syntheses of [FeL][BF(4)](2).H(2)O, [FeL][ClO(4)](2).H(2)O, [FeL][NO(3)](2).CH(3)NO(2) and [FeL][CF(3)SO(3)](2) (L = tris(4-{pyrazol-3-yl}-3-aza-3-butenyl)amine) are described. The isostructural BF(4)(-) and ClO(4)(-) salts are high-spin between 5-300 K, while the other two compounds are high-spin at room temperature but undergo gradual high-->low spin transitions upon cooling. For [FeL][NO(3)](2) this transition is centred at 139 K and proceeds to near-completeness, while for [FeL][CF(3)SO(3)](2) it is centred at 144 K and only proceeds to 50% conversion. The CF(3)SO(3)(-) salt also undergoes spin-crossover centred at 200 K in (CD(3))(2)CO solution, and exhibits dynamic inversion of its helical ligand conformation. All these compounds except the triflate salt have been crystallographically characterised, and show capped trigonal antiprismatic [6 + 1] coordination geometries. The NO(3)(-) and CF(3)SO(3)(-) salts undergo quantitative conversion to trapped, high-spin excited states upon irradiation with a green laser at 10 K (the LIESST effect; LIESST = Light-Induced Excited Spin State Trapping). The thermal stabilities of their LIESST excited states (T(LIESST) = 80-82 K) resemble those found for iron(ii) complexes of bidentate N-heterocyclic ligands. Hence, the LIESST properties of [FeL](2+) are those of a complex of three rigid bidentate domains linked by a flexible spacer, rather than of a single encapsulating podand.     

Local Coordination Geometry and Spin State in Novel Fe(II) Complexes with 2,6-Bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine-Type Ligands as Controlled by Packing Forces: Structural Correlations

A substituted 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine (3-bpp) ligand, H(4) L, created to facilitate intermolecular interactions in the solid, has been used to obtain four novel Fe(II) complexes: [Fe(H(4) L)(2) ](ClO(4) )(2) ?2?CH(3) NO(2) ?2?H(2) O, [Fe(H(4) L)(H(2) LBF(2) )](BF(4) )?5?C(3) H(6) O (H(2) LBF(2) is an in situ modified version of H(4) L), [Fe(H(4) L)(2) ](ClO(4) )(2) ?2?C(3) H(7) OH and [Fe(H(4) L)(2) ](ClO(4) )(2) ?4?C(2) H(5) OH. Changing of spin-inactive components (solvents, anions or distant ligand substituents) causes differences to the coordination geometry of the metal that are key to the magnetic proper- ties. Magnetic measurements show that, contrary to the previously published complex [Fe(H(4) L)(2) ](ClO(4) )(2) ?H(2) O?2?CH(3) COCH(3) , the newly synthesised compounds remain in the high-spin (HS) state at all temperatures (5-300?K). A member of the known family of Fe(II) /3-bpp complexes, [Fe(3-bpp)(2) ](ClO(4) )(2) ?1.75?CH(3) COCH(3) ?1.5?Et(2) O, has also been prepared and characterised structurally. In the bulk, this compound exhibits a gradual and incomplete spin transition near 205?K. The single-crystal structure is consistent with it being HS at 250?K and partially low spin at 90?K. Structural analysis of all these compounds reveals that the exact configuration of intermolecular interactions affects dramatically the local geometry at the metal, which ultimately has a strong influence on the magnetic properties. Along this line, the geometry of Fe(II) in all published 3-bpp compounds of known structure has been examined, both by calculating various distortion indices (Σ, Θ, θ and Φ) and by continuous shape measures (CShMs). The results reveal correlations between some of these parameters and indicate that the distortions from octahedral geometry observed on HS systems are mainly due to strains arising from intermolecular interactions. As previously suggested with other related compounds, we observe here that strongly HS-distorted systems have a larger tendency to remain in that state.     

Ruthenium(II) and palladium(II) complexes with 2,6-(bispyrazol-1-yl)pyridines

Ruthenium(II) and palladium(II) complexes [Ru(DMSO)(L)Cl₂] and [Pd(L)Cl]Cl, where L = 2,6-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (bpp) or 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (bdmpp) have been synthesized. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H NMR, UV-Vis, and cyclic voltammetry measurements.     

Photomagnetic studies on spin-crossover solid solutions containing two different metal complexes, [Fe(1-bpp)(2)](x)[M(terpy)2](1-x)[BF4]2 (M = Ru or Co)

The photomagnetic properties of two series of spin-crossover solid solutions, [Fe(1-bpp)(2)](x)[Ru(terpy)(2)](1-x)(BF(4))(2) and [Fe(1-bpp)(2)](x)[Co(terpy)(2)](1-x)(BF(4))(2) (1-bpp = 2,6-bis[pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine), have been investigated. For all the materials, the evolution of the T(LIESST) value, the high-spin → low-spin relaxation parameters and the LITH loops were thoroughly studied. Interestingly in the Fe:Co series, along the photo-excitation, cobalt ions are concomitantly converted from low-spin to high-spin states with the iron centres, and also fully relax after light excitation.     

2,6-di(pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridine ligands with nitrogen-containing auxiliaries: the formation of functionalized molecular clefts upon metal coordination

A series of ligands (1-4) based on a 2,6-di(pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridine scaffold have been synthesized, and their abilities to form complexes with Zn(II) and Cu(II) have been determined using UV/vis spectroscopy in buffered aqueous solution (0.01 M N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N'-[3-ethanesulfonic acid] (HEPES) at pH = 6.8). The Zn(II) complex of 1 was determined to have a formation constant of 8.4 x 10(3) M(-)(1) while the formation constant of the Cu(II) complex was found to be 1 x 10(6) M(-)(1). The presence of auxiliary amines in 2 increased the stability of the Zn(II) complex relative to that of 1 by a factor of over 40, suggesting possible coordination of the auxiliaries to the Zn(II) center. The guanidinium and 2-amino-4,5-dihydro-imidazolinium groups of 3 and 4 considerably diminished the stability of the Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes relative to those of 1. X-ray crystal structures of 1-Zn, 3-Zn, 4, and 4-Zn were obtained and are discussed. A significant increase in the stability of 3-Zn, but not in the stability 1-Zn, was observed upon the addition of 1 equiv of sodium phosphate, implicating a stabilizing interaction of the guanidinium groups of 3-Zn and the phosphate anion.     

A structural, magnetic and Mössbauer spectroscopic study of an unusual angular Jahn-Teller distortion in a series of high-spin iron(II) complexes

Single crystal X-ray structures and susceptibility data are described for six homoleptic iron(II) complex salts, of 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine or a 3,3"-disubstituted derivative of it. Zero field Mossbauer spectroscopic data for four of the complexes, and one previously reported analogue, are also discussed. Four of these compounds exhibit an unusual angular Jahn-Teller distortion towards C(2) symmetry to differing degrees, while the other two exhibit structures close to the "ideal" D(2d) symmetry for this ligand set. This structural distortion has two components: a twisting of the plane of one ligand relative to the other about the N{pyridine}-Fe-N{pyridine} vector, so that the two ligands are no longer perpendicular; and a rotation of one ligand about the Fe ion, so that the N{pyridine}-Fe-N{pyridine} angle < 180 degrees. Susceptibility data show that all the complexes are fully high-spin between 5 and 300 K, but yield an unusually wide range of zero-field splitting parameters for the different compounds of between 2.6 and 13.4 cm(-1). Magnetostructural correlations suggest that a low value of |D| is diagnostic for a high degree of "rotation" distortion. The Mossbauer spectra imply that an increased quadrupole splitting might also be diagnostic for the presence of the angular distortion.     

Toward a clear-cut vision on the origin of 2,6-di(1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine selectivity for trivalent actinides: insights from theory

Although BTP (2,6-di(1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine) has been widely evidenced as the most effective nitrogen ligand for the selective complexation of trivalent actinides from lanthanide counterparts, the origin of its selectivity is still an open question. Neither experimental data nor theoretical calculations have been able to rationalize the role of covalency in real experimental BTP complexes. We show herein with DFT calculations on [M(BTP)3]3+ (M = La, U, Cm, Gd) that, even if back-bonding effects are significant in the U-BTP bond, it is the contrast of donation on 6d and 5f Cm(III) orbitals that explains, at least in part, its selective complexation to BTP.     

High and low spin mononuclear and dinuclear iron(II) complexes of 4-amino and 4-pyrrolyl-3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles

The first dinuclear iron(II) complexes of any 4-substituted 3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole ligands, [Fe(II)2(adpt)2(H2O)1.5(CH3CN)2.5](BF4)4 and [Fe(II)2(pldpt)2(H2O)2(CH3CN)2](BF4)4, are presented [where adpt is 4-amino-3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole and pldpt is 4-pyrrolyl-3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole]. Both dinuclear complexes feature doubly triazole bridged iron(II) centers that are found to be [high spin-high spin] at all temperatures, 4-300 K, and to exhibit weak antiferromagnetic coupling. In the analogous monometallic complexes, [Fe(II)(Rdpt)2(X)2](n+), the spin state of the iron(II) center was controlled by appropriate selection of the axial ligands X. Specifically, both of the chloride complexes, [Fe(II)(adpt)2(Cl)2] x 2 MeOH and [Fe(II)(pldpt)2(Cl)2] x 2 MeOH x H2O, were found to be high spin whereas the pyridine adduct [Fe(II)(adpt)2(py)2](BF4)2 was low spin. Attempts to prepare [Fe(II)(pldpt)2(py)2](BF4)2 and the dinuclear analogues [Fe(II)2(Rdpt)2(py)4](BF4)4 failed, illustrating the significant challenges faced in attempts to develop control over the nature of the product obtained from reactions of iron(II) and these bis-bidentate ligands.     

Synthesis of 2,6-di(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)pyridines functionalized at the 4-position: Building blocks for suitable metal complex-based dyes

This study reports the synthesis of a methoxy-substituted 2,6-di(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)pyridine using Friedländer methodology. The functionalization at the 4-carbon of the methoxy-substituted derivative was confirmed by X-ray structural analysis. Finally, the methyl ether protecting group was cleaved to obtain 2,6-di(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)pyridine-4-ol. Using the compounds, coordination behavior to ruthenium(II) center was also examined.     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of 2,6-bis（6-aryl-[1,2,4]- triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-3-yl）pyridines

By the condensation of 2,6-bis（4-amino-5-mercapto-[1,2,4]-triazoles-2）pyridine with aromatic acid in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride. Compounds of 2,6-bis（6-aryl-[1,2,4]-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-3-yl）pyridines were synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by IR, ^1H NMR spectroscopies and elemental analysis. Their electrochemical behavior and cyclic voltammogram also were be studied. The results showed that they have high ionization potentials and good affinity.     

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Property of a Series of Supramolecular Polymers Based on Novel 3,5-Dimethyl- 2,6-bis（3-（pyrid-2-yl）-1,2,4-triazolyl）pyridine Ligand

Solvothermal reactions of 3,5-dimethyl-2,6-bis(3-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazolyl) pyridine (L), 1,4-benzendicarboxylic acid (H2bdc), and transitional metal cations of MII (M = Mn, Co, Cd) in the presence of oxalic acid (H2ox) afford three novel supramolecular polymers (CPs), namely, {[M2(ox)(L)2][bdc][M2(Hox)2(OH)2(H2O)4].3H2O}n (M=Mn for 1, Co for 2, Cd for 3). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that complexes 1-3 are isostructural and the 3D supramolecular structure was connected through non-covalent interactions. With the help of H2ox, the L ligands cheated with center atoms forming a butterfly [M2(ox)(L)2]2+ building block. The bdc2- ligand linked with the unprecedented [M2(Hox)2(OH)2(H2O)4] units through strong O-H…O hydrogen bonds forming a zigzag chain, which are further connected through π…π interactions between L and bdc2- ligands to form a 3D supramolecular structure. Moreover, elemental analyses, IR, thermogravimetric, PXRD and luminescence have been investigated.