图像复原式整形环形光横向超分辨共焦显微测量新方法

提出一种新的图像复原式整形环形光横向超分辨共焦显微测量法. 该方法首先利用二元光学器件，将高斯照明光束整形为环形光束，用于初步改善共焦显微镜的横向分辨力，然后利用基于最大似然估计法(maximum likelihood estimate, MLE)的单幅图像超分辨复原技术，重建测量图像的高频信息，来进一步改善共焦显微镜的横向分辨力. 实验表明,当λ=632.8nm，N.A. =0.85时，该方法能使共焦显微镜获得优于0.1μm的横向分辨力. 利用该方法建立的横向超分辨共焦显微系统除了具有显著的超分辨效果外 关键词： 超分辨 超分辨复原 最大似然估计 共焦成像     

Creation of a sharper focus by using a rectified TEMp0 beam

The superresolution technique is usually used in optical imaging for its ability to make the central diffractive spot smaller than the Airy spot. In this paper, we apply the superresolution technique for transforming a symmetrical TEM_p0 Laguerre-Gauss beam into a Gaussian intensity distribution in the plane of a converging lens. The beam shaping is achieved by an annular binary Diffractive Optical Element having a transmittance, alternatively equal to −1 or + 1, modelled on the p light rings of the incident beam. It is observed that the rectified TEM₃₀ beam at focus has a focal volume 170 times smaller than that of a Gaussian beam.     

利用汉克尔变换设计高斯光束整形衍射元件的应用研究

衍射光学元件由于可以实现对高斯光束的整形而被重视,其通常的设计方法为G-S算法,由于使用傅里叶变换运算量大、费时长,将快速汉克尔变换应用到这些算法中可以极大地提高运算速度,节省运算时间,为设计复杂的光束整形元件提供了高效、可行的方法。本文利用该种方法设计针对中心波长为775 nm、光束束腰口径为6 cm的激光器,成功设计了一个具有二阶相位的折衍混合光学元件。仅单独这一片元件,既可在距离其35 m处得到一半径为200μm的圆形平顶光斑,均方根误差D0.021。当抽样值取2~15时,在普通PC机上运行时间仅为20.05 s,大大节省了优化设计时间(整个优化设计过程往往需要几十次甚是上百次这种运算)。同时利用离子刻蚀技术加工了该折衍混合元件,并进行了实际测试,结果与设计值基本相符,整形效果较好。这种单片的整形元件不仅整形效果好,还有利于与激光器的集成,简化系统的调节。     

A Design of Extreme Long Focal Depth Binary Optical Element

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二元光学元件和新型超分辨光盘读写头的设计研究

本文采用杨-顾相位恢复算法数值模拟设计了一个用于光盘读写头的二元光学元件,并构思了一种新型超分辨光盘读写头,在现有光盘读写头的激光波长处和数值孔径基础上,利用该二元光学元件实现光学超分辨,从而提高光盘存储容量.     

Improvement of confocal microscope performance by shaped annular beam and heterodyne confocal techniques

In order to further improve the performance of a confocal microscope (CM) used for measurement of surface profiles and 3D microstructures, a shaped annular beam heterodyne confocal measurement method based on annular pupil filter technique and reflection confocal microscopy, is proposed to expand the measurement range and to improve the defocused property of CM. The approach proposed uses a confocal dual-receiving light path arrangement and a heterodyne subtraction of two signals received from detectors with axial offset to enable CM to be used for bipolar absolute measurement and to improve the defocused property of CM, and it uses the annular pupil filter technique to produce a binary optical shaped annular beam, which expands the measurement range by expanding the full-width at half-maximum of intensity curve received from two detectors in a heterodyne confocal microscopy system. Theoretical analyses and experimental results indicate that a shaped annular beam heterodyne microscope has a measurement range expanded from 4 to 14 μm, achieved an axial resolution of 2 nm and improved the defocused property, when ε=0.5 and NA=0.65. It can be therefore concluded that the shaped annular beam heterodyne confocal measuring method proposed is a new approach to ultraprecision measurement of surface profiles and 3D microstructures.     

低散斑环形光束整形器件的设计及实验

提出一种可有效抑制散斑噪声的衍射元件设计方法.在传统Gerchberg-Saxton算法的基础上,通过选择一种特殊的初始相位,在不降低衍射效率的同时,有效提升光斑的均匀性.以将高斯光束整形成环形平顶光束为例,开展了数值仿真和光学实验.结果表明,利用该方法和传统Gerchberg-Saxton算法设计得到的环形平顶光束散斑对比度分别为11%和34%,验证了该方法可以获得低散斑噪声的环形平顶光束.     

Axicons用于光学超分辨

提出了用圆锥棱镜构建光束整形器.该器件能将圆形光束转换成环形光束,由它所产生的环形光束的直径是可调的,即系统超分辨效应具有可调节性.给出了理论分析和数值模拟,模拟结果表明此器件可以实现光学超分辨,改变几何参数可以调节超分辨效应.     

具有高空间分辨力的整形环形光式差动共焦测量法

提出一种新的具有高空间分辨力的整形环形光式差动共焦测量方法。该方法通过整形环形光式共焦测量法和锐化爱里斑主瓣，改善系统横向分辨力；通过差动共焦测量法改善系统的轴向分辨力，最终达到提高系统空间分辨能力的目的。理论分析和实验表明：整形环形光内孔归一化半径ε越大，横向分辨力改善越明显，量程扩展范围越宽；当入射光波长λ=632.8nm，物镜数值孔径取NA=0.85，ε=0.5时，该系统的横向分辨力优于0.2μm，轴向分辨力优于2nm。该方法为光触针测量系统空间分辨力的提高提供了1种新的方法，可广泛应用于超精密三维微细结构工件的超精密测量。     

用SA-BIWP混合算法设计三维圆环光束的BOE

提出用模拟退火—体迭代混合算法（SA-BIWP）设计二元光学元件（Binary Optical Element-BOE）,实现了将入射平面波整形为圆环光束输出,并使该圆环光束在沿轴向一定距离的范围内保持光强分布不变.模拟计算表明,该混合算法对设计控制波前在三维空间传播的BOE具有良好的通用性.     

Electron acceleration by laser produced wake field: Pulse shape effect

Analytical expressions are obtained for the longitudinal field (wake field: E_x), density perturbations () and the potential () behind a laser pulse propagating in a plasma with the pulse duration of the electron plasma period. A feasibility study on the wake field is carried out with Gaussian-like (GL) pulse, rectangular–triangular (RT) pulse and rectangular–Gaussian (RG) pulse considering one-dimensional weakly nonlinear theory (), and the maximum energy gain acquired by an electron is calculated for all these three types of the laser pulse shapes. A comparative study infers that the RT pulse yields the best results: In its case maximum electron energy gain is 33.5 MeV for a 30 fs pulse duration whereas in case of GL (RG) pulse of the same duration the gain is 28.6 (28.8)MeV at the laser frequency of 1.6 PHz and the intensity of 3.0 × 10¹⁸ W/m². The field of the wake and hence the energy gain get enhanced for the higher laser frequency, larger pulse duration and higher laser intensity for all types of the pulses.     

一种设计二元衍射元件的优化方法

基于菲涅耳衍射原理和Gerchberg-Saxton的迭代算法,提出一种孔径分区设计二元衍射元件的优化方法.采用此方法设计的二元衍射元件产生的目标光强于输入激光的模式是不敏感的.具体设计与研制了用于CO₂激光表面(火卒)火处理的二元衍射元件,该衍射元件使CO₂激光束变形成12mm×2mm的矩形光斑.试验结果表明,产生的目标光斑满足设计要求.     

二元光学反／衍混合Schmidt望远系统光学设计

针对空间光学系统轻型的特点，采用衍射光学元件取代Ｓｃｈｍｉｄｔ校正板来校正系统像差，设计了一个二元光学反／衍混合Ｓｃｈｍｉｄｔ望远系统。光学系统的通光孔径为＝２００ｍｍ，相对孔径Ｆ／＃＝１．９，波长λ＝４．３μｍ，视场２ω＝１０°。光学设计采用ＯＳＬＯｓｉｘ软件。光学设计结果：空间频率ν≤６０ｃｙｃｌｅｓ／ｍｍ时，调制传递函数ＭＴＦ≥０．４。     

Investigation of positioning algorithm and method for increasing the linear measurement range for four-quadrant detector

The paper studied the relationship between the light spot position and the output voltage in the case of laser spot which is in the four-quadrant (4Q) detector whose shape is circle or elliptic, energy distribution uniform or Gaussian. The study is based on add–subtract algorithm, diagonal algorithm and difference over sum (Δ/∑) algorithm. By using methods of polynomial fitting it can get a simple polynomial expression to enhance measuring speed and the simulation error is given. A method of using Binary Optics Elements (BOE) to shape the laser beam in the 4Q detector to square light spot with uniform intensity distribution is proposed to expand linear measurement range. The simulation result is verified for a circular spot with Gaussian energy distribution.     

线结构光传感器中非线性光源单向扩展光路设计

为了减小线结构光传感器光源对测量精度的影响 ,设计了一种集整形和能量校正为一体的非线性光源单向扩展光路。应用反高斯分布的液体吸收滤光镜 ,实现了高斯光束强度的径向均匀化。并应用矩形光阑和两个相互垂直放置的柱面镜 ,对准直后的激光束进行整形 ,分别在不同的方向进行拉伸和压缩 ,得到了形状理想的线光源。此技术已成功应用于BGA芯片管脚的三维尺寸测量中。     

Arbitrary direction incident Gaussian beam scattering by multispheres

Based on spherical vector wave functions and their coordinate rotation theory,the field of a Gaussian beam in terms of the spherical vector wave functions in an arbitrary unparallel Cartesian coordinate system is expanded.The beam shape coefficient and its convergence property are discussed in detail.Scattering of an arbitrary direction Gaussian beam by multiple homogeneous isotropic spheres is investigated.The effects of beam waist width,sphere separation distance,sphere number,beam centre positioning,and incident angle for a Gaussian beam with two polarization modes incident on various shaped sphere clusters are numerically studied.Moreover,the scattering characteristics of two kinds of shaped red blood cells illuminated by an arbitrary direction incident Gaussian beam with two polarization modes are investigated.Our results are expected to provide useful insights into particle sizing and the measurement of the scattering characteristics of blood corpuscle particles with laser diagnostic techniques.     

基于直边衍射高斯激光驻波光学势阱仿真

为了研究基片边缘对激光汇聚原子光学势阱的影响, 基于标量光学理论, 采用数值计算对基片衍射与否两种情况下, 高斯激光驻波场光学势阱进行了仿真, 通过三维和截面仿真图充分显示了两种情况下高斯激光光学势阱的异同. 详细研究了激光中轴线与基片表面距离、 激光束腰和反射镜之间的距离对光学势阱的影响.     

Dose distribution of carbon ions in air assessed using imaging plates and ionization chamber

A system to expose biological specimens to medium-energy (2.6–6.0  MeV/u) irradiation has been developed at the NIRS-HIMAC. In order to determine the beam energy or LET at the irradiation position in air, the dose distribution for 6.0  MeV/u carbon beam has been obtained using a secondary electron monitor and a flat-type ionization chamber by using air as the energy absorber. Imaging plates were applied to assess the beam profile distribution. The intensity of photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) was found to be almost proportional to the energy deposited within the sensitive layer of the imaging plate. It has been confirmed that a uniform irradiation field can be produced (about ±5% within 20 mm in diameter) at low-intensity exposure from 10¹ to . Long-term beam stability in the low-intensity condition has also been demonstrated. As a consequence, the methodology for uniform, stable and low-intensity beam exposure has been established, and the continuously variable linear energy transfer (LET) values have also been obtained by changing the distance from the endcap of beamport, for biological studies.     

Light scattering by small feldspar particles simulated using the Gaussian random sphere geometry

The single-scattering properties of Gaussian random spheres are calculated using the discrete dipole approximation. The ensemble of model particles is assumed to be representative for a feldspar dust sample that is characteristic for weakly absorbing irregularly shaped mineral aerosol. The morphology of Gaussian random spheres is modeled based on a statistical shape analysis using microscope images of the dust sample. The size distribution of the dust sample is based on a particle sizing experiment. The refractive index of feldspar is estimated using literature values. All input parameters used in the light scattering simulations are thus obtained in an objective way based on the true properties of the mineral sample. The orientation-averaged and ensemble-averaged scattering matrices and cross sections of the Gaussian random spheres are compared with light scattering simulations using spheroidal shape models which have been shown to be applicable to the feldspar sample. The Gaussian random sphere model and the spheroidal shape model are assessed using the measured scattering matrix of the feldspar dust sample as a reference. Generally, the spheroidal model with strongly elongated prolate and strongly flattened oblate shapes agrees better with the measurement than the Gaussian random sphere model. In contrast, some features that are characteristic for light scattering by truly irregular mineral dust particles are rendered best by the Gaussian random sphere model; these features include the flat shape of the phase function and a minimum in the scattering matrix element F₂₂/F₁₁ as a function of the scattering angle.     

On the barrier inhomogeneities of polyaniline/p-Si/Al structure at low temperature

The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of Au/polyaniline(PANI)/p-Si/Al structures were determined at various temperatures in the range of 90–300 K. The evaluation of the experimental I–V data reveals a decrease of the zero-bias barrier height (BH) and an increase of the ideality factor (n) with decreasing temperature. It was shown that the occurrence of a Gaussian distribution of then BHs is responsible for the decrease of the apparent BH, increase of the ideality factor n due to barrier height imhomogeneities that prevail at the interface. A Φ_b0 versus 1/T plot has been drawn for evidence of the Gaussian distribution of the barrier height, and and σ₀ = 0.0943 V for the mean barrier height and zero-bias standard deviation, respectively, have been obtained from this plot. Thus, a modified versus 1/T plot gives and A^* as 0.885 eV and A^* = 55.80 A/K² cm², respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that Au/PANI/p-Si/Al structure has a good rectifying contact and the temperature dependence of I–V characteristics of the rectifying contact on p-Si successfully have been explained on the basis of TE mechanism with Gaussian distribution of the barrier heights.