Quantum and classical coincidence imaging

Coincidence, or ghost, imaging is a technique that uses two correlated optical fields to form an image of an object. In this work we identify aspects of coincidence imaging which can be performed with classically correlated light sources and aspects which require quantum entanglement. We find that entangled photons allow high-contrast, high-resolution imaging to be performed at any distance from the light source. We demonstrate this fact by forming ghost images in the near and far fields of an entangled photon source, noting that the product of the resolutions of these images is a factor of 3 better than that which is allowed by classical diffraction theory.     

A novel method for detecting light source for digital images forensic

Manipulation in image has been in practice since centuries. These manipulated images are intended to alter facts — facts of ethics, morality, politics, sex, celebrity or chaos. Image forensic science is used to detect these manipulations in a digital image. There are several standard ways to analyze an image for manipulation. Each one has some limitation. Also very rarely any method tried to capitalize on the way image was taken by the camera. We propose a new method that is based on light and its shade as light and shade are the fundamental input resources that may carry all the information of the image. The proposed method measures the direction of light source and uses the light based technique for identification of any intentional partial manipulation in the said digital image. The method is tested for known manipulated images to correctly identify the light sources. The light source of an image is measured in terms of angle. The experimental results show the robustness of the methodology.     

A white-light interferometer using a lamp source and heterodyne detection with acousto-optic modulators

A heterodyne technique for white-light interferometer with a lamp source, which uses two acousto-optic modulators, is developed for high-sensitivity detection of weak light. By using converging input beams input into a Michelson interferometer with spherical mirrors, the spectral dependence of the modulators is canceled, and the white-light heterodyne interference fringes are generated at 200 kHz. Using a tandem interferometer, the object surface which has a low surface reflectivity of less than 10⁻⁴ was detected with a good signal-to-noise ratio.     

Flow measurement: using a chopper together with a CW laser to realize a frame straddling technique

A simple method that uses a chopper together with a CW laser to realize a frame straddling technique for flow measurement is introduced, in which a chopper with two windows is used to generate double pulses for exposure. By changing the size and position of each window, the time and interval of exposure can be adjusted easily. The light source is a CW semiconductor laser. The advantage of this method is in its being simple, cheap and compact. The method has been validated on a hydrodynamic flow involving a von Kármán Vortex Street.     

Genetic algorithms applied to neutron penumbral imaging

Penumbral imaging is a technique for imaging of neutrons or other penetrating radiations. The technique uses the fact that spatial information can be recovered from the shadow or penumbra that an unknown source casts of a simple large circular aperture. The limitation is that the straightforward image reconstruction will introduce some significant distortion for a large field of view because of non-isoplanaticity of the aperture point spread function. In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed for reconstruction of penumbral images and the technique allows distortion-free reconstruction over a large field of view. Furthermore, because in GA the complicateda priori constraints can be easily incorporated by appropriate modification of the cost function, the algorithm is also very tolerant of the noise.     

Fresnel-reflection-based fiber sensor for on-line measurement of ambient temperature

A fiber sensor with a simple structure for measuring the environment temperature is presented. The sensor uses only a diode laser as light source, three couplers, two photodetectors and two sensing fiber ends with protective cladding. One of the sensing fiber ends is covered by solidified epoxy resin with a metal cover. The measurement principle is based on relative Fresnel reflective intensity. Various ambient temperatures are measured in the setup. The measured data is fitted to linear equation very well with the value of R² of 0.9982. Applying the relative technique, the errors resulted from fluctuation of light source and other influences of environment are effectively eliminated, and the stability for long time measurement can be improved.     

Xe1v离子激光感生荧光用于医用X射线ZnCdS:Ag荧光屏的性能研究

本文叙述了利用同轴结构Xe1v离子激光器的UVλ=365nm激光作为激发光源的激光感生荧光(LIF)实验系统,对医用X射线ZnCdS:Ag荧光屏的发光性能进行了研究.LIF方法能方便而高灵敏地同时测得荧光光谱与寿命,和传统的紫外灯激发及X射线激发的结果一致,可以完全避免X射线对人体的有害辐射.     

基于荧光显微镜单色光源系统的椭球反射镜的设计

为了实现胞内钙离子浓度的检测，设计了一种新型的荧光显微镜单色光源系统。系统采用短弧氙灯作为发光源，利用椭球面反射镜聚焦后得到模拟的点光源，经过准直及闪耀光栅分光、汇聚后，耦合到光纤中形成单色光输出。在荧光显微镜照明激发系统中，单色光源的输出功率和光谱纯度是仪器的2个技术关键，其中非球面反射镜是设计的重点。通过优化算法和光学仿真模拟，对系统的光能效率进行了分析和计算，设计了用于单色光源系统的椭球面反射镜，并研制成整套系统。经实验验证，效果良好。     

LED微阵列投影系统设计

为满足便携式投影仪的市场需求,设计了一种基于LED微型阵列的投影系统。该系统由显示单元和投影物镜构成。采用尺寸为12 mm×9 mm的自发光LED微型阵列作为系统的显示单元,利用光学设计软件设计了投影物镜。投影物镜采用反远距光学结构,全视场角为80°,焦距为8 mm,属于强光、广角镜头。在空间频率20 lp/mm处,该物镜的调制传递函数大于0. 85,畸变小于2%,符合投影系统的设计要求。该投影系统具有体积小,结构简单,投影效果好,易加工等诸多优势,可为第三代投影技术的发展提供参考。     

用于标定CCD相机的高精度数控LED点光源

介绍了一种以发光二极管（LED）点光源作为相机标定光源的方法。根据LED点光源的特性,用恒流源给LED点光源提供所需的电流,用光照度计测量LED光源的光强度。由ARM单片下位机控制恒流源;通过串行通讯与上位机交换数据;由计算机作为上位机来管理数控恒流源和光照度计;根据所测光度值来调节电流,直到光度达到预想值。实验分析显示：LED点光源作为标定光源可以达到CCD标定的要求,精度也较高,能够很好地自适应控制LED的光照强度,达到了预期的效果,且系统使用方便灵活,性能稳定可靠。     

长余辉荧光粉发光特性的测试及实用装置

讨论了影响长余辉发光粉特性的主要因素。介绍了测试其发光特性的基本要求。在此基础上描述了一种测试长余辉荧光粉的新装置。它使用模拟D45光源作为激发光源，使用一台自动量程光度计来测量长余辉荧光粉亮度。从激发源到样品的激发光，以及从样品到光度计的发射光均由光纤进行传导。激发光通过耦合在二光纤中间的电动快门实施控制。装置的工作由计算机控制。需要特别指出的是装置可以在正常照明条件下工作。实测表明装置的设计非常巧妙和实用。     

Polyethylene welding by pulsed visible laser irradiation

Laser welding of plastics is a relatively new process that induces locally a fast polymer heating. For most applications, the process involves directing a pulsed beam of visible light at the weld joint by going through one of the two parts. This is commonly referred to as “through transmission visible laser welding”. In this technique, the monochromatic visible light source uses a power ns pulsed laser in order to irradiate the joint through one part and the light is absorbed in the vicinity of the other part.In order to evaluate the mechanical resistance of the welded joint, mass quadrupole spectrometry, surface profilometry, microscopy techniques and mechanical shear tests were employed. The welding effect was investigated as a function of the laser irradiation time, nature of the polyethylene materials and temperature.     

"Two-Photon" coincidence imaging with a classical source

Coincidence imaging is a technique that extracts an image of a test system from the statistics of photons transmitted by a reference system when the two systems are illuminated by a source possessing appropriate correlations. It has recently been argued that quantum entangled sources are necessary for the implementation of this technique. We show that this technique does not require entanglement, and we provide an experimental demonstration of coincidence imaging using a classical source. We further find that any kind of coincidence imaging technique which uses a "bucket" detector in the test arm is incapable of imaging phase-only objects, whether a classical or quantum source is employed.     

Broadband adiabatic conversion of light polarization

A broadband technique for robust adiabatic rotation and conversion of light polarization is proposed. It uses the analogy between the equation describing the polarization state of light propagating through an optically anisotropic medium and the Schrödinger equation describing coherent laser excitation of a three-state atom. The proposed technique is analogous to the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) technique in quantum optics; it is applicable to a wide range of frequencies and it is robust to variations in the propagation length and the rotary power.     

Simple design of optical fiber displacement sensor using a multimode fiber coupler

A simple design sensor is demonstrated using a fabricated multimode plastic fiber coupler in conjunction with reflective intensity modulation technique. The performances of this sensor are investigated for different light sources. This sensor uses only one fiber for sending and receiving the light and therefore only the back slope exists. The sensor shows the highest performance with the use of yellow light source, which has the highest intensity and the smallest beam divergence. The sensitivity, linear range, resolution and dynamic range of the sensor are obtained at 0.0001 mV/μm, 1500 μm, 70 μm, and 5.0 mm, respectively. The simplicity of the design, high degree of sensitivity, dynamic range and the low cost of the fabrication make it suitable for real field applications.     

Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy

An endoscope-compatible, submicrometer-resolution scanning confocal microscopy imaging system is presented. This approach, spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM), uses a quasi-monochromatic light source and a transmission diffraction grating to detect the reflectivity simultaneously at multiple points along a transverse line within the sample. Since this method does not require fast spatial scanning within the probe, the equipment can be miniaturized and incorporated into a catheter or endoscope. Confocal images of an electron microscope grid were acquired with SECM to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique.     

Real‐Time Operation of Photovoltaic Optoelectronic Tweezers: New Strategies for Massive Nano‐object Manipulation and Reconfigurable Patterning

Optical and optoelectronic techniques for micro‐ and nano‐object manipulation are becoming essential tools in nano‐ and biotechnology. Among optoelectronic manipulation platforms, photovoltaic optoelectronic tweezers (PVOTs) are an emergent technique that are particularly successful at producing permanent nanoparticle microstructures. New strategies to enhance the capabilities of PVOT, based on real‐time operation, are investigated. This optoelectronic platform uses z‐cut LiNbO₃:Fe substrates under excitation by a Gaussian light beam. Unexpected results show that during illumination, metallic particles previously deposited on the substrate are ejected from the light spot region. This behavior differs from the trapping phenomenon observed in previous work on PVOT operation, using a sequential method in which illumination is prior to particle manipulation. To discuss the results, a novel mechanism of charge exchange between particles and the ferroelectric substrate is proposed. Applications of this repulsion behavior are investigated. On the one hand, either particle repulsion or trapping in the illuminated region can be obtained by simply light switching on/off. On the other hand, by moving the light spot, different kinds of arbitrarily shaped tracks along the light path, either empty or filled with particles, are obtained. The results demonstrate new key capabilities of PVOT, such as pattern drawing, erasure, and reconfiguration.     

用塞曼双频激光器作光源的一种新颖长扫描表面的仪器设计

本文报道一套光学结构用于同步辐射反射镜表面轮廓高精度大面积的测量。采用了光学外差测量与接收技术,以伺服聚焦双折射透镜组分离“o”光与“e”光的聚焦区域,并再共轴组合比较其相位差,从而获得表面起伏的误差值。线性运动的测量工作台使镜面可测量范围从数微米到一米,而最小起伏量及曲率可达很高的测量精度。     

Characterization of photorefractive materials by spontaneous noncolinear frequency doubling

‘Spontaneous’ noncolinear frequency doubling (SNCFD) is a type of optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) that uses scattered light to provide additional fundamental beams in order to accomplish noncolinear phase matching. Based on a novel algorithm for the automated evaluation of the resulting ring patterns, we present an easy-to-apply, sensitive, and non-destructive method for the characterization of photorefractive materials, yielding two-dimensional spatial resolution. As applications of the technique, examples for the characterization of lithium niobate crystals are presented. Received: 30 October 1998 / Revised version: 17 December 1998 / Published online: 7 April 1999     

Interactive Fringe processing algorithm for interferogram analysis

A highly flexible algorithm for interferogram processing which enables the operator to interact with the computer at every stage, is presented. This algorithm developed on a PDP 11/23 microcomputer, uses Fortran callable subroutines based on Intellect 100 image processing hardware and a CUB R-G-B monitor. It also uses a single frame buffer of 512 x 512 x 8 pixels.This software employs a pseudo-colour mapping technique which helps the operator to select the optimum threshold values. Manual editing of the processed fringe pattern is also possible to enable removal of unwanted kinks and to connect any discontinuities. A fringe scanning subroutine is used to number the fringes and to store the peak coordinates in a data file for fringe analysis.The algorithm is employed for the analysis of an interferogram obtained from an inverting interferometer and the results are presented.