感光乳剂颗粒中杂质中心在感光过程各阶段的演变及其诠释——Ⅲ.两类中心在氧化剂作用下的行为

本文利用显影动力学方法研究了感光乳剂颗粒中两类不同大小的杂质中心在氧化剂作用下的行为。结果表明,经氧化处理后,有较大一类中心的乳剂颗粒形成潜影的能力大大减弱,而有较小一类中心的乳剂颗粒在未曝光的情况下显影的速度有所增长。本文将这两种现象均归因于杂质中心为氧化剂所氧化,并且认为,有较小一类中心的乳剂颗粒经氧化处理后,其显影速度之所以增长,是由于杂质中心遭受破坏以后,颗粒周围的明胶囊上原先为杂质中心所遮蔽的缺口暴露,从而使乳剂颗粒在该部位失去了明胶的保护作用,以致在显影液中得以较快地还原。上述现象在未敏化、硫敏化以及硫加金敏化的情况下都同样存在。     

感光乳剂颗粒中杂质中心在感光过程各阶段的演变及其诠释——Ⅱ.两类最大杂质中心的形成

本文利用显影动力学方法就一种纯溴化银乳剂研究了各乳剂颗粒中不同大小的两类杂质中心的形成情况。结果表明,在通常的敏化和曝光的条件下,乳剂颗粒中较小的杂质中心主要形成于化学成熟过程中,而较大的杂质中心则主要在曝光过程中形成。讨论了这种看法与化学成熟过程和曝光过程的一些主要的动力学特征的相容性。     

Lith显影的自催化性质

Lith显影与常规显影不同,在一个较宽的曝光范围内,颗粒群体的还原是平行的而不是顺序的。顺序还原时,乳剂层的密度增长速率只是给出了颗粒间显影诱导期分布的信息。只有平行还原时,密度增长速率才给出了单个乳剂颗粒还原速率的信息。换言之,只有在颗粒群体平行还原时,表现显影动力学才具有单个乳剂颗粒的显影特征:在显影诱导期结束后开始了自催化的还原阶段。Lith显影的自催化性质应该归因于颗粒群体还原的平行方式。     

显影灰雾形成机理的研究 Ⅰ.显影灰雾形成过程的受阻显影研究

本文利用受阻显影和电镜方法,对比了显影灰雾与乳剂灰雾的形成过程.研究表明,乳剂灰雾是由于在乳剂制备过程中形成的灰雾中心而引起的,这种灰雾中心在显影过程中的行为与潜影中心一样,显影在少数中心开始,最后生成丝团状银.显影灰雾的形成则经过成核和生长两个不同的阶段:藉显影物分子与乳剂颗粒表面的碰撞而生成银核,一旦稳定的银核生成,随后就能以较快的速率继续生长.因此在一般显影的条件下,显影灰雾的形成需要一个较长的显影引发期.成核在颗粒表面的许多部位发生,同时生长,最后生成紧密的银块.溴化钾和季铵盐对成核速率有显著影响,这表明了乳剂颗粒表面负电荷在显影成核阶段中的作用.未敏化乳剂的显影灰雾中心在颗粒表面上的分布是随机的,而硫敏化乳剂的显影灰雾中心则优先在八面体的棱上生成.     

溴碘化银薄片乳剂颗粒中碘离子分布对潜影分散的影响

碘溴化银乳剂薄片颗粒的潜影分散与碘离子在颗粒中的分布有关。本文用交叉光楔曝光技术测定了由次潜影造成的潜影分散,并根据所测出的潜影分散度和乳剂的表面感光度,对内、表敏的分布作了分析。结果表明,碘离子分布在颗粒边缘的乳剂,其表面潜影分散度要比碘离子均匀分布的颗粒更甚,后者且表现出内、表敏度竞争的现象。     

苯并三氮唑对硫增感溴化银乳剂的过增感效应

采用在曝光前后用苯并三氮唑溶液对未增感的和硫增感的立方体溴化银乳剂涂层的处理方法,考察了苯并三氮唑在溴化银成像过程的两个阶段:曝光潜影的形成阶段和潜影中心得以放大的显影阶段的作用.有意义地发现苯并三氮唑对硫增感溴化银乳剂有明显的过增感效应.实验结果表明:1)对于未增感的立方体溴化银乳剂涂层,在曝光前吸附了苯并三氮唑后会抑制潜影的形成,但曝光后吸附了苯并三氮唑对显影有十分明显的促进作用;2)对于硫增感的立方体溴化银乳剂涂层,曝光前用苯并三氮唑溶液处理后,产生显著的过增感效应,相对感光度可提高4倍左右,在曝光后用苯并三氮唑溶液处理,随着苯并三氮唑浓度的增加对显影也有一定程度的促进作用;3)对于硫增感的溴化银涂层,先经过388 mV的氧化还原缓冲液处理,再经苯并三氮唑溶液处理过的样片的感光度都要较未经缓冲液处理的提高4倍左右,这说明苯并三氮唑对硫增感乳剂产生的过增感效应只与硫敏化中心内(Ag₂S)_n的存在有关,与(Ag)_m是否存在无关.     

新型中空卤化银颗粒乳剂的制备和性能研究 Ⅲ.中空卤化银颗粒乳剂感光性能的研究

本文应用表面显影、Dember效应、化学成熟、光谱增感等方法,对照实心立方体溴化银乳剂研究了中空卤化银微晶的结构与光物理性质及感光性能的关系。实验结果表明:(1)中空卤化银的潜影在孔洞处优先形成;(2)中空卤化银微晶中位错、缺陷较多,其填隙银离子浓度较大,电子陷阱较多;(3)中空颗粒表面反应活性高,感光度高,光谱增感效果好;(4)中空颗粒乳剂其反差较大,最大密度较高;(5)上述结果均可归因于中空卤化银微晶所特有的孔洞结构。     

显影液中银的成核过程

本文用受阻显影技术和电镜研究方法研究了显影剂量对显影液中银成核速度和核分散度的影响。随着显影液中显影剂量的减小,卤化银颗粒上银的成核速度明显减慢,单个颗粒上显影中心的数目明显增加。实验结果表明显影液中银的成核过程和曝光后的潜影形成过程在机理上是有差别的。文章讨论了显影过程中的一些基本问题:可显性、临界尺寸和显影选择性等等。     

金在硫加金敏化的乳剂中的作用——Ⅱ.硫加金敏化与金过敏化及金潜影加强的异同

本文采用硫氰酸金溶液对硫敏化的立方体溴化银乳剂分别进行潜影加强和过敏化处理,并与硫加金敏化的乳剂进行感光性能的比较。硫敏化的乳剂经过潜影加强处理,感光度有明显提高,表明金具有促进乳剂颗粒显影的作用。另一方面,硫敏化的乳剂经过潜影加强处理,感光度虽有提高,仍达不到硫加金敏化的效果,而硫敏化的乳剂经过过敏化处理能达到甚至超过硫加金敏化的效果。这暗示着金对于硫加金敏化乳剂颗粒在曝光过程中潜影的形成是有贡献的。 本文采用Dember效应测量了乳剂的离子电导率,并进行了信号衰减速率的动力学分析。结果表明,硫加金敏化的乳剂颗粒的离子电导率和一级衰减参数与硫敏化的乳剂颗粒的相比有减小的趋势。硫敏化的乳剂经过金盐溶液过敏化处理后,乳剂颗粒的离子电导率和一级衰减参数明显减小,从而验证了金盐法过敏化效应是由于增加了颗粒环境中的银离子浓度的机理。     

硫敏化中心中的银原子簇的增感作用

采用一定电位范围内的氧化还原缓冲液处理单分散立方溴化银乳剂颗粒表面上的硫敏化中心和由曝光生成的潜影中心,考察银原子簇的漂白和再生后的曝光响应曲线.实验结果再一次确认硫敏化中心中存在的银原子簇对硫敏化起重要作用,而且敏化效果也与银原子簇的含量有关.为此,提出硫敏化中心是由硫化银簇与银簇组成,它们在潜影形成的过程中各起不同的作用,但都有利于提高潜影的生成效率,因而共同产生敏化效应.     

Gradient expansion of the kinetic energy density functional: Local behavior of the kinetic energy density

Calculations with Hartree—Fock electron densities for the rare gas atoms He through Xe show that the gradient expansion for the kinetic energy functional, T[] = T₀[] + T₂[] + T₄[] + … = ∫t() dτ, approximates the kinetic energy by averaging over the shell structure present in the true local kinetic energy density, t(), and that the accuracy of the gradient expansion improves with increasing atomic number. Components of t(), t₀(), t₂() and t₄(), are exhibited and discussed. The defined function t() is everywhere positive.     

Predicted radiolysis yield in a Fricke solution irradiated with various heavy ions

Experimental data on the spatial distribution of the energy deposited around an energetic heavy ion, from 1 MeV proton to 5.9 MeV/n uranium ion, which have been reported in the literature were documented to obtain a scaled radial dose distribution; (β/Z*)² D(Z*, β,t)=200 (for t=0–1), 200/t² (for t=1t_c), and 200 t_c/t³ (for t>t_c) where Z* and β are the effective charge and velocity relative to c, the velocity of light, of the incident ion, respectively, D the dose in unit of Gy, t the radial distance in unit of nm, t_c the critical distance empirically determined.

Then, if we know the yield of any chemical reaction as a function of dose from the results of experiments using γ-radiations or fast electrons or theoretical calculations, we can calculate the probability for the yield of the chemical reaction in the system bombarded with a heavy ion of the effective charge Z* and velocity β. The results of the present calculation of the LET-values and of G(Fe³⁺) in the ferrous sulfate acidic solution are presented and compared with reported experimental results.     

Sensitizing effect of polyfunctional monomers on radiation crosslinking of polychloroprene

Radiation-induced crosslinking of polychloroprene containing nine different polyfunctional monomers (PFM) has been investigated. The PFMs were kneaded into polychloroprene on a Labo Plastomill at 80°C, and then the mixtures were irradiated using an electron beam accelerator, to initiate the crosslinking reaction. The results showed that the crosslinking density (1/M_c) of the product is linearly proportional to the absorbed dose (D) and the initial PFM content (C₀), i.e. 1/M_c=(A+KC₀)D, where A and K are constants. The values of K increased quickly with the specific unsaturation (moles of double bonds per 100 g of the monomer) of the PFMs. The tensile strength of crosslinked polychloroprene with 4G (Polyethyleneglycol 200 dimethylacrylate) or UA101H (Urethane prepolymer) was found to be the best.     

Syntheses and structural determination of nine-coordinate K3[Nd(nta)2(H2O)]·6H2O and K3[Er(nta)2(H2O)]·5H2O

The syntheses and structural determination of Nd^III and Er^III complexes with nitrilotriacetic acid (nta) were reported in this paper. Their crystal and molecular structures and compositions were determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analyses and elemental analyses, respectively. The crystal of K₃[Nd^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]·6H₂O complex belongs to monoclinic crystal system and C2/c space group. The crystal data are as follows: a=1.5490(11) nm, b=1.3028(9) nm, c=2.6237(18) nm, β=96.803(10)°, V=5.257(6) nm³, Z=8, M=763.89, D_c=1.930 g cm⁻³, μ=2.535 mm⁻¹ and F(000)=3048. The final R₁ and wR₁ are 0.0390 and 0.0703 for 4501 (I>2σ(I)) unique reflections, R₂ and wR₂ are 0.0758 and 0.0783 for all 10474 reflections, respectively. The Nd^IIIN₂O₇ part in the [Nd^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]³⁻ complex anion has a pseudo-monocapped square antiprismatic nine-coordinate structure in which the eight coordinate atoms (two N and six O) are from the two nta ligands and a water molecule coordinate to the central Nd^III ion directly. The crystal of the K₃[Er^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]·5H₂O complex also belongs to monoclinic crystal system and C2/c space group. The crystal data are as follows: a=1.5343(5) nm, b=1.2880(4) nm, c=2.6154(8) nm, b=96.033(5)°, V=5.140(3) nm³, Z=8, M=768.89, D_c=1.987 g cm⁻³, μ=3.833 mm⁻¹ and F(000)=3032. The final R₁ and wR₁ are 0.0321 and 0.0671 for 4445 (I>2σ(I)) unique reflections, R₂ and wR₂ are 0.0432 and 0.0699 for all 10207 reflections, respectively. The Er^IIIN₂O₇ part in the [Er^III(nta)₂(H₂O)]³⁻ complex anion has the same structure as Nd^IIIN₂O₇ part in which the eight coordinate atoms (two N and six O) are from the two nta ligands and a water molecule coordinate to the central Nd^III ion directly.     

A novel method for determining the viscosity of polymer solution

The relative viscosity η_r and, thus, the reduced viscosity η_sp/C of polymer solution could be obtained by recording the flow times of the polymer solution and the pure solvent in a capillary viscometer. Our experimental results indicated that the measurement of the flow time of the pure solvent was unnecessary. In particular, if the recorded flow time of the pure solvent was used to determine the viscosity of polymer solution, the reduced viscosity η_sp/C exhibited either a drastic increase or a significant decrease in an extremely dilute solution, depending upon the properties of the polymer solution investigated. In this research work, a new method for determining the viscosity of polymer solutions is reported. In the proposed method, the flow time of polymer solution at zero concentration, t₀^*, instead of the measured flow time of the pure solvent, was used to determine the viscosity of polymer solution. The reduced viscosity η_sp/C determined by the new method is proportional to concentration C even in an extremely dilute solution. The relative viscosity η_r vs. C plot also indicated clearly that t₀^*, instead of the measured flow time of the pure solvent, should be used for determining the viscosity of polymer solution. At low concentrations, the flow time of the polymer solution was proportional to C. As a result, t₀^* could be determined by extrapolating the flow time of the polymer solution to C=0.     

感光颗粒内碘离子的分布与乳化方法的关系

本文利用X射线光电子能谱法和X射线衍射分析,研究了双注法高感乳剂乳化过程中,碘离子的引入时刻对于乳剂颗粒内碘离子分布情况的影响.结果表明,一般说来,碘离子引入得愈早,则其出现在颗粒表面的可能性愈小;引入得愈晚,其位置愈靠近颗粒的表面.但是,早期引入碘离子同时,还有另一种效应,即倾向于使碘离子在体系中均匀分布,从而使其出现在颗粒表面的概率增大.有若干事实说明,这种“均化”效果可能是早期形成的碘化银或碘溴化银晶体在乳化过程中进行重结晶而引起的.在所有情况下,颗粒表面上均发现一层极薄的富碘层,其原因之一可能是碘离子在颗粒表面的富集可减少碘溴化银晶格的畸变.     

Influence of molecular weight on the thermal decomposition of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene

Thermogravimetric analysis of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and its fractions of different molecular weights separated by preparative GPC shows two major stages of weight loss of different nature in a nitrogen atmosphere. The first stage is primarily depolymerisation, cyclisation and crosslinking of molecules and the second stage is mainly the decomposition of the residue from the first stage. The kinetic parameters, viz. activation energy E and pre-exponential factor A using four different non-isothermal integral equations show a systematic increase with increase in molecular weight for the first stage, whereas for the second stage, the effect of molecular weight on E and A values is not prominent. The increase in E and A values for the first stage is attributed to the formation of greater number of cyclised and crosslinked products from molecules of higher dimensions. Quantitative correlations between the kinetic constants and the molecular weight parameters were derived for the first stage as a quadratic curve following the equation: E or ln A = K₁ − K₂/M (where K₁ and K₂ are empirical constants whose values are different for the different molecular weight averages, viz. M_n, M_w and M_z and for the different equations).     

基于一维双螺旋链的锌配合物的合成与荧光性能

选择配体N,N'-双(3-吡啶)丙二酰胺(3-bpma)、1,4-对苯二乙酸(H₂pda)和硝酸锌在水热条件下,自组装制备了一个基于双螺旋链的三维超分子锌配合物[Zn(3-bpma)(pda)]_n(1),并通过红外光谱、元素分析、热重分析和X射线单晶衍射分析进行了晶体结构表征。 单晶结构分析表明标题锌配合物是正交晶系,Pna21空间群,晶胞参数a=1.62512(11) nm,b=1.15947(8) nm,c=1.19282(8) nm,α=90°,β=90°,γ=90°,V=2.2476(3) nm³,M_r=513.80,D_c=1.518 g/cm³,Z=4,F(000)=1056,R₁=0.0381,wR₂=0.0669。 金属锌离子被两种桥连配体3-bpma和pda连接形成一种一维双螺旋链状结构,相邻的链间进一步通过氢键作用拓展成为三维超分子网络结构。 标题锌配合物具有强荧光发射特性,而且其对不同的有机溶剂分子和金属离子有显著的荧光传感特性,可以作为检测硝基苯的高灵敏性荧光传感材料。 CCDC:1811967     

Calorimetric study of inhibition of urease by 2-mercaptoethanol Procedures based upon integrated rate equations

Urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea was studied in the absence, and presence, of 0.3 and 0.8 mmol dm⁻³ 2-mercaptoethanol in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 at 25°C with the use of an isoperibol calorimeter. The extent of reaction with time, ΔT vs. t, was interpreted with the help of the integrated Michaelis–Menten equation, and the inhibition constant K_i was obtained from linear transformations of the equation (Jennings–Niemann, Yun–Suelter and Booman–Niemann). The obtained value of K_i was equal to 0.87±0.10 mmol dm⁻³.     

Comprehensive study of positronium formation in polymer blends between polyethylene and ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer

The intensity I₃ of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) in a polymer blend system consisting of polyethylene (PE) and ethylene-vinylacetate (EVA, random copolymer with a vinylacetate content of about 14%) was measured as functions of EVA weight content (Φ=0–100%), electric field (E=0–60 kV/cm ), positron irradiation time (t=0–200 h) and temperature (T=100–300 K). It was found that the addition of small amounts of EVA to PE significantly alters the electric field, positron irradiation time and temperature dependence of I₃. Positron trapping on polar EVA is suggested to be responsible for the sensitive effects of EVA.