CMTD晶体的二维核叠层生长现象

在用原子力显微镜对有机非线性光学晶体CdHg(SCN)4(H6C2OS)2(CMTD)的研究过程中,发现了一种单二维核叠层生长现象,即整个晶体由一个二维核叠层生长丘发展而成.这种生长现象无法用经典的二维核模型解释,于是给出另一种二维核生长模型--二维核叠层模型(terraced nuclear model).二维核叠层模型是传统二维核晶体生长模型的补充.     

低温GaN形核层的形核速率对GaN外延薄膜晶体质量的影响

采用金属有机化学气相沉积方法系统研究了在蓝宝石衬底上低温GaN形核层的形核速率对GaN外延薄膜晶体质量的影响机理.利用高分辨X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜、光致发光光谱和Hall测试仪表征材料的位错密度、表面形貌以及光、电学性能.研究结果表明随着形核速率的增加,GaN形核层更倾向于三维生长模式;当形核速率达到1.92(A)/s时退火后生成尺寸为100 nm宽、32 nm高的均匀形核岛,随后生长的未掺杂GaN外延薄膜层的螺型和刃型位错密度以及黄带峰强度达到最小值,并且其具有最高的载流子迁移率和最低的载流子浓度.     

泡生法蓝宝石单晶不同生长阶段的数值模拟研究

针对泡生法蓝宝石单晶生长的不同生长阶段的温场、流场和固液界面形状进行数值模拟研究.并分析了加热器相对坩埚的轴向位置和不同生长速率对蓝宝石单晶生长的影响.结果表明:在蓝宝石单晶生长中,在靠近坩埚壁面和固液界面的熔体内,等温线密,温度梯度较大;在靠近坩埚底部的熔体内,等温线稀疏,温度梯度较小.随着晶体高度的增加,熔体对流由放肩阶段的两个涡胞变成等径阶段的一个涡胞,熔体平均温度有小幅度下降;加热器相对坩埚的轴向位置对晶体生长炉内温场和固液界面形状影响很大,随着加热器位置上移,晶体内平均温度升高,温度梯度减小;熔体内平均温度降低,温度梯度增大.同时固液界面凸度增大.随着晶体生长速率增大,固液界面凸度增大,界面更加凸向熔体.     

碳化硅邻晶面外延生长机制的动力学蒙特卡罗模拟

用动力学蒙特卡罗方法研究了3C-SiC(111)邻晶面的外延生长机制.生长温度、沉积速率和平台宽度对邻晶面外延生长模式有着重要的影响.模拟结果显示:在温度较低的情况下,晶体表面离散的分布着数量众多的晶核,其生长模式为二维岛核生长模式.当生长温度升高时,岛核主要分布于台阶边缘,晶体生长方式则转变为台阶推进与岛核成长共生的生长模式.其次,在沉积速率较低时,晶体主要生长方式为台阶推进模式,随着沉积速率增加,晶体生长模式则转变为二维岛核生长模式.最后,岛核密度随平台宽度的增加而增加,在较低温度下,平台宽度对岛核密度的影响更加明显.     

自发形核生长的AlN单晶湿法腐蚀研究

采用湿法腐蚀工艺,使用熔融态KOH和NaOH作为腐蚀剂,对一种物理气相传输(PVT)自发形核新工艺在2100~2250 ℃条件下生长的AlN单晶进行了腐蚀实验.通过实验及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果分析,得到了典型的AlN单晶c面、r系列面及m面最佳的腐蚀工艺参数及腐蚀形貌.另外,基于腐蚀形貌分析,发现了采用该自发形核新工艺生长的AlN晶体某些独特习性并计算出AlN单晶腐蚀坑密度(EPD).     

泡生法生长蓝宝石晶体中固液界面形状的数值模拟研究

在泡生法蓝宝石单晶生长中,固液界面形状对晶体生长质量影响极大.本文针对泡生法蓝宝石晶体生长进行数值模拟,研究了晶体半透明性、放肩角、底部钼屏保温层厚度、加热器侧部和底部功率分配比等对固液界面形状的影响.模拟结果发现:不考虑蓝宝石晶体的半透明性,则固液界面凹向熔体生长,反之则固液界面凸向熔体生长;放肩角增大、底部钼屏保温层增厚,都造成固液界面凸度减小;加热器侧部与底部的功率比增大,则固液界面凸度增大.实际的固液界面形状取决于多种参数的综合作用.     

以H2SO4为添加剂降温法生长PET晶体

采用H2SO4作为季戊四醇(PET)晶体生长的添加剂,用溶液降温法在5 L生长槽内生长出45 mm×45 mm×40 mm 的PET单晶,生长速度达到1.5 mm/d,比纯态溶液生长晶体的速度提高2倍.采用XRD、FT-IR和TG等测试方法对晶体进行表征,实验表明添加剂H2SO4不影响晶体的结构完整性.     

连续铸造铜单晶的晶体取向与竞争生长

本文采用自制单晶连铸设备和X射线衍射方法研究连铸铜单晶的晶体取向与竞争生长.结果表明,在晶体演化过程中逐渐淘汰的晶面为(311)、(200)和(111),最后单晶生长的晶面为(200),连铸铜单晶的晶体生长方向为[100],晶体取向[100]与晶轴的偏离度小于10°.单晶生长时固液界面向熔体呈凸出形状,这有利于晶体生长过程中的竞争和淘汰.还发现了连铸铜单晶取向在一定范围内,并不是唯一取向的单晶.     

提拉法晶体生长数值模拟研究进展

数值模拟方法是了解晶体生长过程中各种物理现象和问题的重要手段,可以为晶体生长工艺参数的设定、温场设计等提供参考.本文介绍了最近几十年来数值模拟技术对提拉法生长晶体过程中物理问题的研究进展,同时对晶体生长过程中界面形状、液流、速度场、温度场、各种输运过程以及工艺条件和参数对晶体生长的影响等的数值模拟进行了介绍.     

溶剂蒸汽退火辅助微距升华法制备C8-BTBT单晶

有机半导体单晶由于具有内部长程有序的分子排列结构、缺陷及晶界少等优点,表现出优异的光电性能,是实现有机半导体器件实用化的一种重要材料。目前,研究者们已经发展出多种可应用于有机单晶的生长方法,其中,微距升华法是一种可以在大气环境下采用蒸镀的方式制备有机微/纳单晶的方法。然而,当将这种方法应用于C8-BTBT时发现,由于分子的熔点较低,蒸镀得到的是分子直接从液态凝固为无定形/多晶的结构。在本工作中,通过使用溶剂蒸汽退火的方式对其进行后处理,成功地将这种无定形/多晶结构转化为分立的单晶。为了表征所得到的晶体形貌和结构,分别使用光学显微镜、X射线衍射和原子力显微镜等仪器对其进行了表征,发现所制备的晶体结构具备单晶的典型特征。     

Effect of zinc doping on pentaerythritol tetranitrate single crystals

In this study, the effect of zinc impurity on the organic high explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) single crystal has been investigated with optical microscopy and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optical images show that the crystal shape has a transition with a predictable trend from long crystal to compact one as the zinc concentration is increased. Also, the 2‐dimentional (2‐D) growth hillocks are observed clearly on (110) face with contact AFM. The crystal growth occurs on monomolecular steps generated by 2‐D nucleation and followed by layer‐by‐layer expansion, and the macro‐steps formed onto the surface before spreading laterally as step bunches. The zinc ions are incorporated in growth steps as the zinc concentration is increased. The mechanism of inorganic impurity on molecular crystallization growth is still unclear. However, the incorporation of impurities may significantly affect growth kinetics of defect structure, and the bulk properties of molecular crystals. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Rapid growth of KDP crystals in the coniform bottom device and their characterization

The coniform bottom device was designed and used in the rapid growth process of KDP crystal. A seed support rack was also designed to be used in rapid growth of KDP crystal to avoid spontaneous nucleation on the interface of seed crystal and rack. The KDP crystals were fast grown at the growth rate of up to 25 mm/day. The optical scatter centers in KDP crystals were observed and their transmissions of different parts were measured. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Investigation of nucleation kinetics and crystal defects of HMX

The nucleation kinetics of HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine, C₄H₈N₈O₈) in γ‐butyrolactone was studied in cooling process by induction time method. The laser scattering method was used to measure the solubility data and metastable region of HMX in γ‐butyrolactone. The induction time was measured over a range of supersaturation at different temperatures. Then, the nucleation mechanism of HMX in γ‐butyrolactone was investigated by analysis the relationships between induction time and supersaturation. The results indicated homogeneous nucleation dominated at high supersaturation of S >1.35, while the heterogeneous nucleation dominated at low supersaturation of S < 1.35. The values of interfacial tension at different final temperatures were calculated to indicate the ability of HMX to be crystallized. The growth mechanism of HMX was investigated by the data fitting applying different growth mechanism models and identified as two‐dimensional nucleation‐mediated (2D) growth. Finally, the effects of supersaturation and temperature on the crystal defects were analyzed based on the nucleation kinetics. When the temperature is below 303.15K, homogeneous nucleation dominated the nucleation process at higher supersaturation. Fine HMX crystals with more defects were produced. On the contrary, heterogeneous nucleation mechanism dominated at lower supersaturation. large regular HMX crystals with fewer defects were formed when the temperature is above 318.15K.     

F-及SiF2-6对α型半水硫酸钙结晶成核及形貌的影响

本文模拟了半水法湿法磷酸生产过程中α型半水硫酸钙(α-HH)的结晶过程。在30%P₂O₅,反应温度95 ℃,过饱和度S=1.64~2.10条件下,通过浊度仪监测溶液中浊度变化,测定了不同F^-及SiF^2-₆浓度下α-HH结晶诱导时间,采用经典成核理论公式计算了α-HH的临界晶核半径及成核速率,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征分析了F^-及SiF^2-₆对α-HH结晶过程的影响。结果表明:随着F^-、SiF^2-₆浓度的升高,α-HH晶体的结晶诱导时间延长,表面能和临界晶核半径都增大,然而成核速率减小。当过饱和度S=1.64时,加入0.06 mol·L^-1 F^-,α-HH结晶诱导时间延长了465 s,成核速率减小到0.403×10²⁹ 晶核数·cm^-3·s^-1,然而,加入0.06 mol·L^-1 SiF^2-₆,α-HH结晶诱导时间延长了710 s,成核速率减小到0.339×10²⁹晶核数·cm^-3·s^-1。SiF^2-₆对α-HH晶体抑制成核作用大于F^-。F^-、SiF^2-₆阻碍了α-HH晶体沿C轴方向生长,使得晶体长径比减小,晶体形貌向短柱状变化。F^-、SiF^2-₆影响了α-HH晶体(200)、(310)、(400)晶面衍射峰强度和结晶度。控制半水法湿法磷酸中F^-及SiF^2-₆浓度水平,可以得到短柱状的α-HH晶体,有利于过滤洗涤。     

Temperature control of protein crystal nucleation

The thermal variant of the classical nucleation‐growth‐separation principle is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, to be a reliable tool for studying protein crystal nucleation. The classical nucleation theory is used to elucidate the temperature dependence of crystal nucleus size. A one‐to‐one ratio of the number density of nuclei formed to crystals grown to visible size is achieved using the nucleation‐growth‐separation method. The experiments conducted in such a way show that new nuclei are prevented from appearing while avoiding any crystal loss due to dissolution. The same method is used to study experimentally the interval of growth temperatures where the number density of (nucleated) crystals is relatively insensitive to the growth temperature. It is argued that this temperature interval corresponds to the width of the so‐called metastable zone.     

大尺寸晶体快速生长理论与技术的研究进展

“如何突破大尺寸晶体材料的制备理论和技术”是中国科协发布的2021年度的十大前沿科学问题之一,揭示晶体生长机制和突破生长关键技术是大尺寸功能晶体发展的两个趋势。在原子分子尺度上,晶体生长可以是有势垒的热激活过程,也可以是无势垒的超快结晶过程,这与具体的体系以及晶面有关。从界面属性角度来看,光滑界面是以台阶拓展的方式生长;粗糙界面没有明显的固-液分层,通过局部原子固化进行生长。本文从晶体生长理论模型、生长技术及其应用实例,以及分子动力学方法在晶体生长中的应用等方面探讨了近些年大尺寸晶体快速生长理论和技术的研究进展。目前有多种方法制备大尺寸晶体,但普遍存在制备的晶体质量差和性能不稳定等问题。需要突破对晶体生长微观机制上的认识,建立机制与温度、流速等外界因素的内在联系。而利用机器学习力场以及分子动力学模拟方法,建立固-液界面,模拟晶体生长,将是探究晶体生长微观机制的一种有效方式。     

Investigations on nucleation,thermodynamical parameters and growth of Benzimidazole crystals from low temperature solution

Metastable zonewidth and induction period measurements of Benzimidazole (BMZ) are presented. The nucleation parameters such as interfacial tension, radius of the critical nucleus and critical free energy change have been calculated for the solution grown Benzimidazole (BMZ) single crystals at different supersaturation ratios. The grown BMZ crystals were characterized by the differential scanning calorimetric studies for analysis of thermal properties. The dielectric behaviour of the crystal was studied at different temperature and frequency. The laser damage threshold studies show that BMZ crystal has higher laser damage threshold. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Heterogeneous versus bulk nucleation of lysozyme crystals

Heterogeneous (on‐glass) protein crystal nucleation was separated from the bulk one in systems of thin protein solution layers, confined between two glass plates of custom made quasi two‐dimensional all‐glass cells, as well as by applying forced protein solution flow. Two commercial samples of hen‐egg‐white lysozyme, Seikagaku and Sigma were used as model proteins. Applying the classical technique of separation in time of nucleation and growth stages with protein solution layers of thickness 0.05 cm we found that the on‐glass crystal nucleation prevailed highly with Seikagaku HEWL, while on the opposite, bulk nucleated crystals represented the main crystal fraction in Sigma solution. Also using 0.05 cm solution layers nucleation rates were measured separately for the on‐glass and bulk protein crystals. The process was investigated by varying solution layer thicknesses as well, from 0.05 down to 0.01, 0.0065 and 0.002 cm. Studying the influence of the forced protein solution flow on HEWL crystal nucleation the classical double‐pulse technique was modified by separating the nucleation and growth stages not only in time, but simultaneously also in place. In this case we found that the ratio of on‐glass formed crystal nuclei to bulk nuclei depended on the flow velocity, but in different manner with Seikagaku HEWL and Sigma HEWL. A plausible explanation of our experimental results is that the bulk crystal nucleation occurs on foreign surfaces as well, e.g. on rests of source biomaterial, which are always present in the protein solutions. Moreover, biomaterial seems to be more active nucleant than glass. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Influence of internal radiation on the heat transfer during growth of YAG single crystals by the Czochralski method

Heat and mass transfer taking place during growth of Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (YAG) crystals by the Czochralski method, including inner radiation, is analyzed numerically using a Finite Element Method. For inner radiative heat transfer through the crystal the band approximation model and real transmission characteristics, measured from obtained crystals, are used. The results reveal significant differences in temperature and melt flow for YAG crystals doped with different dopands influencing the optical properties of the crystals. When radiative heat transport through the crystal is taken into account the melt‐crystal interface shape is different from that when the radiative transport is not included. Its deflection remains constant over a wide range of crystal rotation rates until it finally rapidly changes in a narrow range of rotation rates. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Investigations on the Nucleation Thermodynamics of RbTiOXO4 (X = P or As) Crystals Grown from High Temperature Solution

The nucleation thermodynamics of RbTiOXO₄ (where X = P or As) family crystals crystallizing from high temperature solution using the phosphate and tungstate solvents have been studied. Using the regular solution model and classical nucleation theory the nucleation thermodynamical parameters like interfacial energy, chemical potential, free energy change, critical energy barrier and radius of critical nucleus have been calculated which leads to better understanding of the nucleation process. Comparative study has also been made to investigate the metastable zone width of the above family crystals grown from different fluxes.