网络爆轰驱动飞片的设计技术

提出使用炸药网络爆轰技术,设计了一种新型的低速飞片击靶加载装置,结合数值模拟和实验测 量,对驱动飞片的速度、平面性及装置结构参数进行了系统分析。实验结果表明,无氧铜飞片可以使直径 100mm、厚度3mm 的飞片在飞行距离2mm 内达到稳定的飞行状态,击靶速度在200~350m/s范围内连 续可调,飞片击靶平面范围大、速度均匀、平面性好,为实现低冲击应力的一维应变加载提供了参考。     

应用自洽方法预测沥青混合料的蠕变行为

将沥青混合料看作是由沥青砂和粗骨料组成的两相复合材料,提出了应用自洽方法预测沥青混合料粘弹性性能的一般思路.采用四参量流变模型描述沥青砂的粘弹性能,通过 Laplace 变换将时间域的粘弹性问题转化为变换域的线弹性问题,然后经 Laplace 逆变换将变换域的解转化到时间域.利用不同温度、不同应力水平下沥青砂的单轴压缩蠕变实验,拟合四参量流变模型参数,预测了沥青混合料在不同温度和不同应力水平下的蠕变曲线,并与实验结果进行了比较,发现蠕变的早期阶段预测值与实验值基本符合.最后进一步分析了温度、应力水平对沥青混合料蠕变行为的影响.     

实现应变率为105~106 s-1的阻抗梯度飞片复杂加载波形计算分析

为了在气炮上实现应变率为105~106 s-1的复杂加载技术研究,采用自行研制的拉格朗日程序MLEP(multi-material Lagrangian elastic-plastic)对Al-Cu-W材料体系的阻抗梯度飞片复杂加载不锈钢靶板进行数值模拟,计算设计并分析了阻抗梯度飞片的厚度和密度分布指数对靶板压力、速度和应变率峰值等波形的影响。结果表明:密度指数分布越大,加载时间越短,加载后期的压力、速度和应变率峰值曲线更陡峭;同时, 为了避免靶板/LiF窗口界面反射的稀疏波早于阻抗梯度飞片后界面反射的稀疏波达到碰撞面位置,计算设计中还考虑了飞片厚度的影响。此外,对基于理论设计的阻抗梯度飞片进行了动态考核实验,实验结果基本反映了预期的设计,为材料强度的测量奠定了基础。     

[100]LiF单晶在60 GPa以内冲击加载下的高压屈服强度特性

获取光学窗口自身的高压强度特性是开展材料高压高应变率冲击响应行为精密测量和数据反演的重要基础。利用平板撞击和双屈服面法,通过冲击-卸载、冲击-再加载原位粒子速度剖面精细测量和数据反演,获得了约60 GPa范围内[100]LiF屈服强度特性随冲击压力的变化规律。结果表明:在实验压力范围内,[100]LiF的屈服强度随加载压力的提高而显著提高,压力硬化效应显著;同时,LiF在冲击加载下的屈服强度高于磁驱准等熵加载结果,应变率硬化效应强于热软化效应。采用Huang-Asay模型确定了可描述冲击加载[100]LiF强度特性的本构模型参数,为LiF在强度、相变、层断裂等加窗测量实验中的深入应用和数据准确解读提供了重要支撑。     

双屈服面法测量金属材料动高压屈服强度的若干改进

在J.R.Asay等提出的双屈服面法（简称AC方法）测量动态屈服强度的基础上,对实验设计和数据处理做了部分改进。在实验设计方面,在满足实验物理设计的前提下,将 AC方法的卸载实验装置(双层飞片和双台阶样品)简化为单飞片和单台阶样品,以简化波系作用,并减少了声速测量不确定度的引入因素。在数据处理方面,发现由Lagrange声速和工程应变关系曲线外推求预冲击态的体积声速容易引入较大的不确定度,而通过Lagrange声速和粒子速度关系曲线可以更清晰地得到塑性卸载起始点,使图解法和积分法得到的屈服强度值趋于一致。利用改进后的AC方法,得到了低温退火后LY12铝在20.0 GPa预冲击压力下的屈服强度为0.6 GPa。     

高应变率下断裂韧性实验的数值模拟

采用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序对静态和冲击荷载作用下的含裂纹半圆弯曲(SCB)实验进行了数值模拟。根据静态实验的模拟结果,提出了适合复合型加载的Ⅰ型应力强度因子拟合公式,采用该公式计算应力强度因子的最大误差不超过10%。动态实验的模拟结果表明:对于纯Ⅰ型加载的SCB实验,动态应力强度因子随着试样半径、支座间距以及相对裂纹长度的变化呈现规律性变化;当试样半径小于60mm、相对支座间距为1.2、相对裂纹长度在0.1~0.4范围内时,惯性效应的影响较小,采用静态拟合公式计算裂尖的动态应力强度因子的误差约10%;对于复合型加载的SCB实验,当相对裂纹长度为0.2~0.4、裂纹倾角在10°~40°范围内时,采用静态拟合公式计算裂尖的动态应力强度因子的误差小于10%。     

冲击载荷作用下岩体破坏规律的数值流形方法模拟研究

为了更好地模拟岩体这种典型的连续与非连续介质共存的复杂结构体在冲击载荷作用下的破坏规律,在近年来新出现的数值流形方法基本理论的基础上,利用其算法程序对岩体中存在的不连续面如节理、裂隙等对岩体破裂效果的影响进行了数值模拟分析,计算结果充分显示了数值流形方法在模拟这类问题中的准确性和有效性。     

冲击-动力接触问题有限元方法的几点注记

讨论了应用Newmark-β直接积分法求解冲击-动力接触问题在初始接触和初始分离时进行修正的必要性;证明了基于Newmark方法的有效刚度阵的正定性,导出了关于接触力向量的有效柔度方程,从而把动力接触迭代过程凝缩到接触面上,提高了计算的效率;算例包括两杆冲击问题和两圆盘冲击问题。     

一种基于气体炮加载技术和惯性抛射原理的水冲击实验装置

基于气体炮加载技术和惯性抛射原理,研制了一套水冲击实验装置,可实现规则形状水柱按照设定速度发射。该装置在活塞推射技术的基础上,设计了一个抛射筒取代活塞,将水柱装在抛射筒内;利用气体炮产生的动力加载抛射筒,达到设定速度时撞击缓冲件得到减速,筒内水柱在惯性作用下飞出。抛射筒材料采用高强度合金钢,缓冲件材料采用橡胶,抛射筒在装置发射水柱后可再次使用。使用该装置开展了?200 mm×1 m尺寸水柱的发射实验,水柱速度及形状均满足水冲击实验的要求;采用非接触的光电测速方法测量了发射速度,与理论计算结果比较符合。     

A generalized self-consistent polycrystal model for the yield strength of nanocrystalline materials

Inspired by recent molecular dynamic simulations of nanocrystalline solids, a generalized self-consistent polycrystal model is proposed to study the transition of yield strength of polycrystalline metals as the grain size decreases from the traditional coarse grain to the nanometer scale. These atomic simulations revealed that a significant portion of atoms resides in the grain boundaries and the plastic flow of the grain-boundary region is responsible for the unique characteristics displayed by such materials. The proposed model takes each oriented grain and its immediate grain boundary to form a pair, which in turn is embedded in the infinite effective medium with a property representing the orientational average of all these pairs. We make use of the linear comparison composite to determine the nonlinear behavior of the nanocrystalline polycrystal through the concept of secant moduli. To this end an auxiliary problem of Christensen and Lo (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 27 (1979) 315) superimposed on the eigenstrain field of Luo and Weng (Mech. Mater. 6 (1987) 347) is first considered, and then the nonlinear elastoplastic polycrystal problem is addressed. The plastic flow of each grain is calculated from its crystallographic slips, but the plastic behavior of the grain-boundary phase is modeled as that of an amorphous material. The calculated yield stress for Cu is found to follow the classic Hall-Petch relation initially, but as the gain size decreases it begins to depart from it. The yield strength eventually attains a maximum at a critical grain size and then the Hall-Petch slope turns negative in the nano-range. It is also found that, when the Hall-Petch relation is observed, the plastic behavior of the polycrystal is governed by crystallographic slips in the grains, but when the slope is negative it is governed by the grain boundaries. During the transition both grains and grain boundaries contribute competitively.     

混凝土类材料动态拉伸强度的微观力学模型

基于水泥砂浆试样动态劈裂拉伸实验,研究了不同加载速率下水泥砂浆材料动态劈裂时的裂纹发 生和扩展规律,提出一个微观力学模型。结果表明,微裂纹惯性是混凝土类材料动态拉伸实验中测量到的动 态拉伸强度随应变率的增加而提高的一种微观机制。     

动高压加载下锆基金属玻璃强度测量

为了研究Zr₅₁Ti₅Ni₁₀Cu₂₅Al₉金属玻璃的高压强度特性,进行了平靶冲击实验。采用反向碰撞方式,运用DISAR技术测量金属玻璃样品/LiF窗口界面粒子速度剖面,分析粒子速度剖面获得了37~66GPa压力范围锆基金属玻璃的屈服强度和剪切模量。实验结果表明,在上述压力范围金属玻璃的屈服强度和剪切模量均显示出一定程度的压力硬化效应,分析表明金属玻璃冲击加载波阵面剪应力衰减并非由损伤/破坏或温度软化等因素导致。

     

几种高性能纤维束的冲击动力学性能实验研究

利用直拉式Hopkinson装置研究了碳纤维、无碱E玻璃纤维、Kevlar 4 9/96 4 /96 4c、Twaron2 0 0 0、DyneemaSk6 6等纤维的动态拉伸性能。与准静态加载条件下相比 ,纤维束的拉伸强度基本与应变速率无关(玻璃纤维除外 ) ,而纤维束的弹性模量和失效应变随应变率的升高而明显变大。从高分子物理以及两种无机纤维的内部微观结构特征对纤维的力学性能与加载速率的关系进行了初步的物理阐释。讨论了实验数据的发散原因。     

A generalized self-consistent Mori-Tanaka model for predicting the effective moduli of the coated inclusion based composite materials

The weak point of the generalized self-consistent method (GSCM) is that its solution for the effective shear moduli involves determining the complicated displacement and strain fields in constitutents. Furthermore, the effective moduli estimated by GSCM cannot be expressed in an explicit form. Instead of following the procedure of GSCM, in this paper a generalized self-consistent Mori-Tanaka method (GSCMTM) is developed by means of Hill's interface condition and the assumption that the strain in the inclusion is uniform. A comparison with the existing theoretical and experimental results shows that the present GSCMTM is sufficiently accurate to predict the effective moduli of the coated inclusion-based composite materials. Moreover, it is interesting to find that the application of Hill's interface condition in volumetric domain is equivalent to the Mori-Tanaka average field approximation. This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.     

A technique for measuring the dynamic behavior of materials at high temperatures

A new experimental technique has been developed for the performance of high temperature, high-strain-rate experiments in the compression Kolsky bar (split-Hopkinson pressure bar or SHPB). The new technique (referred to as the High-Temperature Compression Kolsky Bar or HTCKB) uses an infra-red spot-heater to rapidly heat the specimen to the desired temperature, a!nd an electropneumatic actuation system to minimize the development of temperature gradients in the sample. The technique is cheap and relatively easy to implement and yet provides accurate, repeatable results. As an illustration of the application of the technique, we have examined the high-temperature response of the BCC metal vanadium at high-strain rates. Stress–strain curves are obtained for the material at strain rates of 4 × 10³ s⁻¹ and at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1100 K (27–800°C). Quasistatic (10⁻³ s⁻¹) experiments have also been performed on vanadium over a slightly smaller range of temperatures, and the results are compared with the new high-temperature, high-strain-rate data. It is observed that the rate of thermal softening is a function of the strain rate. These results illustrate the importance of including the coupling between temperature and strain r!ate in thermoviscoplastic constitutive models.     

钢纤维高强混凝土冲击压缩的试验研究

介绍了利用100 mm SHPB装置获得钢纤维高强混凝土冲击压缩应力-应变曲线的试验研究。同一类试样在静态和动态共4个不同应变率下的试验结果揭示混凝土是应变率敏感材料,其破坏应变、峰值应变和弹性模量表现出显著的应变率强化效应。从静态和动态压缩下混凝土损伤演化的不同形式对这种应变率强化效应进行了详细讨论。从相近应变率下不同钢纤维含量试样的试验结果中,发现冲击压缩下钢纤维对混凝土的增强效应随应变率的增大而减弱。从钢纤维对混凝土静态和动态压缩下损伤演化形式的影响,讨论了钢纤维对混凝土的这种增强效应。     

A simple technique for determining yield strength of thin films

A technique to measure the yield strength of thin films has been developed which combines experimental observations of deflection and plastic deformation with finite element predictions of stress. This technique relies on integrated circuit technology to build bridge and cross beam test structures with a range of dimensions. Each structure is deflected in increments of 1 μm until the structure no longer elastically recovers upon release. In tandem with experimentally verified numerical predictions of force and stress, the yield strength of the thin film can be bounded between the highest elastic stress result and the lowest plastic stress result. For our test material of copper, this method provides a yield strength between 2.80 and 3.09 GPa, a value significantly larger than that for bulk copper, but consistent with thin film theory.     

确定材料在高温高应变率下动态性能的Hopkinson杆系统

描述了一种利用Hopkinson杆装置确定在高温（温度可高达1 173 K）、高应变率下材料动态性能的试验方法。在试样加温过程中,试样不与入射杆及透射杆接触。当试样加热到预定温度时,气压驱动同步组装系统,推动透射杆及试样,使得应力波到达入射杆与试样接触面时,入射杆、试样及透射杆紧密接触。利用以上系统,完成了连铸单晶铜及上引法连铸多晶铜从室温到1 085 K范围内的应力应变曲线。测试结果表明,不论是上引法连铸多晶铜还是连铸单晶铜,流动应力随温度的升高而下降,在温度低于585 K时,材料的应变硬化率明显大于在温度高于585 K时的应变硬化率。