聚合物粘结剂PVP、PAM和PVA结构与性能的分子动力学研究

在粉末打印骨支架的工艺中,粘结剂的性质是影响骨支架质量的关键因素。采用分子动力学的模拟方法对三种常用高分子粘结剂的体系进行了构建和模拟,从微观分子层面研究了聚合物粘结剂PVP,PAM和PVA的部分性质,比如密度、内聚能及力学性能,并对三种粘结剂的性能参数进行了比较,对其内在关系进行了揭示。此外,还通过建立粘结剂与羟基磷灰石的界面相互作用模型,对三种粘结剂与羟基磷灰石的界面结合能进行了计算和比较,分析了影响高聚物粘结特性的根本原因。这一工作不仅对常用粘结剂的基本性质进行了预估,而且对骨支架粉末粘结工艺中粘结剂的选择提供了理论依据。     

钛珠涂层和羟基磷灰石涂层与皮质骨界面的切向微动损伤研究

通过体外模拟切向微动行为,探究两种生物固定材料-钛珠涂层和羟基磷灰石涂层与皮质骨界面之间的微动摩擦磨损机理,建立钛珠涂层和羟基磷灰石涂层与骨组织生物固定界面的微动-松动-骨损伤的关系. 结果表明,界面处于部分滑移区时,弹塑性协调作用起主导,固定界面不易产生松动,皮质骨表面损伤以剥落为主,表面损伤较小. 增大微动位移幅值,界面摩擦系数增大,皮质骨的损伤增大. 同时,划分出了钛珠涂层和羟基磷灰石涂层部分滑移区的工况分界线. 通过对比两种材料的摩擦磨损机理,钛珠涂层与皮质骨界面固定效果较好,羟基磷灰石涂层与皮质骨界面损伤较小. 结果对人工关节生物固定起到一定的参考作用.      

骨细胞培养过程对羟基磷灰石力学性质影响的研究

采用数字图像相关方法研究骨细胞对人造羟基磷灰石力学性质的影响.采用了三种试样:羟基磷灰石试样、培养了骨细胞的羟基磷灰石试样、用戊二醛溶液浸泡的羟基磷灰石试样(与培养骨细胞同样环境但不培养骨细胞).研究得到了试样完整的应力-应变曲线;同时测出弹性模量和泊松比,还测量了压缩极限应力.实验结果表明试样的应力-应变曲线在断裂前呈良好的线性关系;戊二醛溶液不影响羟基磷灰石的弹性模量和泊松比,但会使压缩极限应力降低;骨细胞培养过程能使羟基磷灰石材料的弹性模量和强度增加(所培养的骨细胞约占表面积3.75%).对照显示,羟基磷灰石培养骨细胞后其弹性模量增加了15.2%,压缩极限应力增加了26.1%.     

碳纤维增强羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸复合生物材料的制备和力学性能

为了提高羟基磷灰石粒子和碳纤维与聚乳酸之间的粘接力和相互作用力，对羟基磷灰石和碳纤维分别进行表面改性。羟基磷灰石采用表面接枝聚乳酸的方法，结果在红外谱图中1740cm^-1处出现了羰基的吸收峰，经热失重分析接枝率达到5％。碳纤维则用硝酸进行氧化处理后表面变粗糙，有效地提高了与聚乳酸基体的界面结合力。采用溶液共混-热压方法制备了碳纤维增强羟基磷灰石／聚乳酸三元复合生物材料，研究了其剪切强度随羟基磷灰石含量和体外降解时间的变化关系。复合材料的剪切强度随HA含量的增加存在一个峰值，最大剪切强度为340MPa。在37℃PBS模拟体液中体外降解16周后，剪切强度维持在190MPa左右，有很好的强度保持性，观察复合材料的微观结构发现，聚乳酸降解后碳纤维和基体之间的界面出现空隙。     

碳纤维增强羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸复合生物材料的制备和力学性能

为了提高羟基磷灰石粒子和碳纤维与聚乳酸之间的粘接力和相互作用力,对羟基磷灰石和碳纤维分别进行表面改性.羟基磷灰石采用表面接枝聚乳酸的方法,结果在红外谱图中1740cm-1处出现了羰基的吸收峰,经热失重分析接枝率达到5%.碳纤维则用硝酸进行氧化处理后表面变粗糙,有效地提高了与聚乳酸基体的界面结合力.采用溶液共混-热压方法制备了碳纤维增强羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸三元复合生物材料,研究了其剪切强度随羟基磷灰石含量和体外降解时间的变化关系.复合材料的剪切强度随HA含量的增加存在一个峰值,最大剪切强度为340MPa.在37℃ PBS模拟体液中体外降解16周后,剪切强度维持在190MPa左右,有很好的强度保持性,观察复合材料的微观结构发现,聚乳酸降解后碳纤维和基体之间的界面出现空隙.     

升温条件下偏高岭土基地质聚合物粘结剂的粘结性能研究

结构加固中应用的环氧树脂等有机粘结剂的耐高温性不足,升温条件下易丧失力学性能导致结构失效。本文以偏高岭土基地聚物作为无机粘结剂,通过不同温度下的钢-钢拉伸剪切试验和表层嵌贴CFRP-混凝土拔出试验,考察地聚物粘结剂在升温条件下的粘结性能变化规律。试验结果表明:在常温环境下,树脂粘结剂的粘结性能优于地质聚合物粘结剂的粘结性能;但在本文试验设置的升温条件下,树脂粘结剂试件的粘结承载力明显下降,而地质聚合物粘结剂试件的粘结承载力则基本不受温度变化的影响。对粘结界面的粘结滑移本构关系的分析表明,随着温度升高,树脂粘结剂的最大粘结应力逐渐降低,其对应的滑移量也有所增大;与之相比,地聚物粘结剂的最大粘结应力及滑移均未随温度升高发生显著变化,证明了地聚物粘结剂的粘结性能对本文试验温度不敏感。这表明地质聚合物具有较好的耐高温性能,有发展无机粘结剂的潜力。     

粉末注射成形中偏析效应及其影响的数值模拟

在金属或陶瓷粉末注射成形中,由于粉末与粘结剂的密度差异,二者在高速充模的过程中会产生局部比例变化,即偏析现象.针对偏析现象,采用两相流注射模型,将注射喂料视为由粉末相和粘结剂相组成的混合流体,预测注射成形坯件中粉末相和粘结剂相的分布.将结果引入到后续的烧结模拟中,宏观烧结模型采用基于热弹粘塑性的本构关系.据此模拟产品在烧结过程中发生的收缩和变形以及预测产品在烧结过程中现场强度(In-situ strength).模拟结果说明注射坯件的非匀质性导致产品的烧结过程中产生非均匀收缩和内部应力的大幅度上升,影响产品的精度和性能.这种从注射到烧结的模拟体系可用于优化粉末注射成形工艺的喂料设计、模具设计以及注射和烧结工艺参数的选取.     

皮下组织对羟基磷灰石力学性质的影响

将羟基磷灰石试样植入大白鼠的皮下组织20\,d后取出,然后采用数字图像 相关方法研究纤维组织对人造羟基磷灰石的力学性质的影响. 测量了两种试样：植入大白鼠 皮下组织的羟基磷灰石试样和未经植入的羟基磷灰石试样. 得到了羟基磷灰石完整的应力- 应变曲线;还测量了压缩极限应力. 实验结果表明羟基磷灰石的应力-应变曲线在断裂前呈良 好的线性关系;皮下纤维组织能使羟基磷灰石材料的弹性模量和强度增加, 20\,d后使羟基磷 灰石的弹性模量增加了29.06{\%}, 压缩极限应力增加了28.71%.     

FRP-混凝土界面粘结行为的参数影响研究

FRP-混凝土界面的粘结性能对FRP加固混凝土结构力学行为和破坏模式有着重要影响。本文对表征FRP-混凝土界面粘结性能的三个重要参数(界面初始刚度、最大剪应力、界面破坏能)开展研究,通过13个单剪试件的试验考察了混凝土强度、胶层厚度和粘结长度等因素对界面粘结行为的影响,根据试验结果拟合了界面破坏能、最大剪切应力与胶层剪切刚度、混凝土强度之间的函数关系。在试验研究基础上,构建了外贴FRP-混凝土界面粘结的有限元模型。通过有限元分析考察了界面破坏能等三个参数不变的前提下,不同的局部粘结滑移本构关系对界面粘结行为的影响;进而研究了其中一个参数变化时引起的界面粘结性能改变。研究结果表明:界面粘结承载力随着胶层厚度增加而逐渐提高;胶层厚度与界面破坏能成正比,与峰值剪应力成反比;当界面破坏能等三个参数保持不变时,局部粘结滑移本构关系对FRP-混凝土界面粘结性能的影响较小;三个参数中的一个增大时将延缓界面破坏的过程。     

纤维增强混凝土材料的界面剪应力分布研究

针对纤维与混凝土界面的破坏过程,提出了几种简化的粘结-滑移本构模型,以双线性局部粘结-滑移本构模型为基础,在受力平衡和变形协调的基本原理基础上,推导了纤维脱粘过程中界面剪应力的解析解.采用弹簧粘结单元,通过数值方法模拟了纤维与混凝土之间的粘结-滑移过程,给出了纤维与混凝土界面脱粘过程中界面剪应力的分布、变化情况.对解析解、有限元计算结果和试验结果之间的差异进行了对比分析,验证了简化模型的合理性和有效性.     

Correction to: Time and Space Fractional Diffusion in Finite Systems

Additive manufacturing technology, or 3D printing, with silica sand has enabled the manufacture of porous rock analogues for the use in experimental studies of geomechanical properties of reservoir rocks. The accurate modelling of the fluid flow phenomena within a reservoir and improving the performance of hydrocarbon recovery require an understanding of physical and chemical interactions of the reservoir fluids and the rock matrix. Therefore, for the 3D printed samples to serve as rock analogues, flow properties have to be equivalent to the petrophysical properties of their natural counterparts, such as Berea sandstone. In this study, sandstones that were 3D printed with silica sand and Poly-Furfuryl alcohol (PFA) binder, were used to investigate interactions between porous media with different fluids. Wettability preference of 3D printed samples was characterized through contact angle measurements, as well as co-current and counter-current spontaneous imbibition experiments. Results indicated that 3D printed sandstones had mixed-wet characteristics due to the high preference of silica grains for polar fluids and the affinity PFA binder to the oleic phase. Printing configurations including binder saturation were found to greatly influence the wettability preference of the 3D printed analogue rocks as higher PFA concentrations resulted in more strongly oil-wet preferences. Efforts to optimize the printing process and challenges to control the wettability preferences of the 3D printed samples are also highlighted.

     

Rheology and microstructure of asphalt binders

The viscous and linear viscoelastic properties of different asphalt binders have been analyzed in this paper. Thus, an unmodified bitumen, a polymer-modified (SBS) bitumen, a commercial synthetic binder, and two model synthetic binders with different polymer (SBS) concentrations have been studied. The mechanical spectra of these binders are quite different, mainly influenced by SBS concentration. Thus, up to three regions may be observed for a synthetic binder with high polymer concentration. The temperature dependence of the zero-shear-rate-limiting viscosity is described by an Arrhenius-like equation, in a temperature range that depends on binder composition. These results have been discussed taking into account the development of a polymer-rich phase in SBS-modified bitumen and model synthetic binders. Received: 6 February 2000 Accepted: 8 August 2000     

Comparison of Flow and Transport Experiments on 3D Printed Micromodels with Direct Numerical Simulations

Understanding pore-scale flow and transport processes is important for understanding flow and transport within rocks on a larger scale. Flow experiments on small-scale micromodels can be used to experimentally investigate pore-scale flow. Current manufacturing methods of micromodels are costly and time consuming. 3D printing is an alternative method for the production of micromodels. We have been able to visualise small-scale, single-phase flow and transport processes within a 3D printed micromodel using a custom-built visualisation cell. Results have been compared with the same experiments run on a micromodel with the same geometry made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, also known as Perspex). Numerical simulations of the experiments indicate that differences in experimental results between the 3D printed micromodel and the Perspex micromodel may be due to variability in print geometry and surface properties between the samples. 3D printing technology looks promising as a micromodel manufacturing method; however, further work is needed to improve the accuracy and quality of 3D printed models in terms of geometry and surface roughness.

     

光固化3D打印与传统涂膜法制备聚酰亚胺的摩擦学性能比较研究

为研究光固化3D打印成形技术及其材料配方对光敏聚酰亚胺摩擦学性能的影响,分别采用光固化3D打印技术和传统涂膜成形对比评价了几种光敏型和热固型聚酰亚胺的摩擦学性能、热稳定性及机械性能等. 研究表明:为适应光固化3D打印成形需要而加入的活性稀释剂和交联剂对光敏聚酰亚胺的机械性能具有提升作用,但削弱了减摩抗磨和耐热性能;相较于涂膜成形的热固性聚酰亚胺,3D打印样品的耐热性能降低,摩擦系数升高了0.08,磨损率增加了9×10?6 mm3/(N·m). 尽管光固化3D打印聚酰亚胺的减摩抗磨性能低于热固成形聚酰亚胺,但基于光固化3D打印技术的一体成型、高精度和自由制造等诸多优势,对实现高性能及复杂结构精密润滑器件的一体化智能制造具有重要的工程意义.      

Determination of Asphalt Binder Creep Compliance Using Depth-Sensing Indentation

Asphalt binders are common construction materials, however due to time- and temperature- dependence, their mechanical properties are often difficult to characterize. Several standard tests methods exist to describe their complex behavior. This paper presents an exploratory feasibility study of a flat-tip indentation testing to analyze the linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt binders. Depth-sensing indentation testing has been extensively used to characterize the properties of many engineering materials, however the applications to asphalt binders are very limited. This paper presents a simple solution for the creep compliance in tension derived for flat-tipped indenter. This solution was verified with the Finite Element Analysis and then applied to the experimental results from the indentation testing performed on one typical unmodified asphalt binder. The testing was conducted at three different low temperatures and under three different creep load levels to verity the linearity of the response, and to evaluate the robustness and applicability of the indentation method. Furthermore, the creep compliance functions determined from the indentation testing were compared with a more traditional 3-point bending experiments. The results show that there is a non-uniform discrepancy between the two testing methods, most likely due to nonlinear behavior of the asphalt binder at higher temperatures and micro-damage of the binder samples at lower temperatures. Other possible sources of error between indentation and 3-point bending are problems determining the initial tip-specimen contact surface and possible tip-specimen adhesion. It is concluded that flat-tipped indentation at low temperatures should be performed at lower load levels to avoid excessive stress concentrations that leads to micro-damage and nonlinear response of asphalt binders. Alternatively, asphalt binders at low temperatures could be evaluated using different indenter geometries, such as spherical or pyramidal, using corresponding parameter interpretation procedures.     

Nonlinear viscoelastic response of asphalt binders: An experimental study of the relaxation of torque and normal force in torsion

Development of normal stress in the direction perpendicular to the plane of shear is an important feature of the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of asphalt binders. Here, we study the significance of this phenomenon with the help of stress-relaxation experiments in torsion. We conducted these experiments using a dynamic shear rheometer on an unmodified binder and polymer modified binder, at different temperatures and aging conditions. The results not only illustrate the nonlinearity of the behavior but also show certain distinctive characteristics of the relaxation behavior (torque relax faster than normal force) and it is seen that new constitutive models are required to predict such behavior.     

Complicated deformation simulating on temperature-driven 4D printed bilayer structures based on reduced bilayer plate model

The four-dimensional (4D) printing technology, as a combination of additive manufacturing and smart materials, has attracted increasing research interest in recent years. The bilayer structures printed with smart materials using this technology can realize complicated deformation under some special stimuli due to the material properties. The deformation prediction of bilayer structures can make the design process more rapid and thus is of great importance. However, the previous works on deformation prediction of bilayer structures rarely study the complicated deformations or the influence of the printing process on deformation. Thus, this paper proposes a new method to predict the complicated deformations of temperature-sensitive 4D printed bilayer structures, in particular to the bilayer structures based on temperature-driven shape-memory polymers (SMPs) and fabricated using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. The programming process to the material during printing is revealed and considered in the simulation model. Simulation results are compared with experiments to verify the validity of the method. The advantages of this method are stable convergence and high efficiency, as the three-dimensional (3D) problem is converted to a two-dimensional (2D) problem. The simulation parameters in the model can be further associated with the printing parameters, which shows good application prospect in 4D printed bilayer structure design.

     

Rheological properties of polyacrylates used as synthetic road binders

Most adhesives and binders, including bitumen for asphalt mixture production, are presently produced from petrochemicals after the refining of crude oil. The fact that crude oil reserves are a finite resource means that in the future, it may become necessary to produce these materials from alternative and probably renewable sources. Suitable resources of this kind may include polysaccharides, plant oils and proteins. This paper deals with the synthesis of polymer binders from monomers that could, in future, be derived from renewable resources. These binders consist of polyethyl acrylate (PEA) of different molecular weight, polymethyl acrylate (PMA) and polybutyl acrylate (PBA), which were synthesised from ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate, respectively, by atom transfer radical polymerisation. The rheological properties of these binders were determined by means of oscillatory testing using a dynamic shear rheometer and combinations of stress/strain, temperature and frequency sweeps. The results indicate that PEA can be produced to have rheological properties similar to that of ‘soft’ 100/150 penetration grade bitumen, PMA with similar rheological properties to that of ‘hard’ 10/20 penetration grade bitumen, while PBA, due to its highly viscous nature and low dynamic moduli, cannot be used on its own as a binder. The synthetic polymers were found to be thermo-rheologically simple, and the shift factors, used to produce the dynamic moduli master curves, were found to fit an Arrhenius function.     

3D打印石膏试件力学性质实验

3D打印技术目前已广泛应用在医疗、航空、汽车、建筑等领域,文中做了3D打印技术在岩石力学领域的应用尝试.利用3D打印技术制作两种类型的石膏试件进行实验室单轴压缩试验.实验表明:3D打印技术可以快速、精确、灵活地制作出所需复杂尺寸的试件;打印石膏试件密度较低;3D打印石膏试件具有强度低和塑性强的特性;简单标准试件的力学性质具有可重复性,含裂纹试件力学性质差异较大;含裂纹试件的制作尚存在技术上的困难.     

Fluid Flow Analysis of Integrated Porous Bone Scaffold and Cancellous Bone at Different Skeletal Sites: In Silico Study

The dynamic characteristic of bone is its ability to remodel itself through mechanobiological responses. Bone regeneration is triggered by mechanical cues from physiological activities that generate structural strain and cause bone marrow movement. This phenomenon is crucial for bone scaffold when implanted in the cancellous bone as host tissue. Often, the fluid movement of bone scaffold and cancellous bone is studied separately, which does not represent the actual environment once implanted. In the present study, the fluid flow analysis properties of bone scaffold integrated into the cancellous bone at different skeletal sites are investigated. Three types of porous bone scaffolds categorized based on pore size configurations: 1 mm, 0.8 mm and hybrid (0.8 mm interlaced with 0.5 mm) were used. Three different skeletal sites of femoral bone were selected: neck, lateral condyle and medial condyle. Computational fluid dynamics was utilized to analyze the fluid flow properties of bone scaffold integrated cancellous bone. The results of this study reveal that the localization and maximum value of shear stress in an independent bone scaffold are significantly different compared to the bone scaffold integrated with cancellous bone by about 160% to 448% percentage difference. Low shear stress and high permeability were found across models that have higher Tb.Sp (trabecular separation). Specimen C and femoral lateral condyle showed the highest permeability in their respective category.