着靶速度对PELE横向效应的影响

为了分析弹丸着靶速度与PELE横向效应之间的关系，在弹靶系统一定的条件 下，就不同弹丸着速对PELE横向效应的影响进行了试验. 试验结果表明，着速与破片的数量 和覆盖面积有很大关系. 在400$\sim$900\,m/s范围内，随弹丸着速的提高，PELE在穿透靶板后，破片数量增多，覆盖面积增大， 横向效应增强. 结合试验，对PELE弹侵彻靶板进行了数值仿真，仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好. 在进一步分析时发现，着速增至900\,m/s左右时，破片横向速度降低，着速增至1\,100\,m/s左右时跌至最低，而后又逐渐回升.     

PELE垂直侵彻薄靶的机理分析

PELE(横向效应增强型侵彻体)撞击靶板能够产生明显的横向效应,横向效应的强弱受多种因素的影响。通过改变PELE的外壳材料、弹芯材料及着靶速度,对PELE垂直侵彻薄靶进行了实验研究。基于实验结果,对PELE侵彻靶板的过程进行了受力分析,阐明了横向效应产生的机理,建立了破片轴向剩余速度和径向速度的理论模型,模型计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。理论分析和实验结果表明,外壳材料的压拉强度比、弹芯材料的泊松比和弹性模量以及着靶速度等对PELE横向效应影响显著。本研究对PELE的设计和改进有一定的参考价值。     

PELE贯穿薄靶后外壳破片径向速度计算方法与影响因素分析

基于横向效应增强型弹丸(PELE)侵彻金属薄靶板过程分析,将弹体前端在撞击作用下的变形过程分解为轴向一维压缩和径向自由膨胀两个变形阶段;依据冲击波理论,给出了弹体前端的冲击波压缩势能,由功能转化原理,给出了PELE前端外壳在靶后形成破片的最大径向飞散速度计算公式。计算结果在多种工况下均与文献的实验结果较为一致。计算结果表明:PELE靶后外壳破片的最大径向飞散速度与外壳和内芯材料的体积模量和泊松比有关,且随二者的增大而增大;PELE外壳破片的最大径向飞散速度是壳体和内芯在冲击波压缩作用下共同径向膨胀的结果,且外壳膨胀能在弹体整体膨胀能中所占比例较大,计算中应当同时考虑弹体外壳和内芯材料的横向膨胀效应对弹体破片径向飞散速度的影响。     

PELE弹侵彻过程壳体膨胀破裂的数值模拟

采用AUTODYN-3D和基于Mott破片分布理论的Stochastic随机破碎模型对横向增强效应弹丸(PELE)侵彻过程钢壳体膨胀过程进行了三维数值模拟,对比分析了旋转和着角两因素对弹丸侵彻铝靶时壳体破裂产生自然破片的影响,得到了破片数量质量分布及径向速度梯度等变化规律。     

弹体侵彻厚混凝土靶迎弹面成坑效应

为研究弹体侵彻厚混凝土靶的迎弹面成坑效应，总结了侵彻实验中的成坑现象，分析了经验公式对成坑深度、成坑直径和成坑角等成坑效应的预测效果；考虑了撞击速度、靶板强度、配筋以及弹体直径和质量等因素的影响，采用量纲分析方法建立了新型成坑效应计算公式及成坑阶段耗能计算公式；基于新型成坑效应计算公式，对成坑效应的影响因素和成坑耗能进行了参数化分析。结果表明:无量纲成坑深度受靶板强度、配筋率和弹体质量的影响较大；对于钢筋混凝土，成坑深度随撞击速度提升呈先增大后减小再增大的变化规律；在常见的侵彻速度和质量范围内，成坑角为15°～24°，质量对成坑角影响较小；迎弹面成坑耗能占弹体总动能的10%～25%，且配筋率和靶板强度对成坑耗能比例的影响较小；弹体质量越小，成坑阶段耗能占比越大。新型成坑效应计算公式对成坑深度、直径和角度的计算结果与实验数据吻合较好，可为侵彻弹体设计和工程防护提供参考。     

小攻角条件下动能弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶的弹体弯曲

将高速侵彻混凝土靶板的弹体简化为自由梁,应用弹体侵彻阻力和梁动态弯曲内力分析了由小攻 角产生的横向载荷导致的弹体弯曲。结果表明,弹体理论弯曲条件受弹体着靶前状态、弹体结构和材料控制。 理论计算证实弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶板时由于小攻角的存在会发生弹体弯曲变形,弹体侵彻实验结果表明 弹体弯曲位置和弯曲条件与理论分析结果相符。     

动能弹侵彻机场跑道的参数敏感性分析

为研究倾角、着速、攻角、靶体材料等因素对动能弹侵彻响应的影响,采用正交试验方法设计了数值试验和4参数3水平的正交表,进行了侵彻过程中的参数敏感性分析。经过对参数的研究,得到了影响动能弹侵彻动力学响应的主要因素。研究表明：着速和倾角对弹体减速度影响较大;影响剩余速度的主要因素是着速、倾角、基层强度;倾角和攻角对弹体的偏转影响较大。     

考虑靶背自由表面和开裂影响的刚性尖头弹贯穿金属靶板模型

将靶体视为不可压缩材料,假定空腔膨胀产生塑性-弹性响应分区,构造了靶背自由表面效应的衰减函数。将衰减函数乘以可压缩幂次硬化材料的阻力方程,得到了弹体贯穿金属靶板的阻力函数。基于弹性衰减-塑性衰减-开裂3个阶段,建立了同时考虑靶体可压缩性、靶背自由表面和开裂影响的弹体贯穿有限厚金属靶板的分析模型,推导得出了弹体瞬时速度的解析方程,并采用数值方法计算得到了弹体的过载、瞬时速度和残余速度。通过与6组实验数据和已有模型的对比得到,当靶板厚度和弹体冲击速度在一定范围内时,需要考虑自由表面效应的影响。     

弹体超高速侵彻石灰岩靶体地冲击的数值模拟研究

为探究超高速动能武器的对地破坏效应及其影响因素,采用数值模拟方法对弹体超高速侵彻的地冲击规律进行了研究。首先,基于石灰岩静动态力学性能实验数据对材料模型参数进行了标定,并对已有弹体大范围着速侵彻石灰岩靶体进行了模拟,验证了所采用材料模型和数值模拟方法的合理性。随后,开展了钨合金长杆弹超高速侵彻石灰岩靶体的数值模拟,细致分析了地冲击传播的现象和机理:弹体超高速侵彻靶体时,弹靶交界面处会产生瞬时高压,并以应力波的形式在靶体中传播,对靶体内部造成破坏,且当弹体初速度高于3.0 km/s时,地冲击显著增强。最后,进一步研究了不同弹靶参数对地冲击的影响,发现从相对深度来看,弹体参数（弹体长径比、密度）对地冲击规律影响不大;而靶体特征特别是孔隙率对地冲击传播具有较大影响。     

高速侵彻弹体层合木靶脱壳

利用实验和数值模拟方法研究一种利用层合松木靶作为脱壳装置的机械式脱壳方法。首先讨论了一种正交各向异性材料模型用于高速侵彻木材的可行性及其参数变化规律,结合美军的高速侵彻实验数据对数值模拟方案进行了验证与确认。在此基础上,讨论了不同弹靶作用下含弹托弹体对松木靶的侵彻/贯穿规律。数值模拟与实验研究结果表明:在垂直入射条件下,通过合理的层合木靶设计可对次口径发射弹体有效脱壳,高速侵彻弹体可垂直入射靶板,弹体速度衰减可控;在初始攻角入射条件下,层合靶将使高速侵彻弹体攻角放大。随入射速度增加,弹体贯穿层合木靶消耗动能增加,体现了木材具有明显的应变率增强效应。     

Wave-in-deck experiments with focussed waves into a solid deck

This paper examines impact forces resulting from wave-in-deck processes from two separate series of experiments: one with a generic solid deck model, and the other with a combined jacket and deck model, both were conducted with and without an I-beam grillage in-place below the solid deck. A range of inundation levels from 2.1 to 7.1 cm at 1:80 scale is considered. The focus is on global impact forces, which are considered more relevant for integrity assessment of overall bottom-founded structures when survivability is in question and local slamming is not addressed. The objective is to characterise the resultant impact forces as well as to investigate whether there is any interaction between the flows through the jacket and hitting the deck. Focussed wave groups were generated to impinge on the models which were suspended from a carriage over a towing tank. The motion of the support carriage mimics uniform current in-line with the incident waves. Both undisturbed surface elevations as well as impact force time histories were measured. From the first series of tests, a large increase in peak forces as well as high frequency oscillations (force spikes) is observed with the grillage in-place. As soon as the jacket model is in-place for the second series of tests, albeit with a different mounting support arrangement, such a large difference vanishes, which could likely be due to the effect of frequency-dependent transfer functions. We provide experimental evidence of the presence of the jacket in modifying the wave impact on the deck through a significant reduction in the total horizontal impulse. The effects of current on the wave impact forces are also investigated. A simple analytical model based on a momentum argument is used to describe the scaling of horizontal peak force with currents and inundation levels. Finally, the importance of the short duration force spikes as well as vertical impact loads on a real structure at full-scale is discussed based on the same analytical model.     

汽车侧面和斜碰撞中人体胸部损伤响应数值分析

车辆侧面和斜碰撞在导致乘员严重损伤的交通事故中占有相当大的比例, 但与正面碰撞事故研究相比仍缺少对车内乘员在侧面和斜碰撞中的胸部损伤生物力学的深入研究. 因此本文采用数值模型来分析这两种碰撞载荷下的人体胸部生物力学响应以及损伤相关的物理参数. 首先, 将自主开发验证的胸部、头颈部和下肢有限元模型相结合, 建立了一个完整的人体坐姿有限元模型;然后, 采用该坐姿模型模拟了文献中的7例尸体胸部侧面碰撞和斜碰撞实验;仿真计算获得的碰撞力、胸部变形量和力-变形等损伤相关的响应曲线都在对应的生物力学实验曲线走廊范围内;仿真与实验结果对比表明了坐姿模型的有效性;从仿真结果发现碰撞力峰值较接近于实验结果的较大值, 而变形量趋向于实验结果的较小值;同时, 侧面碰撞条件下所得到的碰撞力峰值比斜碰撞中稍大, 峰值出现的时刻较早;而侧面碰撞中胸部变形量峰值比斜碰撞中较小, 出现的时刻同样较早, 这与实验结果所呈现的趋势一致. 分析说明在相同载荷强度下侧面碰撞胸部耐受限度高于斜碰撞时的耐受限度. 该胸部有限元模型可较准确地再现侧面碰撞和斜碰撞生物力学实验中的胸部响应过程, 具有较好的生物逼真度, 可进一步用于侧面碰撞和斜碰撞中乘员胸部损伤生物力学研究.      

考虑结点耗能的导管架平台的动力响应分析

为了降低导管架平台的动力响应，可在导管架平台的连接结点之间加入能量耗散材料。本文以将管接点和能量耗散材料理想化为由转动弹簧和转动阻尼器并联组成的等效单元，结合有限元和动力刚度法推导了其刚度、质量和阻尼矩阵。采用复模态分析和虚拟激励法分析了三维导管架平台的动力特性和随机地震响应，讨论了刚度系数和转动阻尼系数对动力特性和减震效果的影响。算例结果表明，适当选择转动阻尼系数可显著增加结构模态阻尼比和降低结构地震响应。此单元可方便地与通用的结构有限元程序配合，对三维平台结构进行动力分析。     

垂直冲击消振系统简谐激励响应及稳定性分析

运用迭代映射及其稳定性分析原理,研究了垂直冲击消振系统的简谐激励响应及其周期响应的稳定性．首先建立了稳定周期响应的参数区域边界方程,分析了稳定周期运动向混沌转变的一般规律．然后以典型的二阶主振系为例,得到了几个对消振效果影响较大的稳态周期响应区域的详细数值结果,讨论了稳态周期响应区域及附近的消振效果．     

Solution existence conditions for elastoplastic constitutive models of granular materials

In this paper, the conditions of solution existence for stress rates under given strain rates are investigated. The focus of the solution existence investigation is on the non-associated flow rule and elastic stress–strain relationship. Granular materials characterized with strong non-associated plastic flows are used as a particular example for analysis. Various flow rules for granular materials are analyzed, including Rowe’s, Roscoe’s flow rules and their modified versions. In the elastic stress–strain relationships of materials, the effects of Poisson’s ratio on solution existence are investigated. Both isotropic and anisotropic elasticity are considered. Given a granular material and its states, it is found that there exists a critical Poisson’s ratio for a particular non-associated flow rule. When the Poisson’s ratio of a material is above this critical Poisson’s ratio, its constitutive model is susceptible to solution non-existence. It is suggested that special attentions should be paid to the selection of material Poisson’s ratio and non-associated flow rule to ensure the existence of elastoplastic solutions.     

Modeling plastic shocks in periodic laminates with gradient plasticity theories

Steady plastic shocks generated by planar impact on metal-polymer laminate composites are analyzed in the framework of gradient plasticity theories. The laminate material has a periodic structure with a unit cell composed of two layers of different materials. First- and second-order gradient plasticity theories are used to model the structure of steady plastic shocks. In both theories, the effect of the internal structure is accounted for at the macroscopic level by two material parameters that are dependent upon the layer's thickness and the properties of constituents. These two structure parameters are shown to be uniquely determined from experimental data. Theoretical predictions are compared with experiments for different cell sizes and for various shock intensities. In particular, the following experimental features are well-reproduced by the modeling:

•

the shock width is proportional to the cell size;

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the magnitude of strain rate is inversely proportional to cell size and increases with the amplitude of applied stress following a power law.

While these results are equally described by both the plasticity theories, the first gradient plasticity approach seems to be favored when comparing the structure of the shock front to the experimental data.