Regularities of binary condensation of vapors when one of them is undersaturated

Simple analytical expressions are derived for the stationary concentration of a binary solution in a markedly supercritical droplet growing exothermically in diffusion or free-molecular regimes in mixed vapors when one of condensing vapors is supersaturated and present in a small amount and another vapor is slightly undersaturated and present in a large amount. The condensation of sulfuric acid and water vapors on a droplet under the conditions of Earth atmosphere is considered as an example of practical importance. Under isothermic conditions, analytical expressions are obtained for the time of establishing a power law for variations in a droplet radius with time under the diffusion and free-molecular regimes of the droplet growth. The power laws are derived in an explicit form under these regimes, which describe the rapid establishment of a stationary concentration of a solution in a growing droplet.     

A study of the long-term strength of repair bandages made of composite rings of unidirectional structure

The interference stress relaxation in a composite repair bandage formed on a cylindrical metal surface was studied. The creep of a repair ring bandage under the action of interference stresses was evaluated. The results of the calculation of the creep and the interference stress relaxation of a composite ring on a sample made of a segment of a metal pipe in time are presented.     

A thermodynamic interpretation of optimum conditions of the separation of mixture components by distillation of dilute solutions

A condition for the maximum thermodynamic efficiency of distillation of dilute solutions in a multistep cascade was obtained from the condition of a maximum change in the entropy of a mixture. These conditions were shown to correspond to a maximum degree of separation of mixture components. A thermodynamic equation was derived to describe the relation between a decrease in the Gibbs energy and the mixture value increment during distillation of a dilute ideal solution.     

The evolution of nonequilibrium laser plasma of metals with the formation of structures

Processes in a plasma formed by the evaporation of material by middle power laser radiation on a metallic surface are analyzed. In the regime considered the laser radiation is not absorbed by a metallic plasma and the radiation energy is spent in the main for the atomic evaporation. As a result of the plasma relaxation, hard metallic particles of sizes of the order of 10 nm are formed. They are joined in fractal aggregates of micron sizes, and fractal aggregates may be joined in aerogel-like structures of centimeters sizes. Such a laserplasma is an example of a plasma whose evolution leads to fractal object formation. A fireball is considered as a fractal object formed as a result of the evolution of an evaporated plasma. The considered object with aerogel-like structure that is formed in a gas has both scientific and practical interest.     

Regularities of formation of emboli of liquid polymer solutions in aqueous medium

Work on creating the basis for embolic compositions for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies of various organs was conducted. This basis is a solution of a biocompatible water-insoluble polymer in a biocompatible water-soluble solvent. Formation of the embolus in such an aqueous medium takes place in the transition of the solvent into the aqueous phase and the formation of a solid polymer clot occluding a blood vessel. Criteria for selection of the polymer and the solvent for the basis were formulated, and a number of polymers and solvents that meet these criteria were selected for further research. Research on the solubility of the selected polymers in solvents was carried out, and the rheoviscometric characteristics of polymer solutions, as well as parameters of solid emboli formation of polymer solutions in aqueous media, were found. The solution of cellulose acetate plasticized with OPADRY CA 500F190000 polyethylene glycol in dimethylsulfoxide with concentration of no less than 60 g/L was recognized as optimal for further studies.     

Paradoxes of thermodynamics of aqua-vapor-polymer interface equilibrium

Schroeder’s paradox is the different equilibrium degree of swelling for a hydrophilic polymer in saturated aqueous vapor and in liquid water; it is experimentally verified by the registration of increasing volume of spherical polymer samples upon the processes of vapor and liquid water sorption. Specimens of three main classes of hydrophilic cross-linked polymers were tested. These had gel, hypercrosslinked, and macroporous structures that differed by the scale of the Schroeder effect. A similar effect is typical also for hydrophobic polymers upon swelling in liquid organic solvents and their saturated vapor. The paradox is explained by the lower activity of a sorbate in a saturated vapor compared to its activity in a liquid phase. The ability of many samples of cross-linked polymers with different degrees of saturation with a sorbate to be at equilibrium with the saturated vapor of a sorbate is explained by the differences in the inner structure of these samples, i.e., by differing in the swelling combinations and the intensity of the interchain interactions in a polymer network.     

Study of the electrochemical reduction of dioxygen in acetonitrile in the presence of weak acids

The electrochemical reduction of dioxygen has been studied in acetonitrile at glassy-carbon electrodes. The initial step is the reversible one-electron reduction to form superoxide. In the presence of hydrogen-bond donors (water, methanol, 2-propanol), the superoxide forms a complex with the donor resulting in a positive shift in the potential that can be analyzed to obtain formation constants for these complexes. Stronger acids result in protonation of the superoxide followed by reduction to produce HO2-. In the absence of hydrogen-bond donors, the reduction of superoxide occurs at very negative potentials, and this second reduction peak is very much drawn-out along the potential axis, indicating a small value of the transfer coefficient, alpha. The addition of hydrogen-bond donors, HA, brings about a positive shift in this peak, without a noticeable change in shape. The reaction occurring at the second peak is a concerted proton and electron transfer (CPET) in which the electron is transferred to superoxide and a proton is transferred from HA to the superoxide, forming HO2- and A- in a concerted process. An estimation of the standard potential for this reaction shows that the second reduction always occurs at a high driving force, which explains the small value of alpha that is observed. Consistent with a CPET, a kinetic isotope effect, HA versus DA, was detected for the three hydrogen-bond donors. The increasing positive shift of the second peak with increasing water concentration has been interpreted as being a consequence of the change in the formal potential, as water is both a reactant in the process and a participant through the hydrogen-bond stabilization of the anions.     

An experimental investigation of retention of liquids in corners of a square capillary

The retention of liquids in the corners of a 0.03-cm square capillary after the passage of a gas slug was studied experimentally as a function of capillary number in the range from 10(-3) to 10(-6). In gas-wetting liquid systems, for capillary number greater than 5 x 10(-4), the retention of a wetting liquid in the corners showed a strong dependence on the capillary number; i.e., the retention of the liquid decreased with decreasing capillary number. For capillary number less than 10(-4), the retention of a wetting liquid was found to be determined by the capillary forces and the rate (or viscous) effect was negligible. In gas-oil-water systems involving double displacements--gas was displacing oil which was in turn displacing water--the total retention of water and oil vs capillary number curve showed the same trend as the retention of a wetting phase in a gas-wetting liquid system. However, because of the viscous effect, the water retention showed a continuous decrease with decreasing capillary number and could be lower than the capillary equilibrium value at very low capillary numbers. As a result of this, the oil retention vs capillary number curve in the double displacement process showed a minimum; i.e., oil retention increased with decreasing capillary number in the range of very low capillary numbers.     

Study of Viscosity-temperature Properties of Oil and Gas-condensate Mixtures in Critical Temperature Ranges of Phase Transitions

Transport of oil and gas-condensate mixtures of various compositions is found to be accompanied by a slight increase in viscosity in the coldest period when ground temperatures at depth of a condensate pipeline reach 0 – minus 4°С. Fall in temperature of oil fluids under study to minus 10 – minus 30°С is accompanied by a sharp increase in all structural and rheological parameters of the mixture. Even a slight amount of oil added to a gas-condensate mixture causes a significant decrease in viscosity in the negative temperature range. As a result, cloud and pour point of a mixture falls, its amount decreases, the structure of paraffin deposits changes.     

Mechanism of Formation of Monodispersed Colloids by Aggregation of Nanosize Precursors

It has been experimentally established in numerous cases that precipitation of monodispersed colloids from homogeneous solutions is a complex process. Specifically, it was found that in many systems nuclei, produced rapidly in a supersaturated solution, grow to nanosize primary particles (singlets), which then coagulate to form much larger final colloids in a process dominated by irreversible capture of these singlets. This paper describes a kinetic model that explains the formation of dispersions of narrow size distribution in such systems. Numerical simulations of the kinetic equations, with experimental model parameter values, are reported. The model was tested for a system involving formation of uniform spherical gold particles by reduction of auric chloride in aqueous solutions. The calculated average size, the width of the particle size distribution, and the time scale of the process agreed reasonably well with the experimental values. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

Diamagnetic orientation of a fluid of hard thin disks and anisotropy of the water diffusivity in the nematic phase of a suspension of clay platelets

Monte Carlo simulations of the diamagnetic orientation of a fluid of hard thin disks in a magnetic field are presented. The particle density and magnetic field dependences of the eigenvalues of the order parameter tensor are calculated in the presence of a wall which promotes nematic order in a definite direction. The existence of a paranematic region is confirmed, and the approach to the Langevin regime at low densities in the paranematic regime is examined. A relationship between the eigenvalues of the tensor and the anisotropy of water diffusivity in the nematic phase of a colloidal suspension is proposed. This permits a comparison between the Monte Carlo simulations and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, which shows consistency with the experimental data.     

多肽树枝状大分子合成的研究进展

多肽树枝状大分子具有不同于链状多肽和其它树枝状大分子的物理化学性质,在化学、生物、医学等领域中有广泛应用。本文综述了近年来所报道的多肽树枝状大分子的合成进展。     

Correction of pH of diluted solutions of electrolytes by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes

The current efficiencies of the water dissociation water and the voltage-current characteristics of the bipolar (asymmetric bipolar) membranes were measured in a two-chamber electrochemical cell. The cell was formed of an MB-3 bipolar membrane or an asymmetric bipolar membrane, which is an MA-40 heterogeneous membrane with a thin surface layer in the form of a cation-selective homogeneous film and MA-40 and MA-41 heterogeneous monopolar membranes. The dissociation of water on MA-40 in 0.01 M sodium chloride decreased the current efficiency of the acid and alkali both in the channel with a bipolar membrane and in the channel with an asymmetric bipolar membrane. The effective ion transport numbers across MA-40 and MA-41 at different pH values were determined. The water dissociation rate on MA-40 decreased at pH > 9.5. A kinetic model of the electrodialysis of a dilute solution of sodium chloride in a two-chamber unit cell with a bipolar and anionite membranes was suggested.     

Secondary Distribution of Current during the Deposition of Metals and a Measure of Throwing Power of Electrolytes

The throwing power of electrolytes can be determined to a sufficient accuracy with the aid of a two-section cathode in a standard modeling cell. The result can be used for computing local current densities in a real cell, provided the primary current distribution is known.     

Diagram of State of Stiff Amphiphilic Macromolecules

Summary: We studied coil-globule transitions in stiff-chain amphiphilic macromolecules via computer modeling and constructed phase diagrams for such molecules in terms of solvent quality and persistence length. We showed that the shape of the phase diagram essentially depends on the macromolecule degree of polymerization. Relatively short amphiphilic molecules always form a spherical globule in a poor solvent, and the coil-globule transition includes one or two intermediate conformations, depending on the chain's stiffness. These are a disk-like globule in case of high enough Kuhn segment length, and a pearl necklace-like structure of spherical micelles and a disk-like globule in case of relatively flexible chains. The phase diagram of a long stiff amphiphilic chain was found to be more complex still. Thus three specific regions can be distinguished in the poor solvent region, depending on the chain stiffness. These correspond to a cylindrical globule without any specific backbone ordering, a cylindrical globule containing blobs with collagen-like ordering of the chain, and co-existence of collagen-like and toroidal globules. In the intermediate transition region in this case, apart from the pearl necklace-like conformations with spherical micelles, necklace conformations can be also observed where the polymeric chain has collagen-like ordering within each bead.     

Kinetics of formation and properties of aliphatic polyisocyanurates: Effect of monomer functionality

The kinetics of isothermal cyclotrimerization of bifunctional hexamethylene diisocyanate and trifunctional isocyanurate in the presence of hexabutyldistannyl oxide as a catalyst has been studied with differential scanning calorimetry and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. It has been demonstrated that a rise in the glass transition temperature in the course of cure of the trifunctional monomer is satisfactorily described by the equilibrium first-order kinetics. The evolution of dielectric parameters is similar for both samples but is characterized by a shift along the time scale because of different specific concentrations of isocyanate groups in the parent monomers. Given the same catalyst concentration, the trimerization of hexamethylene diisocyanate proceeds at a higher rate than that of isocyanurate. For maximally cured systems, this effect manifests itself as a small increase in the glass transition temperature and the shear modulus in the rubbery state and a change in the temperature interval of α relaxation.     

Molecular-scale observation of formation of nuclei in soap-free polymerization of styrene

To clarify the mechanism of the nucleation process in the soap-free polymerization of styrene in water, the polymerization process of styrene mainly at a temperature 46 degrees C was investigated on a molecular scale using an atomic force microscope (AFM) as well as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a dynamic light scattering apparatus (DLS). A cationic initiator was employed to make polymerized styrene adsorb electrostatically on the negatively charged mica plate with molecular-scale smoothness, and the mechanism was estimated from their AFM measurements in situ in water. The following was found. There exist two streams to produce PSL particles in the polymerization: one is the polymerization in monomer droplets fragmented by mixing from the main monomer reservoir floating above the solution, and the other is the polymerization of monomers dissolved in the solution by initiators. The former is normally neglected or not recognized because of the small contribution. The latter is the main production process of PSL particle, which is investigated in detail on a molecular scale, and a possible mechanism was proposed.     

Effect of the sequence of the introduction of foreign substances on the action of papain

Summary In general, aniline, aniline hydrochloride, aniline sulfate, and triethylamine act as inhibitors in the hydrolysis of casein or of a suspension of flour from grain of Cicer arietinum by means of papain. The order in which the enzyme and the substrate is added to the inhibitor often has a significant effect. As a rule, there is a greater retardation when the enzyme is added last to a complex of the substrate and the inhibitor.     

Topochemical aspects of elementary reactions of the emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile

A combination of statistic and kinetic methods of analysis is used to collect quantitative data on the kinetics of elementary reactions of growth and termination of kinetic chains in each phase of a heterophase system as well as on interfacial mass exchange at the quasistationary stage of radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile. It is found that, in the system, a steady-state concentration of polymer—monomer particles is attained, and these particles are able to increase their dimensions with an increase in monomer conversion. Activation of particles and chain termination on particles are due to the entrapment of macroradicals from water. As a result of a gradual increase in the dimensions of polymer-monomer particles and a decrease in the monomer concentration in the aqueous phase, the adsorption layer of acrylonitrile becomes so thin that, at the final stage, monomolecular layers lose integrity and the conditions of quasi-stationarity are violated.