儿童末梢血微量元素的检测及应用价值评定

目的探讨儿童末梢血微量元素检测的应用价值。方法选取华林街社区卫生服务中心接受健康体检的儿童388例作为研究对象,采集其末梢血进行微量元素测定,按照受检儿童的年龄将其分为3组,分别记为Ⅰ组(1~3岁、141例)、Ⅱ组(4~6岁、149例)、Ⅲ组(6岁、98例),通过比较各组儿童中不同微量元素的检测结果,计算不同年龄段儿童元素缺乏或者超量的发生率。结果分别对各组儿童Ca、Fe、Zn、Mg、Cu、Pb的检测结果进行分析,可见均无Mg、Cu缺乏或超标的现象,而儿童缺Ca率为6.4%,4~6岁儿童缺Ca率最高(11.4%);缺Fe率为25.0%,缺Zn率为24.2%,均为1~3岁儿童缺乏率最高,Pb超标率为10.8%,随年龄增长,发生率不断升高,各年龄段儿童发生率比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论通过检测儿童末梢血中微量元素的含量有利于指导家长调整日常膳食结构,保证儿童饮食结构的合理、营养平衡,促进儿童生长发育。     

广州市0～6岁儿童血铅水平调查分析

为了解广州市0~6岁儿童血铅水平现状,用原子吸收光谱法对广州市1 215名0~6岁儿童进行了血铅检测,并对被检测儿童家长发放调查问卷,进行了儿童个人情况及家庭生活环境等调查。结果表明,1 215名儿童血铅水平为(59.19±28.37)μg/L,儿童铅超标[诊断标准为ρ(血Pb)≥100μg/L]的比例是16.7%,高于15个城市儿童铅超标(流行率为10.45%)的平均水平:随着年龄增大,儿童铅超标率呈上升趋势。提示广州市虽然属于低污染的城市,但儿童血铅水平、铅超标比例仍较高,应引起有关部门的注意。     

儿童全血微量元素水平与反复呼吸道感染的关系分析

目的探讨儿童全血微量元素水平与反复呼吸道感染的关系。方法将100例反复呼吸道感染患儿设为观察组,将同期100例健康儿童设为对照组,比较两组血内微量元素的变化。结果1 0~2岁儿童,观察组体内的铁、锌、铜含量明显低于对照组,但铅含量明显高于对照组,组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);2 3~12岁儿童,观察组体内的铁、锌含量明显低于对照组,组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童血微量元素缺乏与反复呼吸道感染的的相关性较大,幼儿表现尤为明显。     

儿童铁、锌等微量元素检测对儿童保健的影响研究

目的分析铁、锌等微量元素检测在儿童保健中的应用效果。方法选择400例在保健门诊检查的幼儿,以年龄为标准分为两组,试验组儿童1~2岁,对照组儿童2~3岁,吸取儿童末梢血,对血中铁、锌等元素含量进行测定,比较两组儿童铁、锌含量。结果两组儿童除铁、锌元素外,未见其他检测元素缺失,与对照组相比,试验组儿童检测元素含量低,缺铁率是60.9%、比对照组高27.0%,缺锌率是63.0%,比对照组高31.8%,两组间比较结果有差异且差异具统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论研究地区儿童1~3岁年龄段中较多存在缺铁、锌现象,1~2岁缺铁、锌程度比2~3岁高,所以处于这一年龄段儿童需要补充铁、锌等微量元素。     

孝感地区学龄前儿童微量元素水平及生长发育情况调查

目的调查孝感地区学龄前儿童微量元素水平及生长发育情况。方法研究对象源于孝感市中心医院儿科2014年10月—2015年10月收纳的1 357名学龄前儿童,按年龄0~5岁依次分为Ⅰ组~Ⅵ组。对所有入选对象进行体格检查和微量元素锌、铁、钙、镁、铜水平检查,统计各年龄段儿童微量元素水平。根据体格发育水平,将全体儿童分为生长发育正常组(1 028例)和生长发育迟缓组(329例),比较两组儿童体内血微量元素水平。结果不同年龄段儿童各微量元素水平组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),随年龄增长,儿童体内各微量元素水平也随之提升;较生长发育迟缓组,生长发育正常组儿童微量元素锌、铁、钙、铜、镁水平高,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论孝感地区学龄前儿童微量元素水平普遍达标,仍有少部分儿童微量元素相对缺乏,可引起其生长发育迟缓,儿童家长应给予高度重视。     

儿童全血铁2 134例检测分析

为了解儿童铁营养状况,取微量末梢血,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定了2 134例儿童全血铁。结果表明,0~岁组全血铁水平最低,为5.61 mmol/L;8~岁组最高,达6.12 mmol/L;儿童铁缺乏率具有显著年龄趋势,0~岁组铁缺乏率达88.2%,8~岁组降至55.0%。提示儿童特别是婴儿幼儿铁营养状况严重不良。     

南昌市城区530名儿童血铅水平与锌、铁、钙关系的研究

为了解南昌市城区儿童血铅水平与锌、铁、钙的关系,采用严格质量控制的流行病学研究方法,于2001年5月－6月对城区530名儿童进行了血铅、锌、铁、钙测定。结果表明,530名2－8岁儿童血铅水平均值为81．63μg/L,铅中毒（血名值≥ 100μg/L）流行率为27．92％,铅中毒组患儿缺锌、缺铁比例均高于非铅中毒组,血锌均值铅中毒组低于非铅中毒组,差别有非常显著意义,P＜0．01,血钙、血铁水平两组差别无显著意义。血锌值与血铅水平呈负相关。提示对铅中毒患儿及时纠正缺锌、缺铁、缺钙状态是减少肠道对铅吸收的重要措施。     

儿童全血微量元素的年龄分布特点

分析了 7岁以下儿童全血微量元素水平 ,以发现不同年龄组常见的全血微量元素含量异常的特点。利用SPSS1 1 0统计软件包 ,共分析了 2 1 48名儿童的全血锌、铁、铜、钙、锰及铅含量。结果显示 ,广州市儿童微量元素异常的发生情况依次为轻 中度的铅中毒 ( 4 7 49% )、锌缺乏( 9 64% )及钙缺乏 ( 1 49% )。 2岁组～ 3岁组及 5岁组～ 7岁组间各种微量元素的变化幅度较大 ,但各年龄组间的变化无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。提示影响我市 7岁以下儿童身体健康的全血微量元素水平异常主要为铅中毒和锌缺乏 ,其次为钙和锰水平低下     

广州市东山区0～6岁儿童血铅水平调查及对策探讨

为了解广州市东山区 0～ 6岁儿童血铅水平现状及其影响因素 ,探讨相应的预防策略 ,于2 0 0 2年 1～ 1 2月对东山区当年入托儿所、幼儿园 65 3名 0～ 6岁儿童进行了血铅等六种元素检测 ,并对被检测儿童家长发放调查问卷 ,进行了儿童个人情况及家庭生活环境等调查。结果表明 ,65 3名儿童血铅水平为 ( 89 2 3± 2 4 3 4) μg/L ,儿童铅中毒 (诊断标准≥ 1 0 0 μg/L)的比例是 46 7% ,儿童铅中毒以Ⅰ～Ⅱ级为主 ,我区儿童铅中毒流行率 46 7% ,低于我国城市儿童铅中毒的流行率5 1 7% ;高铅组儿童出现钙、锌、铁缺乏发生率较低铅组高 ,并有显著性差异。儿童铅暴露的主要危险因素依次为儿童在马路上逗留时间长 ,居住环境及经济状况条件差 ,不良的生活和饮食习惯 (与摄取铅有关 ) ,家长对铅中毒的认识不足。提示我区儿童血铅水平、铅中毒比例仍较高 ,应引起有关部门的注意     

3～6岁生长发育迟缓儿童钙、铁、锌元素检测结果分析

目的探究3~6岁生长发育迟缓儿童钙、铁、锌元素检测结果。方法将东莞市南城医院2014年4月至2016年4月收治的50例3~6岁生长发育迟缓儿童当作观察组,选择同期50例3~6岁正常发育儿童当作对照组,对比两组儿童微量元素检测结果。结果观察组儿童钙、铁、锌元素的缺乏率,明显的高于对照组,组间比较存在显著差异(P﹤0.05);观察组儿童在不同性别儿童钙、铁、锌元素缺乏率方面,组间比较不存在显著差异,且P0.05;同时观察组儿童,在铁、锌元素水平方面,会随着年龄的增加而提升,但是在钙元素水平方面,随着年龄的增加而降低,组间比较存在显著差异(P0.05)。结论微量元素在儿童发育过程中,起到至关重要的作用,加强发育迟缓儿童微量元素的检测及针对性补充,可为儿童身心发育奠定良好的基础。     

Macrophage‐Targeted Isoniazid–Selenium Nanoparticles Promote Antimicrobial Immunity and Synergize Bactericidal Destruction of Tuberculosis Bacilli

Pathogenesis hallmarks for tuberculosis (TB) are the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) escape from phagolysosomal destruction and limited drug delivery into infected cells. Several nanomaterials can be entrapped in lysosomes, but the development of functional nanomaterials to promote phagolysosomal Mtb clearance remains a big challenge. Here, we report on the bactericidal effects of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) against Mtb and further introduce a novel nanomaterial‐assisted anti‐TB strategy manipulating Ison@Man‐Se NPs for synergistic drug‐induced and phagolysosomal destruction of Mtb. Ison@Man‐Se NPs preferentially entered macrophages and accumulated in lysosomes releasing Isoniazid. Surprisingly, Ison@Man‐Se/Man‐Se NPs further promoted the fusion of Mtb into lysosomes for synergistic lysosomal and Isoniazid destruction of Mtb. Concurrently, Ison@Man‐Se/Man‐Se NPs also induced autophagy sequestration of Mtb, evolving into lysosome‐associated autophagosomal Mtb degradation linked to ROS‐mitochondrial and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. This novel nanomaterial‐assisted anti‐TB strategy manipulating antimicrobial immunity and Mtb clearance may potentially serve in more effective therapeutics against TB and drug‐resistant TB.     

Determinants of the Inhibition of DprE1 and CYP2C9 by Antitubercular Thiophenes

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) DprE1, an essential isomerase for the biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall, is a validated target for tuberculosis (TB) drug development. Here we report the X‐ray crystal structures of DprE1 and the DprE1 resistant mutant (Y314C) in complexes with TCA1 derivatives to elucidate the molecular basis of their inhibitory activities and an unconventional resistance mechanism, which enabled us to optimize the potency of the analogs. The selected lead compound showed excellent in vitro and in vivo activities, and low risk of toxicity profile except for the inhibition of CYP2C9. A crystal structure of CYP2C9 in complex with a TCA1 analog revealed the similar interaction patterns to the DprE1–TCA1 complex. Guided by the structures, an optimized molecule was generated with differential inhibitory activities against DprE1 and CYP2C9, which provides insights for development of a clinical candidate to treat TB.     

Macrophage-Targeted Isoniazid–Selenium Nanoparticles Promote Antimicrobial Immunity and Synergize Bactericidal Destruction of Tuberculosis Bacilli

Pathogenesis hallmarks for tuberculosis (TB) are the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) escape from phagolysosomal destruction and limited drug delivery into infected cells. Several nanomaterials can be entrapped in lysosomes, but the development of functional nanomaterials to promote phagolysosomal Mtb clearance remains a big challenge. Here, we report on the bactericidal effects of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) against Mtb and further introduce a novel nanomaterial-assisted anti-TB strategy manipulating Ison@Man-Se NPs for synergistic drug-induced and phagolysosomal destruction of Mtb. Ison@Man-Se NPs preferentially entered macrophages and accumulated in lysosomes releasing Isoniazid. Surprisingly, Ison@Man-Se/Man-Se NPs further promoted the fusion of Mtb into lysosomes for synergistic lysosomal and Isoniazid destruction of Mtb. Concurrently, Ison@Man-Se/Man-Se NPs also induced autophagy sequestration of Mtb, evolving into lysosome-associated autophagosomal Mtb degradation linked to ROS-mitochondrial and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. This novel nanomaterial-assisted anti-TB strategy manipulating antimicrobial immunity and Mtb clearance may potentially serve in more effective therapeutics against TB and drug-resistant TB.     

Synthesis of Ethylene Tethered Isatin‐Coumarin Hybrids and Evaluation of Their in vitro Antimycobacterial Activities

A series of novel isatin‐coumarin derivatives tethered through ethylene were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro antimycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv and multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB). All hybrids exhibited potential antimycobacterial activities against MTB H37Rv and MDR‐TB with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 32 to 256 μg/mL. In particular, the hybrid 4h (MIC: 50 and 32 μg/mL) was most active against MTB H₃₇Rv and MDR‐TB strains, which was 2 and >4 folds more potent than the first‐line antitubercular agents rifampicin (MIC: 64 μg/mL) and isoniazid (MIC: >128 μg/mL) against MDR‐TB, warrant further optimization.     

Direct diagnosis of tuberculosis by computer assisted pattern recognition gas chromatographic analysis of sputum

Chemical detection of tuberculosis (TB) products in sputum was attempted by using gas chromatographic analysis in conjunction with different pattern recognition computer models. For the chromatographic separations, we used a 2 mm x 1.8 m packed column and a 0.25 mm x 30 m fused silica capillary column to analyse the methylated glycosides and fatty acid methyl ester derivatives. Three computer pattern recognition methods were applied: error score, TB score and discriminant analysis. These methods predicted the presence of active TB most often in sputa of active TB patients and less so in those from inactive, suspected and non-TB patients, in that order. Although the best true positive of 75% was obtained from the TB score method and best true negative of 98% from discriminant analysis, the accompanying false positive and false negative results (36% and 50%, respectively) were unacceptable. The use of capillary column or fatty acid methyl ester derivatives of the samples did not improve on the predictive values of chromatograms obtained from the packed column on trimethylsilylglycosidic derivatives. Additional work is needed before this method can have a direct clinical application.     

Total Synthesis of (−)‐Caprazamycin A

Caprazamycin A has significant antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). The first total synthesis is herein reported and features a) the scalable preparation of the syn‐β‐hydroxy amino acid with a thiourea‐catalyzed diastereoselective aldol reaction, b) construction of a diazepanone with an unstable fatty‐acid side chain, and c) global deprotection with hydrogenation. This report provides a route for the synthesis of related liponucleoside antibiotics with fatty‐acid side chains.     

Common interleukin 10 polymorphism associated with decreased risk of tuberculosis

Interleukin 10 (IL10) is a powerful TH2-cell cytokine that inhibits lymphocyte replication and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The genetic associations of polymorphisms in IL10 with clinical manifestations of tuberculosis (TB) were examined in a large number of patients with clinical TB infection (n = 459) and normal controls (n = 871). One common promoter SNP (IL10 -592 A>C) was found to be significantly associated with decreased risk of TB manifestation. The frequency of the "C"-bearing genotype was higher in normal controls than in patients with clinical TB infection (P = 0.005, OR = 0.69). A summary of the genetic effect of IL10 -1082 A>G, the other nearby promoter SNP, in other ethnic groups is also presented.     

In-situ and one-step preparation of protein film in capillary column for open tubular capillary electrochromatography enantioseparation

In this wo rk,the phase-transitioned BSA(PTB) film using the mild and fast fabrication process adhered to the capillary inner wall uniformly,and the fabricated PTB film-coated capillary column was applied to realize open tubular capillary electrochromatography(OT-CEC) enantioseparation.The enantioseparation ability of PTB film-coated capillary was evaluated with eight pairs of chiral analytes including drugs and neurotransmitters,all achieving good resolution and symmetrical peak shape.For three consecutive runs,the relative standard deviations(RSD) of migration time for intra-day,inter-day,and column-tocolumn repeatability were in the range of 0.3%-3.5%,0.2%-4.9% and 2.1%-7.7%,respectively.Moreover,the PTB film-coated capillary column ran continuously over 300 times with high separation efficiency.Therefore,the coating method based on BSA self-assembly supramolecular film can be extended to the preparation of other proteinaceous capillary columns.     

碳纤维微电极研究 ⅩⅩ.甲苯胺盐在碳纤维微盘电极上的电化学性质

研究了甲苯胺盐在碳纤维微盘电极上的电化学行为,探讨了pH 对甲苯胺盐电极反应过程的影响,确定在pH<3.7,3.75.5时,参与电极过程的H^+数分别为3,2和1,测定了甲苯胺盐的扩散系数及在碳纤维微盘电极上的电荷转移系数α,标准电子转移速率常数k^α和式量电位E^α,提出了不同pH下电极反应的机制.对甲苯胺盐在碳纤维微盘电极上的吸附性能进行了探索, 并测定了吸附控制条件下的动力学参数     

Tight-binding molecular dynamics simulation of ZnSe liquid within the local environment dependence

We investigate the structural, electronic and dynamical properties of ZnSe liquid using tight-binding molecular dynamics (TBMD) simulations. We report the TBMD calculations for the solid and liquid forms of the ZnSe compound. To produce more realistic results the TB model includes the local environment dependence in the Hamiltonian matrix at finite temperature for ZnSe. To further demonstrate the efficiency of the TBMD approach, we present results for finite temperature physical properties of ZnSe liquid. We are able to show good agreement with experiment for the atomic mean-squared displacement and melting point.