Deformed “commutative” Chern–Simons’ system

Noncommutative Chern–Simons’ system is non-perturbatively investigated at a full deformed level. A deformed “commutative” phase space is found by a non-canonical change between two sets of deformed variables of noncommutative space. It is explored that in the “commutative” phase space all calculations are similar to the case in commutative space. Spectra of its energy and angular momentum of the Chern–Simons’ system are obtained at the full deformed level. The noncommutative–commutative correspondence is clearly showed. Formalism for the general dynamical system is briefly presented. Some subtle points are clarified.     

Size and Shape Effect of Gold Nanoparticles in “Far‐Field” Surface Plasmon Resonance

The “far‐field” surface plasmon resonance (FSPR) of metal nanoparticles, which have built a facile way to emission enhancement of red, green, blue, and white with nice reproducibility, has big potential application in solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). According to the theory of the “far‐field” effect, the reflectivity of the metal surface and the phase shift at the reflection play an important role in enhancing ratio, which strongly relate to the size and shape of nanoparticles. In this work, gold nanospheres with different sizes and nanorods are synthesized in order to determine the size and shape effect of FSPR. The results demonstrate that the one with higher reflectivity in a certain range induces a better emission enhancement in the luminous efficiency and the maximum brightness. The nanoparticles with bigger sizes and shape of rods have higher reflectivity, which is consistent with the simulation based on FSPR effect. The phase shifts of different nanoparticles are optimized by the distance between gold nanoparticles and emitters. The metal NPs with a high reflectivity and the applicable phase shift will have big potential for the emission enhancement in OLEDs.     

“Compensatory falsetto”: Effects on vocal quality

The term “compensatory falsetto”, for the purpose of this investigation, refers to the development of an abnormally high-pitched voice in the presence of laryngeal pathology where more socially acceptable lower pitched voice production is possible. The purpose of this investigation was to compare laryngeal compensations and their effects on objective measures of vocal function during production of compensatory falsetto voice. Eighteen patients with abnormally high-pitched voice in the presence of underlying laryngeal pathology were evaluated in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Miami School of Medicine from January 1988 through December 1992 and were diagnosed with “compensatory falsetto”. Vocal fold paralysis (n = 11) was the most common laryngeal pathology. Vibratory characteristics were evaluated through videostrobolaryngoscopic examination. Acoustic and aerodynamic parameters assessed included fundamental frequency, jitter rate, harmonic-to-noise ratio, glottal air flow, and maximum phonation time. Production of a higher-pitched voice appeared to improve glottic closure and decrease the amount of air loss during phonation. A corresponding increase in maximum phonation time and improvement in acoustic characteristics of jitter and harmonic-to-noise ratio was also observed.     

Modified Kolmogorov wave turbulence in QCD matched onto “Bottom-up” thermalization

We investigate modification of Kolmogorov wave turbulence in QCD calculating gluon spectra as functions of time in the presence of a low energy source which feeds in energy density in the infrared region at a time-dependent rate. Then considering the picture of saturation constraints as has been constructed in the “bottom-up” thermalization approach we revisit that picture for RHIC center-mass energy, W=130 GeV, and also extend it to LHC center-mass energy, W=5500 GeV, thus for two cases having an opportunity to calculate the equilibration time, τ_eq|therm, of the gluon system produced in a central heavy ion collision at mid-rapidity region. Thereby, at RHIC and LHC energies we can match the equilibration time, obtained from the late stage gluon spectrum of the modified Kolmogorov wave turbulence, onto that of the “bottom-up” thermalization and other evolutional approaches as well. In addition, from the revised “bottom-up” approach we find the gluon liberation coefficient to be on the average, ε0.81–1.06 at RHIC and ε0.50–0.56 at LHC. We also present other phenomenological estimates of τ_therm which, at QCD realistic couplings, yield 0.45–0.65 fmτ_therm0.97–2.72 fm at RHIC and 0.31–0.40 fmτ_therm0.86–2.04 fm at LHC. We show that the second upper-bounds of τ_therm in both cases are due to the late stage gluon spectrum of the original Kolmogorov wave turbulence in QCD, previously deduced with a low energy source which feeds in energy density at a constant rate. On the other hand, the lower-bounds and first upper-bounds of τ_therm are due to the late stage gluon spectrum of the modified QCD wave turbulence, deduced here at the specific time-dependent rate. In the latter case, at certain conditions, taking also into account both very small and realistic couplings we give estimates: 0.65 fmτ_therm1.29 fm at RHIC and 0.52 fmτ_therm1.16 fm at LHC, as well as at realistic couplings we find 0.53<τ_therm<0.7 fm at RHIC and 0.41<τ_therm<0.65 fm at LHC.     

“Slow” active control of combustion instabilities by modification of liquid fuel spray properties

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the feasibility of using “slow” active control approaches, which “instantaneously” change liquid fuel spray properties, to suppress combustion instabilities. The objective of this control approach was to break up the feedback between the combustion process heat release and combustor pressure oscillations that drive the instability by changing the characteristics of the combustion process (e.g., the characteristic combustion time). To demonstrate the feasibility of such control, this study used a proprietary fuel injector (Nanomiser^TM), which can vary its fuel spray properties, to investigate the dependence of acoustics–combustion process coupling, i.e., the driving of combustion instabilities, upon the fuel spray properties. This study showed that by changing the spray characteristics it is possible to significantly damp combustion instabilities. Furthermore, using combustion zone chemiluminescence distributions, which were obtained by Abel’s deconvolution synchronized with measured acoustic data, it has been shown that the instabilities were mostly driven midway between the combustor centerline and wall, a short distance downstream from the flame holder, where the mean axial flow velocity is approximately zero in the vortex near the flame holder. The results of this study strongly suggest that a “slow” active control system that employs controllable fuel injectors could be effectively used to prevent the onset of detrimental combustion instabilities.     

Track detectors in radiation monitoring of the sunken submarine “Komsomolets”

Track method (using the CN and CR-39 detectors, spark couner of tracks as well as selective sorbents for plutonium and uranium) is applied in 1994 and 1995 together with many other methods in radioecological monitoring of water in the region of the sunken nuclear submarine (NS) “Komsomolets”. The detection assembles were installed with the help of the submersibles MIR. The results obtained inside the NS and on its surface as well as near and on the remote buoy station do not contradict the data obtained by other methods confirming the absence of the plutonium leakage outside of the submarine.     

”Eau de graphene” from a KC8 graphite intercalation compound prepared by a simple mixing of graphite and molten potassium

We synthesized KC₈ by simply mixing molten potassium and graphite at 180 °C under inert atmosphere. The KC₈ shows typical shiny bronze color, Raman characteristics and XRD pattern of an efficiently intercalated stage 1 GIC, and is of sufficient quality to produce fully exfoliated graphenide solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and subsequently single layer graphene in water as ”eau de graphene” (EdG). The evolution of absorption and Raman spectroscopic signatures of the EdG as a function of processing conditions give key indications on the number of layers of the graphene flakes dispersed in EdG. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Orthorhombic YAlO3 – a novel many‐phonon SRS‐active crystal

In single crystals of orthorhombic YAlO₃, widely known as a host‐matrix for Ln³⁺‐lasant ions, many‐phonon stimulated Raman scattering interactions as well as different manifestations of cascaded and cross‐cascaded nonlinear χ⁽³⁾↔χ⁽³⁾ processes are initiated by picosecond laser pulses. The scientific and applicative potential of YAlO₃ crystals is considerably expanded by the demonstration of its SRS properties. In particular, the studies revealed the manifestation of eight χ⁽³⁾‐active vibrational modes. The corresponding Stokes and anti‐Stokes lines have been assigned and the steady‐state Raman gain coefficients related to the strongest phonon mode have been estimated. In addition, a short review presents the stimulated emission channels of its Ln³⁺‐ions together with some χ⁽³⁾‐nonlinear laser properties of crystals belonging to the binary Y₂O₃‐Al₂O₃ system.     

On the relations between the crystal field parameter notations in the “Wybourne” notation and the conventional ones for 3d ions in axial symmetry crystal field

The correlations of the various crystal field (CF) notations existing in the literature for 3d^N ions in axial symmetry crystal field have been investigated. The confusions among these CF notations have been clarified. The correlations of the various CF notations are summarized in Table 1, which is very useful in the investigations of 3d^N ions in crystal material.     

Thermal reaction of electron deficient 4‐oxo‐4H‐pyrazole 1,2‐dioxide with cycloheptatriene: the first examples of the formation of an endo‐[4π + 6π]‐cycloadduct and an intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar reaction leading to a heterocage

The reaction of 3,5‐bis(methoxycarbonyl)‐4‐oxo‐4H‐pyrazole 1,2‐dioxide (1a) with 1,3,5‐cycloheptatriene (2b) gave a mixture of the novel endo‐[4 + 6]‐cycloadduct (4ab), anti‐exo‐[4 + 2]‐cycloadduct (5ab), and the heterocage (6ab) derived from the intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of the syn‐endo‐[4 + 2]‐cycloadduct. Analogous endo‐[4 + 6] selectivity in 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions has not been reported previously. The X‐ray analysis indicates that 6ab has a very long N_sp3–N_sp3 bond distance of 1.617(4) Å. The cycloaddition behaviour is discussed on the basis of transition‐state structures optimized at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of theory, from which predictions of the peri‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivities agreed well with the experimental results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Kinetics and thermochemistry of the unusual [2π + 2σ + 2σ]‐cycloaddition of quadricyclane with some dienophiles

Kinetic parameters of the unusual [2π + 2σ + 2σ]‐cycloaddition reactions of quadricyclane ( 1 ) with tetracyanoethylene ( 2 ), 4‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione ( 3 ), N‐phenylmaleimide ( 4 ), and diethyl azodicarboxylate ( 5 ) are determined experimentally. Additionally, the enthalpies of 1  +  2 reaction in 1,4‐dioxane solution (?236.6 ± 1.0 kJ mol^?1) and 1  +  3 reaction in toluene (?255.0 ± 2.8 kJ mol^?1) are determined calorimetrically and shown to be the largest in absolute magnitude among all known cycloaddition reactions involving these dienophiles. Solvent effect on the rate of 1 + 3 reaction in 11 solvents is studied and found to be moderate and similar to that of the conventional Diels‐Alder and ene reactions. The difference in the reaction rate constants of 1 with different dienophiles can be up to 9 orders of magnitude and is mainly caused by the difference in activation enthalpies. This difference is not correlated with the standard enthalpies of reactions and is likely the result of high sensitivity of the [2π + 2σ + 2σ] reaction rates to the energy of donor‐acceptor interactions between the reactants.     

Compounds with π(loc) → π*(deloc) electronic transitions and their solvatochromism

Molecular structures possessing atomic sites that contribute a non‐bonding electron pair to their π system (e.g. nitrogen atoms with sp² hybridization in pyrroles and anilines) usually exhibit a first absorption band whose solvatochromism is, surprisingly, sensitive only to the polarizability of the medium even though they are dipolar. As shown here, this solvatochromic behavior is a result of the first electronic transition in these compounds occurring from a substantially localized π orbital to a substantially delocalized π* orbital in the molecular structure. The high electronic delocalization present leads to a marked bathochromic band shift as the polarizability of the medium increases. It is especially relevant that this solvatochromism, which is because of the polarizability of the medium, explains the spectral shift that is only because of the redistribution of the electrons of the solvent molecules. It is important to take into account that this electronic redistribution happens instantaneously in this process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dihydrogen bond and X–H…σ interaction as sub‐classes of hydrogen bond

Dihydrogen bond (DHB) and X–H…σ interaction are discussed and compared here. Both interactions possess numerous characteristics of the hydrogen bond (HB). The Natural Bond Orbitals method results show that σ → σ* is the most important interaction connected with the electron charge transfer from the Lewis base to the Lewis acid for the DHB as well as for the X–H…σ HB. However, there are distinct differences between these interactions, and this is evident from the analysis based on the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules as well as from the decomposition of the energy of interaction. The X–H…π interaction is also discussed here since it possesses few characteristics typical for the X–H…σ interaction and not for the DHB. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Unsymmetrical dyes derived from 7,8‐dihydrobenzo[c,d]furo[2,3‐f]indole

On the basis of the 7,8‐dihydrobenzo[c,d]furo[2,3‐f]indole nucleus, a number of unsymmetrical carbocyanines as well as styryl dyes have been synthesized and their absorption spectra have been measured. Starting from the deviations of long‐wavelength maxima, the value of electron‐donor ability D has been estimated for the heterocycle under study and a number of dye end groups have been ranked by their electron‐donor properties. Experimental inferences are supported by the quantum chemically calculated bond length alternations and energy levels for the dyes concerned. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Light beats the spread: “non‐diffracting” beams

“Non‐diffracting” beams do not spread as they propagate. This property is useful in many areas. Here, the theory, generation, properties, and applications of various “non‐diffracting” beams, including the Bessel beam, Mathieu beam, and Airy beam is reviewed. Applications include imaging, micromanipulation, nonlinear optics, and optical transfection.     

Radiation Emission of Fast Electrons in Collisions with “Ion‐Sphere” in Dense Plasmas

Radiative emission of fast electrons in collision with an “ion‐sphere” electron distribution in dense plasmas is under consideration. The electron structure of the ion sphere is calculated ab initio using self‐consistent solution of both bound and free electron distribution inside the sphere. Two radiation channels are included: emission of the colliding electron itself in static potential (conventional or static Bremsstrahlung) and the emission of “ion sphere” medium due to its polarization by the colliding electron (polarization Bremsstrahlung). The last one is calculated in the frame of local plasma density approximation. Interference between conventional and polarization Bremsstrahlung is taken into account. It is shown that spectral cross section of the process has characteristic features depending on plasma density and ionization stage of plasma ions. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Implementation of Fault-Tolerant Encoding Circuit Based on Stabilizer Implementation and “Flag” Bits in Steane Code

Quantum error correction (QEC) is an effective way to overcome quantum noise and de-coherence, meanwhile the fault tolerance of the encoding circuit, syndrome measurement circuit, and logical gate realization circuit must be ensured so as to achieve reliable quantum computing. Steane code is one of the most famous codes, proposed in 1996, however, the classical encoding circuit based on stabilizer implementation is not fault-tolerant. In this paper, we propose a method to design a fault-tolerant encoding circuit for Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) code based on stabilizer implementation and “flag” bits. We use the Steane code as an example to depict in detail the fault-tolerant encoding circuit design process including the logical operation implementation, the stabilizer implementation, and the “flag” qubits design. The simulation results show that assuming only one quantum gate will be wrong with a certain probability p, the classical encoding circuit will have logic errors proportional to p; our proposed circuit is fault-tolerant as with the help of the “flag” bits, all types of errors in the encoding process can be accurately and uniquely determined, the errors can be fixed. If all the gates will be wrong with a certain probability p, which is the actual situation, the proposed encoding circuit will also be wrong with a certain probability, but its error rate has been reduced greatly from p to p2 compared with the original circuit. This encoding circuit design process can be extended to other CSS codes to improve the correctness of the encoding circuit.     

On Entropic Uncertainty Relations for Measurements of Energy and Its “Complement”

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in application to energy and time is a powerful heuristics. This statement plays an important role in foundations of quantum theory and statistical physics. If some state exists for a finite interval of time, then it cannot have a completely definite value of energy. It is well known that the case of energy and time principally differs from more familiar examples of two non‐commuting observables. Since quantum theory was originated, many approaches to energy–time uncertainties have been proposed. Entropic way to formulate the uncertainty principle is currently the subject of active researches. Using the Pegg concept of complementarity of the Hamiltonian, uncertainty relations of the “energy–time” type are obtained in terms of Rényi and Tsallis entropies. Although this concept is somehow restricted in scope, derived relations can be applied to systems typically used in quantum information processing. Both the state‐dependent and state‐independent formulations are of interest. Some of the derived state‐independent bounds are similar to the results obtained within a more general approach on the basis of sandwiched relative entropies. The developed method allows us to address the case of detection inefficiencies.     

Efficiency Improvement in Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes by “Far‐Field” Effect of Gold Nanoparticles

The “far‐field” effect of metal nanoparticles (NPs), when chromophores localized nearby metal NPs (typically the distance >λ/10), is an important optical effect to enhance emission in photoluminescence. The far‐field effect originates mainly from the interaction between origin emission and mirror‐reflected emission, resulting in the increased irradiative rate of chromophores on the mirror‐type substrate. Here, the far‐field effect is used to improve emission efficiency of polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs). A universal performance improvement is achieved for the full visible light (red, green, blue) PLEDs, utilizing gold (Au) NPs to modify the indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates; this is shown by experimental and theoretical simulation to mainly come from the far‐field effect. The optimized distance, between the NPs and chromophores with visible light emission ranging from 400 to 700 nm, is 80–120 nm. Thus the scope of the far‐field may overlap the light‐emitting profile very well to enhance the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. The 30–40% enhancement is obtained for different color‐emitting materials through distance optimization. The far‐field effect is demonstrated to enhance device performance for materials in the full‐visible spectral range, which extends the optoelectric applications of Au NPs.